Fundamentals of

Electric Circuits
Chapter 14

Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Overview
• This chapter will introduce the idea of the
transfer function: a means of describing the
relationship between the input and output of
a circuit.
• Bode plots and their utility in describing the
frequency response of a circuit will also be
introduced.
• The concept of resonance as applied to LRC
circuits will be covered as well
• Finally, frequency filters will be discussed.
2
 Frequency Response
• Frequency response is the variation in a
circuit’s behavior with change in signal
frequency.
• This is significant for applications involving
filters.
• Filters play critical roles in blocking or
passing specific frequencies or ranges of
frequencies.
• Without them, it would be impossible to have
multiple channels of data in radio
communications.
3
 Transfer Function
• One useful way to analyze the
frequency response of a 𝑌 𝜔
𝐻 𝜔 =
circuit is the concept of the 𝑋 𝜔
transfer function 𝑯 𝝎 .
• It is the frequency dependent
ratio of a forced function 𝒀 𝝎
to the forcing function 𝑿 𝝎 .

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 Transfer Function-1
• There are four possible input/output
combinations:
𝑉𝑜 𝜔
𝐻 𝜔 = Voltage gain =
𝑉𝑖 𝜔
𝐼𝑜 𝜔
𝐻 𝜔 = Current gain =
𝐼𝑖 𝜔
𝑉𝑜 𝜔
𝐻 𝜔 = Transfer impedance =
𝐼𝑖 𝜔
𝐼𝑜 𝜔
𝐻 𝜔 = Transfer admittance =
𝑉𝑖 𝜔

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 Zeros and Poles
• To obtain H 𝝎 , we first convert to frequency
domain equivalent components in the circuit.
• H 𝝎 can be expressed as the ratio of
numerator N 𝝎 and denominator D 𝝎
polynomials.
𝑁(𝜔)
𝐻 𝜔 =
𝐷(𝜔)
• Zeros are where the transfer function goes to
zero.
• Poles are where it goes to infinity.
• They can be related to the roots of N 𝝎 and
D 𝝎
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 Decibel Scale
• We will soon discuss Bode plots.
• These plots are based on logarithmic scales.
• The transfer function can be seen as an
expression of gain.
• Gain expressed in log form is typically
expressed in bels, or more commonly
decibels (1/10 of a bel)
𝑃2
𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10
𝑃1

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 Bode Plots
• One problem with the transfer function is
that it needs to cover a large range in
frequency.
• Plotting the frequency response on a
semilog plot (where the x axis is plotted in
log form) makes the task easier.
• These plots are referred to as Bode plots.
• Bode plots either show magnitude (in
decibels) or phase (in degrees) as a function
of frequency.
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 Standard Form
• The transfer function may be written in terms
of factors with real and imaginary parts. For
example: 2
𝐾 𝑗𝜔 ±1 1 + 𝑗𝜔Τ𝑧1 [1 + 𝑗2𝜁1 𝜔Τ𝜔𝑘 + 𝑗𝜔Τ𝜔𝑘 ) …
𝐻 𝜔 = 2
1 + 𝑗𝜔Τ𝑝1 1 + 𝑗2𝜁2 𝜔Τ𝜔𝑛 + (𝑗𝜔Τ𝜔𝑛 ) …

• This standard form may include the following

seven factors in various combinations:
– A gain K
– A pole 𝒋𝝎 −𝟏 or a zero (𝒋𝝎)
– A simple pole 𝟏/ 𝟏 + 𝒋𝝎Τ𝒑𝟏 or a simple zero
𝟏 + 𝒋𝝎Τ𝒛𝟏
𝟐
– A quadratic pole 𝟏/ 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟐𝜻𝟐 𝝎Τ𝝎𝒏 + (𝒋𝝎Τ𝝎𝒏 ) or
𝟐
zero 𝟏/ 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟐𝜻 𝝎Τ𝝎 + (𝒋𝝎Τ𝝎 ) 9
 Bode Plots-1
• In a bode plot, each of these factors is
plotted separately and then added
graphically.
• Gain, K: the magnitude is 𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝑲 and the
phase is 𝟎°. Both are constant with
frequency.
• Pole/zero at the origin: For the zero 𝒋𝝎 , the
slope in magnitude is 20 dB/decade and the
phase is 𝟗𝟎°. For the pole 𝒋𝝎 −𝟏 the slope in
magnitude is -20 dB/decade and the phase is
− 𝟗𝟎°
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 Bode Plots-2
• Simple pole/zero: For the simple zero, the
magnitude is 𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟏 + 𝒋𝝎Τ𝒁𝟏 and the phase
is 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝝎Τ𝒛𝟏 .
• Where:
𝑗𝜔 𝜔
𝐻𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10 1 + ⇒ 20 log10
𝑧1 𝑧1
as 𝜔 → ∞

• This can be approximated as a flat line and

sloped line that intersect at 𝝎 = 𝒛𝟏 .
• This is called the corner or break frequency
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 Bode Plots-3
• The phase can be plotted as a series straight
lines
• From 𝝎 = 𝟎 to 𝝎 ≤ 𝒛𝟏 /10, we let 𝝓 = 𝟎
• At 𝝎 = 𝒛𝟏 we let 𝝓 = 𝟒𝟓°
• For 𝝎≥𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟏 , we let 𝝓 = 𝟗𝟎°
• The pole is similar, except the corner
frequency is at 𝝎 = 𝑷𝟏 , the magnitude has a
negative slope

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 Bode Plots-4
• Quadratic pole/zero: The magnitude of the
𝟐
quadratic pole 𝟏/ 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟐𝜻𝟐 𝝎Τ𝝎𝒏 + (𝒋𝝎Τ𝝎𝒏 )
𝟐
is −𝟐𝟎 log 𝟏𝟎 Τ Τ
𝟏 + 𝒋𝟐𝜻𝟐 𝝎 𝝎𝒏 + (𝒋𝝎 𝝎𝒏 )
• This can be approximated
𝜔 as:
0 −40log10
𝐻𝑑𝐵 ⇒ ⇒ 𝜔𝑛
as 𝜔 ⟶ 0
as 𝜔 ⟶ ∞

• Thus the magnitude plot will be two lines,

one with slope zero for 𝛚 < 𝛚𝐧 and the
other with slope -40dB/decade, with 𝛚𝐧 as
the corner frequency
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 Bode Plots-5
• The phase can be expressed as:

2𝜁2 𝜔Τ𝜔𝑛 0 𝜔=0

∅= −tan−1 2 2 = ቐ −90° 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑛
1 − 𝜔 Τ𝜔𝑛
−180° 𝜔 → ∞

• This will be a straight line with slope of

− 𝟗𝟎° /decade starting at 𝛚𝐧 /𝟏𝟎 and ending at
10 𝛚𝐧 .
• For the quadratic zero, the plots are inverted

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Bode Plots-6

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Bode Plots-7

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 Resonance
• The most prominent feature of the frequency
response of a circuit may be the sharp peak
in the amplitude characteristics.
• Resonance occurs in any system that has a
complex conjugate pair of poles.
• It enables energy storage in the firm of
oscillations
• It allows frequency discrimination.
• It requires at least one capacitor and
inductor.
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 Series Resonance-1
• A series resonant circuit
consists of an inductor and
capacitor in series.
• Consider the circuit shown.
• Resonance occurs when the
imaginary part of Z is zero.
• The value of 𝛚 that satisfies
this is called the resonant
frequency
1
𝜔0 = rad/s
𝐿𝐶

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 Series Resonance
• At resonance:
– The impedance is purely resistive
– The voltage Vs and the current I are in phase
– The magnitude of the transfer function is minimum.
– The inductor and capacitor voltages can be much more than
the source.
• There are two frequencies above and below
resonance where the dissipated power is half the
max:

𝑅 𝑅 2 1 𝑅 𝑅 2 1
𝜔1 = − + + 𝜔2 = + +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶

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 Quality Factor
• The “sharpness” of the resonance is
measured quantitatively by the quality factor,
Q.
• It is a measure of the peak energy stored
divided by the energy dissipated in one
period at resonance.
𝜔0 𝐿 1
𝑄= =
𝑅 𝜔0 𝐶𝑅
• It is also a measure of the ratio of the
resonant frequency to its bandwidth, B
𝑅 𝜔0
𝐵= =
𝐿 𝑄
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 Parallel Resonance
• The parallel RLC circuit
shown here is the dual of the
series circuit shown
previously.
• Resonance here occurs when
the imaginary part of the
admittance is zero.
• This results in the same
resonant frequency as in the
series circuit.

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 Series Resonance-2
• The relevant equations for the parallel
resonant circuit are:

1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
𝜔1 = − + + 𝜔2 = + +
2𝑅𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶

1 𝑅
𝐵= 𝑄 = 𝜔0 𝑅𝐶 =
𝑅𝐶 𝜔0 𝐿

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 Passive Filters
• A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass
signals with desired frequencies and reject
or attenuate others.
• A filter is passive if it consists only of
passive elements, R, L, and C.
• They are very important circuits in that many
technological advances would not have been
possible without the development of filters.

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 Passive Filters-1
• There are four types of filters:
– Lowpass passes only low
frequencies and blocks high
frequencies.
– Highpass does the opposite of
lowpass
– Bandpass only allows a range of
frequencies to pass through.
– Bandstop does the opposite of
bandpass

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 Lowpass Filter
• A typical lowpass filter is formed
when the output of a RC circuit
is taken off the capacitor.
• The half power frequency is:
1
𝜔𝑐 =
𝑅𝐶
• This is also referred to as the
cutoff frequency.
• The filter is designed to pass
from DC up to 𝛚𝐜

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 Highpass Filter
• A highpass filter is also
made of a RC circuit, with
the output taken off the
resistor.
• The cutoff frequency will be
the same as the lowpass
filter.
• The difference being that the
frequencies passed go from
𝛚𝐜 to infinity.

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 Bandpass Filter
• The RLC series resonant
circuit provides a bandpass
filter when the output is taken
off the resistor.
• The center frequency is:
1
𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶
• The filter will pass frequencies
from 𝛚𝟏 to 𝛚𝟐 .
• It can also be made by feeding
the output from a lowpass to a
highpass filter.
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 Bandstop Filter
• A bandstop filter can be
created from a RLC circuit by
taking the output from the LC
series combination.
• The range of blocked
frequencies will be the same
as the range of passed
frequencies for the bandpass
filter.

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 Active Filters
• Passive filters have a few drawbacks.
– They cannot create gain greater than 1.
– They do not work well for frequencies below the
audio range.
– They require inductors, which tend to be bulky
and more expensive than other components.
• It is possible, using op-amps, to create all the
common filters.
• Their ability to isolate input and output also
makes them very desirable.

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 First Order Lowpass
• If the input and feedback
elements in an inverting
amplifier are selectively
replaced with capacitors, the
amplifier can act as a filter.
• If the feedback resistor is
replaced with a parallel RL
element, the amplifier
becomes a lowpass filter.
1
• The corner frequency will be: 𝜔𝑐 =
𝑅𝑓 𝐶𝑓

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 First Order Highpass
• Placing a series RL
combination in place of the
input resistor yields a
highpass filter.
• The corner frequency of the
filter will be:

1
𝜔𝑐 =
𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖

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 Bandpass
• To avoid the use of an inductor, it is possible
to use a cascaded series of lowpass active
filter into a highpass active filter.
• To prevent unwanted signals passing, their
gains are set to unity, with a final stage for
amplification.

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 Bandreject
• Creating a bandstop filter requires using a
lowpass and highpass filter in parallel.
• Both output are fed into a summing amplifier.
• It will function by amplifying the desired
signals compared to the signal to be
rejected.

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 King Abdulaziz University
EE 301 – Electrical Circuits and Systems

Ch 14: Series and Parallel

Resonance with Problems and
Solutions
Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi
 Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi

Chapter 14 Learning Outcomes

• By using the information and exercises in this chapter you will be

able to:
1) Understand series and parallel resonance, why they are
important, and how to find them.

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 Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi

RLC Circuits
• RLC circuits are electrical circuits consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C)
connected in series or parallel.
• These components together can create oscillations due to their unique ability to store and release
energy.
• Resistor (R)– It opposes the flow of current, converting electrical energy into heat. It is the
dissipative or loss element.
• Inductor (L) – It stores energy in the magnetic field when an electric current passes through it. It
opposes changes in current.
• Capacitor (C) – It stores energy in an electric field when a voltage is applied across its terminals. It
opposes changes in voltage.
• If the circuit is in AC operation, the impedance of the circuit is calculated using the resistive,
capacitive, and inductive reactance.
• The total voltage in an RLC circuit is always the sum of the voltages across each component.
• RLC circuits have wide applications such as tuning circuits, equalizers, oscillators and many more.

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RLC Circuits

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Series Resonant Circuits

• Resonance is defined as a condition in RLC circuits where the reactive impedance components, namely inductive
(XL = ωL) and capacitive (XC = 1/ωC), are equal.
• In resonant conditions, the circuit's impedance becomes purely resistive since imaginary parts of impedance
(reactive components) cancel each other.
• Resonant circuits can act as filters due to their frequency-selective transfer functions. They are commonly used for
tuning into specified frequencies in radio and TV receivers.
• Consider a series RLC circuit, where Z/H(ω) denotes the input impedance:

1
𝑍𝑍 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − )
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
• In this equation, Z is the total impedance, R is the resistance, j is the imaginary unit, ω is the angular frequency, L is the
5 inductance, and C is the capacitance.
 Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi
Series Resonant Circuits
• Resonance occurs when the imaginary part of this impedance equation becomes zero. This condition happens when
the inductive reactance equals the capacitive reactance, thus we obtain:
1
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 =
𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶
• For this reason, the corresponding resonant frequency ω₀ is found as the solution of the above equation, yielding:
1
𝜔𝜔0 = (14.26)
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
• This formula enables us to calculate the resonant frequency knowing the values of inductance (L) and capacitance
(C) of the circuit. ω₀ is in radian per second unit.

• These equations are fundamental for the operation and analysis of RLC circuits, and they collectively reveal the
resonant behavior – an essential factor in designing electrical devices like filters, amplifiers, or tuners.

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• At resonance in an RLC circuit:
a. The impedance, represented as Z, becomes purely resistive, so Z = R, meaning all the voltage drop takes
place across the resistance. In other words, the LC series combination behaves as a short circuit.
b. The impedance is thus lowest at this frequency, allowing maximum current to flow through the circuit
for a given voltage, which in turn maximizes the energy stored in the inductor and capacitor.
c. The voltage Vs and current I are in phase, making the power factor unity.
d. The magnitude of the transfer function, H(ω) = Z(ω), is at its minimum.
• The frequency response of the circuit's current magnitude can be represented by:

Note that 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 and 𝐼𝐼 represent peak, not RMS, 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚

values of voltage and current, justifying the
1 𝐼𝐼 =
2 1 2
𝑅𝑅2 + (𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 −
factor in the power formula.
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 )
• The average power dissipated by the RLC circuit is:
1
𝑃𝑃(𝜔𝜔) = 𝐼𝐼 2 𝑅𝑅
2
• The maximum power dissipation occurs at resonance when the current equals the source voltage
divided by the resistance:
1 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚2
7 𝑃𝑃 𝜔𝜔0 =
2 𝑅𝑅
 Series Resonant Circuits
Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi

• At specific frequencies, ω1 and ω2, the dissipated power becomes half the maximum power, therefore ω1 and
ω2 are called the half-power frequencies:

(𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 / 2)2 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑃(𝜔𝜔1 ) = 𝑃𝑃(𝜔𝜔2 ) = =
2𝑅𝑅 4𝑅𝑅
• Half-power frequencies can be found by setting the impedance equal to √2R and solving for ω:

2
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 1
𝜔𝜔1 = − + +
2𝐿𝐿 2𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
(14.33)
2
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 1
𝜔𝜔2 = + +
2𝐿𝐿 2𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

• The resonant frequency, ω0, is the geometric mean of the half-power frequencies:
𝜔𝜔0 = 𝜔𝜔1 𝜔𝜔2

• The bandwidth B of the response curve is defined as the difference of the half-power frequencies:
𝐵𝐵 = 𝜔𝜔2 − 𝜔𝜔1

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Series Resonant Circuits

• The quality factor Q of the resonant circuit represents the ratio of the energy stored to the energy dissipated per
oscillation cycle at resonance:
𝜔𝜔0 𝐿𝐿 1
𝑄𝑄 = = (14.38)
𝑅𝑅 𝜔𝜔0 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
• The quality factor Q also establishes the relationship between the resonant frequency ω0, and the bandwidth B:
𝑅𝑅 𝜔𝜔0
𝐵𝐵 = = (14.39)
𝐿𝐿 𝑄𝑄
• In high-Q circuits, where the quality factor is greater than or equal to 10, the half-power frequencies approximately
symmetrically surround the resonant frequency:
𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝜔𝜔1 ≈ 𝜔𝜔0 − , 𝜔𝜔2 ≈ 𝜔𝜔0 + (14.40)
2 2

• Thus, a resonant circuit is characterized by five interrelated parameters: the resonant frequency ω0, the half power
frequencies ω1 and ω2, the bandwidth B, and quality factor Q. The equations outlined are fundamental to the
analysis of resonant circuits and are derived from the mathematical models that represent this system's behavior.

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Series Resonant Circuits

• The Quality factor (Q) of a resonant circuit is a measure of its "selectivity", which refers to the circuit's ability
to respond more strongly to signals at its resonant frequency, while discriminating against signals at other
frequencies.

• In other words, a circuit with high Q factor or high selectivity is more capable of distinguishing between
frequencies near and far from its resonant frequency. This means it has a more narrow bandwidth (range of
frequencies to which it can respond) centered around the resonant frequency, and it will respond with greater
intensity to frequencies closer to its resonant frequency.

• In contrast, a circuit with lower Q factor (low selectivity) will have a wider bandwidth and will respond
comparably to a broad range of frequencies, not just those close to resonance.

• Thus, the selectivity and Q factor are related in that higher Q leads to greater selectivity or better frequency
discrimination, whereas lower Q leads to less selectivity or wider frequency response.

• Think of a radio receiver as an RLC circuit with a high Quality factor (Q). The radio can precisely tune into a
specific station (resonant frequency) amid numerous others. High Q means high selectivity, allowing the
radio to distinguish your chosen station very well while effectively ignoring other stations. A low-Q
scenario would result in mixing different stations' signals, making listening confusing due to the wide
spectrum of frequencies being picked up.

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Series Resonant Circuits

• 𝑸𝑸 is inversely proportional to the resistance 𝑅𝑅 .

A higher resistance will result in a lower 𝑄𝑄 value,
making the circuit less selective, i.e., it will have a
broader bandwidth and a less pronounced peak at the
resonant frequency. Conversely, a lower resistance will
result in a higher 𝑄𝑄 value, making the circuit more
selective, with a narrow bandwidth and a sharp peak.

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 Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi

Example 14.7

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Example 14.7

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Example 14.7

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Example 14.7

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Practice Problem 14.7

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Practice Problem 14.7

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Practice Problem 14.7

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Practice Problem 14.7

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Practice Problem 14.7

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Practice Problem 14.7

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Practice Problem 14.7

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 Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi

Parallel Resonance
- In a Parallel Resonance Circuit, the components such as the resistor, capacitor, and inductor are
connected in parallel, which means they share the same voltage across them. This leads to the
phenomenon of voltage resonance where the voltage is at maximum at the resonance frequency. The
reasoning behind this is due to the equal reactance of the inductor and capacitor at the resonant frequency,
which causes them to cancel each other out, leaving only the resistance in the circuit.

- In contrast, in a Series Resonance Circuit, the resistor, capacitor, and inductor are connected in series,
meaning they carry the same current. This results in current resonance, where the current is at its
maximum at the resonance frequency. The reasoning here is that at the resonant frequency, the inductive
reactance equals the capacitive reactance, causing them to cancel out and making the circuit purely
resistive. This allows the maximum current to flow.

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Parallel Resonance
• The discussed circuit is a parallel RLC circuit, which is the dual of the series RLC circuit.

• The admittance, represented as 𝐘𝐘 = 𝐻𝐻(𝜔𝜔), is given by the equation:

1 1
𝐘𝐘 = + 𝑗𝑗 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 −
𝑅𝑅 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

• Resonance in the circuit occurs when the imaginary part of the admittance 𝐘𝐘 is zero. This happens
at a specific frequency, 𝜔𝜔, called the resonant frequency. It is given by the equation:

1
𝜔𝜔0 = rad/s
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
• At resonance, the parallel LC combination acts like an open circuit, causing the entire current to
flow through the resistor (R).

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 Prepared by Dr. Baheej Alghamdi

Parallel Resonance
• The frequencies 𝜔𝜔1 and 𝜔𝜔2 are defined by the following equations:

2
1 1 1
𝜔𝜔1 = − + +
2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
2
1 1 1
𝜔𝜔2 = + +
2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

• The bandwidth (B) of the circuit is calculated by subtracting 𝜔𝜔1 from 𝜔𝜔2 . It is given by the equation:

1
𝐵𝐵 = 𝜔𝜔2 − 𝜔𝜔1 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

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Parallel Resonance
• The half-power frequencies can also be represented in terms of the quality factor (Q), using the
following equations:

2 2
1 𝜔𝜔0 1 𝜔𝜔0
𝜔𝜔1 = 𝜔𝜔0 1+ − , 𝜔𝜔2 = 𝜔𝜔0 1 + +
2𝑄𝑄 2𝑄𝑄 2𝑄𝑄 2𝑄𝑄

• For high-Q circuits, when 𝑄𝑄 ≥ 10, the half-power frequencies can be approximated as:

𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝜔𝜔1 ≃ 𝜔𝜔0 − , 𝜔𝜔2 ≃ 𝜔𝜔0 +
2 2
These equations are important as they help in understanding the behavior of the RLC circuit, predicting
its response to different frequencies, and designing circuits for specific applications.

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Example 14.8

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Example 14.8

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Example 14.8

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Practice Problem 14.8

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Practice Problem 14.8

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Practice Problem 14.8

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Practice Problem 14.8

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Practice Problem 14.8

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Example 14.9

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Example 14.9

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Practice Problem 14.9

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Practice Problem 14.9

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Practice Problem 14.9

In the context of complex numbers and their mathematical

manipulations, "rationalizing the denominator" refers to the process
of eliminating any complex numbers (i.e., numbers involving j, the
imaginary unit) from the denominator of a fraction. This is done by
multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the
conjugate of the denominator. The result is a fraction whose
denominator is a real number, which in turn makes it easier to
separate the real and imaginary parts of the complex number.

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End-of-Chapter Exercises

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Problem 14.28

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Problem 14.28

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Problem 14.30

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Problem 14.30

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Problem 14.33

A parallel 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 circuit has 𝑅𝑅 = 100kΩ, 𝐿𝐿 = 100mH, and a 𝐶𝐶 =

10𝜇𝜇F. Determine the value of 𝑄𝑄, the resonant frequency, and the
bandwidth. If 𝑅𝑅 = 200kΩ, how does that affect the values of 𝑄𝑄,
resonant frequency, and the bandwidth?

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Problem 14.33

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Problem 14.33

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Problem 14.33

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Problem 14.35
• A parallel 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 circuit has 𝑅𝑅 = 10kΩ, 𝐿𝐿 = 100mH, and a resonant frequency of
200krad/s. Calculate the value of 𝐶𝐶, the value of the quality factor, and the
bandwidth.

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Problem 14.35
• A parallel 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 circuit has 𝑅𝑅 = 10kΩ, 𝐿𝐿 = 100mH, and a resonant frequency of 200krad/s. Calculate
the value of 𝐶𝐶, the value of the quality factor, and the bandwidth.

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Problem 14.35

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Problem 14.38

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Problem 14.38 Multiply by:

In the context of complex numbers and their mathematical

manipulations, "rationalizing the denominator" refers to the process
of eliminating any complex numbers (i.e., numbers involving j, the
imaginary unit) from the denominator of a fraction. This is done by
multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the
conjugate of the denominator. The result is a fraction whose
denominator is a real number, which in turn makes it easier to
separate the real and imaginary parts of the complex number.

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Problem 14.39

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Problem 14.39

In the context of complex numbers and their mathematical

manipulations, "rationalizing the denominator" refers to the process
of eliminating any complex numbers (i.e., numbers involving j, the
imaginary unit) from the denominator of a fraction. This is done by
multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by the
conjugate of the denominator. The result is a fraction whose
denominator is a real number, which in turn makes it easier to
separate the real and imaginary parts of the complex number.

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Questions

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