Legend: DEFINITION: absorbed what was left of the former empire.

- Gothic = Belittling by critics who criticized -With people afraid to travel, they remain in
Bold Words: To memorize
the lack of adherence to the standards of one area, which pave the way for manorial
Italized Words: Concepts/ Definitions: To
classical Greek and Rome. May also refer to system - the basis for the later creation of
understand
as period of art, architecture, and/or medieval and feudal society.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE people. -During the Middle Ages people now live in one
-Opus Modernum (Modern Work) = Gothic area but were not necessarily safe therefore
 Describe as “Style Ogivale” which Cathedrals by 13th and 14th Century men. lords offered more than their land to workers,
means pointed Arch and “Opus -Gothic City = represents the triumph of the their knights for protection and safety, in which
Modernum” which means modern papacy: a successful and inspiring synthesis workers would produce crops on the land, this
work. of religion, philosophy, and art: Unifying of was one manor.
 Cavernous space with the expanse of secular and religious ideals. -To protect manors from each other they built
walls broken up by overlaid tracery. -Italian Variation = use of black and white large and strong castles which ultimately gave
 Progressive lightening and heightening marble. rise to gothic architecture named after the
of structure (made possible by the -Late Gothic Period (15th Century onwards) barbaric tribes but essentially instrumental in
flying buttress). would reach its peak in Germany with its the stabilization of society.
 Use of pointed Arch and ribbed vault. magnificent vaulted hail churches.
 Richly decorated fenestration. ERAS OF GOTHIC ARCH:
 The Architectural Style in middle ages in Merriam-Webster Dictionary defined
Western Europe. Early Gothic (1150 - 1250)
Gothic as to:
 Emerged from Romanesque - when -The cradle of gothic architecture came into
PEOPLE: of, relating to, or resembling the
both prosperity and relative peace existence. The royal Abbey of Saint Denis set a
Goths, their civilization, or their language.
allowed several centuries of cultural precedent with its crown of chapels radiant
ARCHITECTURE: of, relating to, or having
development and great building with stained glass windows that builders would
the characteristics of a style of architecture
schemes - and Byzantine forms in attempt to imitate for half a century. The
developed in Northern France and
France during the 12th century and only existence of the
spreading through Western Europe from
lasted until 16th century. gothic style can
the middle of the 12th century to the early
 In France and Germany, Gothic phases be attributed to
16th century that is characterized by the
are referred to as Early, High, and Late Clairvaux and
converging of weights and strains at
Gothic. Abbot Suger.
isolated points upon slender vertical piers
 The French middle phase is called
and counterbalancing buttresses and by Example:
Rayonnant whilst the last phase is
pointed arches and vaulting. -Abbey of St.
called Flamboyant.
Denis
 In English Architecture, the usual INFLUENCES:
division are early English, decorated, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
and perpendicular. -The Roman Empire crumpled in 476 C.E and
the Germanic tribes called the goths had
-CATHERAL OF NOTRE DAME -The mark of high gothic style is the use of -BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL
flying buttresses.

-The Rayonnant style was one of the most

radiant in art history. Stained glass windows
encompassed most of the cathedral during this
movement and the heavy rigidity of the
supporting elements was eradicated. The
stained glass filters light and imbue the interior
with an unearthly radiant atmosphere. This
-LAON CATHEDRAL style emphasizes extreme slenderness of
architectural forms and linearity of forms while
relying almost entirely on exquisite color and
precise carving of details. Late Gothic (1375 to 1450)

Example: AMIENS CATHEDRAL -Was essentially a reaction to the early and

high gothic styles and hence the destruction of
the unity of Christendom. Key characteristics
of the late gothic style was the S- curve, or the
carving savvy of the figure emphasized by the
blade-like sweeps of drapery that converge,
portraying a mannered elegance that is the
hallmark of the late gothic style.
High Gothic (1250 to 1375) Gothic Revival
-As a result, any need for the Romanesque walls -Was in return to gothic architectural building
was eliminated. The organic flowing quality of -REIMS CATHEDRAL styles during the 18th and 19th century.
the high cost interior was enhanced by the Primarily gothic revival gained popularity in
decompartmentalization of the interior so that England and the United States. It did however
the nave is seen as one individual continuous begin in Europe.
volume of space. The new high gothic One example of
tripartite nave elevation featured an arcade, gothic revival in
triforium, and large clerestory windows. As a the United
result of these windows, more light flooded in States is Saint
than in the early gothic construction. Patrick’s
cathedral built
by James
Renwick who rose as a gothic revival architect Illuminated and Airy Interiors - It is one of the  Ribbed and Fan Vault
during 1840s. most universal features of the gothic style, the  Spires and Pinnacles
shrinking of the walls and the inserting of large  Gargoyles
Key characteristics
windows.  Flying Buttresses
Grand Height
Emphasis on Decoration and Ornamentation -
-Vertically suggesting an aspiration to heaven. Arches were highly decorated both inside and
Vertically is emphasized on the exterior in a out. Sculpture and architectural details were
major way by the towers and spires. radiant with colored paint of which traces
remain at the cathedral of Chartres. Wooden
Cruciform Plan (Use of the Latin cross Plan) ceilings and walls were usually bright colored.
-East and the Lady Chapel: cathedrals were Sometimes the stone columns of the nave were
traditionally constructed with the altar at the painted and the decorative wall arcading
east end so the priest and congregation faced contained narratives or figures of saints. These
the rising sun during morning liturgy (as if have rarely may be seen at the chapter house of
talking to the higher being (God)). Westminster Abbey.

-A Lady Chapel or Mary chapel or a Marian Perfect example of height elegance, harmony,
chapel were traditionally the largest side chapel unity, and a balance of proportions is Siena
of a cathedral placed eastward from the high Cathedral in Italy.
altar and forming a projection from the main
building.

Majestic Facade

- The facade of a large church or cathedral

often referred to as the West Front was
considered the most important entrance and
was generally designed to create a powerful
impression on the approaching worshiper,
demonstrating both the might of god and the
might of the institution that it represents.

-The facades usually had three portals or

doorways leading into the nave. Over each
doorway was a tympanum, a work of sculpture Gothic Architectural Elements
crowded with figures.
 Stained Glass Windows and Traceries
 Pointed Arch
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE  Ornamentation was based on pagan or ARCHITECTS OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD
(1420 to 1550) classical mythological subjects.
1. Giacomo Barozzi
 Started in early 16th Century in Florence  Filippo Brunelleschi is considered the
da Vignola (1507
Italy. first renaissance architect.
to 1573)
 Rebirth of Classical art and learning  Leon Battista alberti’s Ten Books on
 Also known as Rinascimento in Italian Architecture, inspired by Vitruvius,  Papal architect
 The contemporary universal outlook, became the bible of renaissance to Pope Julius III
respect for the dignity of all people on architecture. and the Farnese
which democracy is based, thirst of  Mannerism, the style of late Family.
knowledge, and for ways of bettering renaissance (1520 to 1600)
the human lot, all derive from this  Building typologies: Church, Palazzo,
period and from the enlightenment that and Villa
followed.  Details: Courses moldings and all
 Renaissance architecture, style of decorative details are carved with great
architecture, reflecting the rebirth of precision
classical culture. Examples:
 Revival of ancient roman forms.
1. St. Peter’s Cathedral, Vatican City. Works:
 Developed during the rebirth of
classical art and learning in Europe. 1. Villa Farnese, Caprarola, Near Rome (c. 1560)
 Revival of ancient roman forms.
Initially characterized by the use of the
classical orders, round arches, and
symmetrical proportions.
 Proportion in the most important
factor.
 Pure Renaissance architecture was
based on regular order, symmetry, and
a central axis with grandiose planes and
impressive facades.
 Officially the Basilica di San Pietro in
 Silhouettes were clean and simple, with
Vaticano;
flat roofs.
 Bramante was the first commissioned
 Walls of large dressed masonry blocks
to design the cathedral; Antonio da
gave buildings an imposing sense of
Sangalio the Younger (His design was
dignity and strength.
used); Michelangelo (dome and
 Emphasis on horizontality.
colonnades); and Bernini (Baldacchino)
2. Church of the Gesu (Jesuits) Rome (1568 to 2. Andrea Palladio (1508 to 1580)
73)
2. Villa Capra (La Rotonda) Vicenza (1566 to 91)

 Greatest figure in Venetian Renaissance

3. Author of “The Five Orders of Architecture” architecture; noted for classical
proportions & symmetry.
Works:

1. Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice

(1562)
3. Leon Battista Alberti (1404 to 1472) 2. Church of St. Maria Novella, Florence (1458 Works:
to 71)
 The 1. Duomo of Florence Cathedral. The Dome of
central figure Florence Cathedral was Brunelleschi’s principal
in work (1420 to 69)
quattrocento
architecture
after
Brunelleschi.
 Help
promote
architecture
from an
artisan’s
trade to a
profession.
4. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 to 1444) 2. Riccardi Palace
 Wrote the book “De re aedificatoria”
which largely influenced men’s mind in
favor of the revived roman style
Works:

1. Palazzo Rucellai, Florence (1446 to 51)

3. San
Lorenzo
 Leading architect of the Florentine Early Church in
Renaissance. Florence
5. Donato Bramante (1444 to 1514) 2. Tempietto di San Pietro, Rome (1502) Works:

1. Laurentian Library, Florence (1524 to 71)

 Most important architect of the Italian

6. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti (1475
High Renaissance
to 1564)
Works:

1. Church of the St. Maria delle Grazie, Milan

(1492 to 98) 2. Dome for Saint Peter’s Basilica (154 to 64)

 Revolutionary sculptor, painter, and

architect. Reinvigorated classicism.
7. Raphael (1483 to 1520) INFLUENCES

DEVELOPMENT OF RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE

EARLY (1400 TO 1500)

 Leading Early Renaissance architects

were Brunelleschi and Alberti
 Brunelleschi, the great renaissance
architect, was primarily a designer of
churches. His most famous work is the
octagonal brick dome of Santa Maria
Del Fiore that he also had to invent
special machines to hoist each section
2. Palazzo Pandolfini (façade), Florence 1517) into place.
 The emergence of renaissance
 Foremost Renaissance designer: noted architecture is rather seen in
for decorative innovations. Brunelleschi’s designs for complete
Works: buildings, of which the basilica of San
Lorenzo may be the most famous. The
1. Church of St. Maria, Chigi Chapel, Rome
plain exterior of this building includes a
(1513)
series of blind arches, while the interior
is graced with the crisp grey and white
planar classicism; only the columns
prevent this interior from being
composed entirely of flat surfaces.

Example: Basilica of San Lorenzo

 Leon Battista Alberti became the most

influential architect theorist of the early
renaissance with his own Ten books on
Architecture. Alberti was the leading
pioneer of classical façade design. His
greatest facades includes the church of
Sant’Andrea and Palazzo Rucellai.
  The façade of the church of  The high renaissance also gave rise to descendants of Palladio’s architectural
Sant’Andrea (Mantua) mimics a the palazzo Farnese, arguably the style.
triumphal arch, while the façade of the greatest renaissance palace. (This  Palladio’s most striking innovation was
Palazzo Rucellai (Florence) is neatly building, designed principally by to graph the classical temple front into
divided into rectangular sections with Antonio da Sangalio the younger (a secular architecture
plasters and cosmetic entablatures. student of Bramante’s), follows the  Palladio is known for popularizing the
Circular elements, like those above the typical renaissance palazzo layout; a palladian arch (arch flanked with
windows of the Palazzo, were a three story rectangular building with a rectangles)
renaissance favorite, with many central courtyard. Examples:
architects of the period regarding the  A popular decorative treatment of the
1. Villa Capra “La rotunda” . The villa’s correct
circle as “perfect shape” palazzo was rustication, in which a
name is Villa Almerico Capra Valmarana. The
HIGH RENAISSANCE (1400 to 1500) masonry wall is textured rather than
building is conserved as part of the world
smooth. This can entail leaving grooves
 The high renaissance witnessed the heritage site “City of Vicenza and the Palladian
in the joints between smooth blocks
pinnacle of classical simplicity and Villas od the Veneto
that have been deliberately textured.
harmony. The central plan layout was
LATE RENAISSANCE (1525 TO 1600) 2. Palladiana, Vicenza
popular during this period. Common
shapes for central plan buildings are the MANNERISM CHARACTERS AND ELEMENTS
circle, square, and octagon.
 A reaction against classical perfection of FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS
 The founder and leader of High
the High Renaissance; it either (CHARACTER)
Renaissance architecture was Donato
responded with a rigorous application
Bramante. (Bramante is considered a  Facades are symmetrical around their
of classical convention, in terms of scale
member of the “High Renaissance Trio”, Vertical Axis. Ex. Cathedral of Pienzo
and shape.
along with Michelangelo, the foremost  Use of Roman Orders and columns
 Most radical strain of late renaissance
sculptor of the period, and Raphael, the  The use of Big Domes ex. Dome of St.
art: The deliberate pursuit of novelty
foremost painter. Example: The so Peter’s basilica
and complexity often to the point of
called tempietto (Italian: small temple)  Use of square lintels and triangular or
bizarreness
is a commemorative tomb (matryrium) segmental pediments ex. Palazzo
built by Donato Bramante.  Andrea Palladio maintained a firmly
classical aesthetic, Palladio, known Farnese
 Bramante’s greatest unrealized work is  Finished with ashlar masonry laid in
primarily for villa design, was the
a central plan design for saint peter’s straight courses. Ex, Palazzo Medici
foremost architect of the late
basilica (the foremost roman catholic Riccardi
renaissance, and arguably the most
church, located in Vatican City)
influential architect of all time.
 The foremost High Renaissance church
 Countless residential, collegiate, and
is occupied by the church of Santa
civic buildings throughout the world are
Maria in the town of Todi (North of
Rome)
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE  The term “Baroque” was initially used GENERAL FEATURES
with a derogatory meaning, to
 BAROQUE and LATE BAROQUE, or  The fundamental characteristic of
underline the excess of its emphasis, of
ROCOCO, are generally applied by Baroque art is dynamism (a sense of
its eccentric redundancy, its noisy
common consent to European art of the motion). Strong curves, rich decoration,
abundance of details; as opposed to the
period from the early 17th century to and general complexity are all typical
clearer and sober rationality of the
mid-18th century features of baroque art (see western
renaissance.
 Was at first an undisguised term of aesthetics). While the full-blown
abused ROCOCO also known as ROCAILLE c. 1725 to Baroque aesthetic (full baroque) was
o Can be from the Italian word 1800 embraced in southern Western Europe,
barocco, a term used by northern Western Europe struck a
 A term applied to type of renaissance classical baroque compromise
philosophers during the middle
ornament in which rocklike forms, (restrained Baroque).
ages to describe an obstacle in
fantastic scrolls, &crimped shells are
schematic logic.
work up together in a profusion & BAROQUE PHASES:
o Or, Portuguese word barroco,
confusion of detail often w/o organic
with its Spanish form barrueco, The full baroque aesthetic developed during the
coherence but presenting a lavish
used to describe an irregular or early baroque period then culminated during
display of decoration.
imperfectly shaped pearl; the the high Baroque (ca. 1625 to 75). Both periods
 Final phase of Baroque
usage still survives in the were led by Italy. The restrained Baroque
jeweler’s term “baroque pearl”  A profuse, semi abstract ornamentation
aesthetic culminated during late baroque (1675
 Lightness, swirling forms, flowing lines, to 1725). The baroque age concluded with the
Characterized by: ornate stucco work, and arabesque French born rococo style (1725 to 1800). In
ornament. which the violence and drama of baroque was
1. Interpretation of oval spaces, curves
surfaces, & conspicuous use decoration, CHARACTER AND ELEMENTS quieted to a gentle, playful dynamism. The Late
sculpture, & color. Baroque and rococo periods were led by
2. Its last phase is called “ROCOCO” The basic premises of the Early Baroque as France.
3. Bold, opulent & impressive type of reaffirmed by a Moderno in the façade and
architecture. nave of St. Peter’s Rome (1607)

BAROQUE 1. Subordination of the parts to the whole

to achieve unity and directionality;
 French word meaning bizarre, fantastic, 2. Progressive alternation of pilaster
or irregular rhythm and wall relief to emphasize
 It was deliberately in its attempt to massiveness, movement, axiality , and
impress activity; and
 Most lavish of all styles, both in its use 3. Directional emphasis interiors through
of materials and in the effects it diagonal views and culminating light
achieves. and spatial sequences.