Chapter 1

Q1-What does OO Analysis and Design mean?

Is a methodology of software engineering methodologies that deal with objects.
Where each object has properties (attributes) and behaviors (operations).

Q2-What are the Benefits of object oriented analysis and design?

1-Reusability .2-Build highly efficient programs. 3-Easy to develop systems.
4-Shortcut code size.5-Ease of inheritance.6-Ease of modification.

Q3- What are the most important concepts of object oriented analysis
and design?
Entity: An object is a unit that contains a set of data called properties,
attributes, or a set of processes.

Properties: Are properties that characterize the object.

Methods: they are specific process activities.
Class: A group of objects that share properties and processes.
Messages: Are messages that objects exchange or communicate with each
other.

Inheritance: Is to inherit the properties and processes in the parent class into
another class called the child class.

Polymorphism: Allows the same function to be defined in different forms in

different classes.

Abstraction: The ability of the program to ignore some manipulative

information, that is, to focus on the basic concept of the object.

Encapsulation: Collect both methods and characteristics into one unit within a
single casing so that they cannot be accessed.
Data hiding: It is a feature of data encapsulation and is considered to protect
information. Not possible without Encapsulation.

Q4- what does Object oriented Database mean?

It is one of the most modern databases supporting multimedia applications such
as audio, pictures and others.

Q5- what does Object-oriented database management systems

(OODBMSs) mean?
also called ODBMS (Object Database Management System) combine database
capabilities with Object oriented programming language capabilities.

Q6- What is UML (Unified Modeling Language)?

Is a graphical modeling language that offers us a formula to describe the
elements of software systems.

Q7- For what does UML Language use?

1-Professional software design. 2- Design documentation before programming
begins. 3- Reusability. 4-Easy to modify and maintain at low cost. 5-Help
developers understand the system easily and quickly. 6- The language of
communication between developers and designers.

Q8- Explain the UML Classification.

Structure Diagram: Focusing on the elements of the system independently of
time (static structure).
Behavior Diagram: Focusing on the functional of the system. The functional
focus of the system is any changes over time (dynamic structure).

Q9- What is the UML Layers?

1-User Object Layer. 2- Model Layer. 3- Mata Model layer. 4- Meta Meta Model
Layer.
 Chapter 2
Q1- Define Use Case Diagram.
Use case is a description of a set of interactions between the user and the
system. It is a description of the behavior of the system from the point of view
of the user

Q2- what are the concepts of use case diagram?

The use case represents a function of the system and usually described using
(verb / name)
Actor is a person who activates the use case. The user who requests this
function (may be another system).
* The single-use case can interact with more than one actor.

Q3- What are Relationships in the Use Case?

Include: This relationship enables us to reuse the steps within the Use Case.
Extension: This relationship allows us to create a new Use Case. They are added
to the Use Case that is already in view Handling an exception may encounter us
or to place a condition on the steps Under the Current Use Case.
Generalization.

Q4- What are the Purpose of use case (Benefits)?

1-Explain us to visualize the scale of development. 2-Total use cases are system.
3-Enable communication between customers and developers.
 Chapter 3
Q1- Define the Class Diagram.
Is one of the UML schemes by which the system structure is described by
showing system layers, properties, processes, and relationships between
objects.

Q2- How to Draw a Class diagram?

First: Determine the classes in the system and each class should be considered
to the operations and attributes
Second: Select the states of the classes that will interact with each other.

Chapter 4
Q1- Define the Collaboration Diagram.
is a diagram that shows how objects interact with each other.

Q2- Define the Sequence Diagram.

is a scheme of UML schemes that is similar to a collaboration diagram used to
represent or model the flow of messages, events and actions between the
objects or components of a system.
* Time is represented in the vertical direction showing the sequence of
interactions of the header elements, which are displayed horizontally at the top
of the diagram.

Q3- Sequence Diagrams are used primarily to?

1-Design, document and validate the architecture, interfaces. 2-describing the
sequence of actions that need to be performed to complete a task or scenario.3-
provide a dynamic view of the system behavior.

Q4- What are the Sequence Diagram Drawing Elements?

Actor: Represents an external person or entity that interacts with the system.
Object: Represents an object in the system or one of its components.

Q5- What are the types of messages In Sequence Diagram?

1-Simple massage: One object sends a message to object, the sender does
not care what happens to the message. Useful when the recipient cannot be
controlled

2-Synchronous Message: The sender sends the message, the recipient

accepts the message, and notifies the sender with a message result. The sender
accepts the message result or the whole operation will not continue. useful to
represent procedure calls or modal dialogs.

3-Asynchronous Message: The sender sends the message and does not wait
for the return of the message, it immediately continues execution. The recipient
may or may not send a reply. useful to model Multithreading Exception
Handlin, Modeless dialogs

4- Timeouts Message: The sender sends the message and awaits for the
return of the message for some time. Execution continues when the recipient
replies, or after the timeout period if the recipient does not reply. are useful to
model System Calls.

5- Return Message: indicate a response to a call message, although they can

also be used with simple messages to represent request/response pairs.

6- Create Message: message creates the recipient used to represent the

dynamic creation of an object instance. They can also be used to represent the
creation of a thread or task.

7- Destroy Message: The message destroys the recipient used to represent

the dynamic destruction of an object instance. They can also be used to
represent the destruction of a thread or task.

8- Self Message: can represent a recursive call of an operation, or one method

calling another method belonging to the same object.
 Chapter 5
Q1- Define the State Diagram.
It is a diagram that illustrates the situations in which objects must be present.

Q2- Define the Package Diagrams.

a diagram of UML schemas that shows how we will mold our work.

Q3- Define the Component Diagrams.

a schema of UML schemas that illustrates the actual components of the
program.

Q4- What are the Object types in UML language?

1-Object Interface help to deal with the system which is responsible for:
Monitors whether input or output screens. Other input or output devices such
as the printer.
2-Entity Object responsible for dealing with the data that we want to keep
for a long time (databases)
3-control object controls processes in memory such as multiplying two
matrices.

Chapter 6
Q1- What are the Inception Phase activities?
1-Specify a vision for the product 2-Generate a working case. 3-Specify the
scope of the project. 4-Determine the overall cost of the project.

Q2- What are the Elaboration Phase activities?

In Elaboration phase, our focus is on exploring the tasks in detail and
understanding customer needs, and developing the plan in more detail.
facilitate difficulties and risks by Preparing drafts (preliminary programs) or
prototyping.
Q3- What are the Inception Phase deliverables?
1-General vision of the core project. 2- Initial use-case model. 3-Initial project
plan and risk assessment. 4- optionally one or more prototypes.

Q3- What are the Elaboration Phase deliverables?

1-Almost Complete use-case model, and Conceptual model (Calss Diagram ). 2-
supplementing requirements including non-functional requirements. 3- revised
project plan and risk assessment. 4- Design model, test cases, execute
prototypes.

Q4- What is the conceptual Modeling?

is an activity that is interested in finding concepts of importance in our system.

Chapter 7
Q1- Define Object oriented databases.
It is a database that deals directly with multimedia and different data formats of
sound, images and entities. Information is rendered as an object.

Q2- What are the Characteristics of object oriented databases?

1 - used to query for SQL objects. 2 - access to data quickly because it deals with
objects. 3 - the possibility of using multimedia.

Q3- What are the Features of object oriented Database?

1- Surf easier. 2- Better synchronization control. 3-The data model is built on the
real world. 4- Works well for distributed systems. 5-Requires less code when
directing applications to objects.

Q4- What are the Disadvantages of object oriented databases?

1. Less efficient when data is simple and relationships are simple. 2 - subsequent
correlation may reduce access speed. 3. Standards-related defects.

Q5- What are the Uses of object oriented databases?

1 - used in the areas of trade and money because they require data models must
change and respond to the conditions of the new economy.
2. Used to store huge data.
3. Flexible and adjustable.
4. Used in the field of remote communication.

Chapter 8
Q1- What does design mean?
stage that follows the detailed analysis phase. It begins with the design of the
logical model of the new system based on the logical model of the existing
system that was implemented at the analysis stage.

Q2- What does the interface design depend on?

1-Collect requirements. 2-Task Analysis. 3-What does the user want the system
to do? 4-Development. 5-the test. 6-Maintenance.

Q3- How to prepare a logical model for a new system?

The preparation depends on the change in the logical model of the existing
system that was implemented at the analysis stage. If the change is simple, we
make minor adjustments. If the change is significant, we redesign the processes.

Q4- What Does Detailed design phase mean?

stage that follows the general design phase. concerned with designing the
following elements: Design of facades, Output design, Input design, Design of
reports, Database design, Design programs, and Other activities such as design
of security, protection and networks.

Q5- Define Interfaces.

are the system screens through which the user interacts with the computer.
Q6- What is the importance of interfaces?
1-Ease of interaction with computer. 2-The system quality depends on the
interfaces. 3-Ease of interaction and connection with other systems. 4-Give and
notify the user in the event of a mistake.

Q7- List the Interface design techniques.

1-Natural language interfaces: one of the easiest ways to deal with the
system, which is handled through the language known to the user, including
messages that appear to the user

2-Interface questions and answers: system is handled in these interfaces

through the questions that the computer asks the user to give him the answer.

3-Menu interfaces: displays a list containing several options the user can
select through

4-Interfaces and command languages: handled by writing specific and

known commands to perform tasks

5-Direct Interfaces: handled according to icons and drawings indicating the

specific functions the user can handle easily and simply.

6-Forms interfaces: handled by user-generated forms on the screen and

contains specific fields that the user can fill

Chapter 9
Q1- What are the Good interface properties?
1. Ease of use. 2. Provide assistance when an error occurs through alert
messages with user guidance to correct the error. 3. Give an alert in the case of
the introduction of a replacement character number.4. When you do not save
the data it gives an alert message. [Link] colors. 6. Security.7. Efficiency and
speed.
Q2- What are the Basic rules for the design of dialogue between the
user and the system?
1. Clear communication.2. Default values appear automatically when you open
a new record.3. Give the user lists that enable him to choose from them.4. Use
clear shapes and symbols. 5 - uniform use of colors in a consistent manner.

Q3- What we consider During the design of outputs?

1. Design each type of output clearly. 2. Coordination in outputs. 3 - Lack of
errors in the output.4. Documentation (name of the report, name of the author
of the report, date).

Q4- What are the Output views?

1-printers.2. Display screens.3. Output devices4. Electronic display methods.

Q5- What we consider During the design of inputs?

1. Easy input. 2. Sequence. 3 - clear labels of fields.4 - Match the paper models
with what is done in the computer

Q6- Define Reports.

Printed outputs that can be electronic. Contains information that the user needs
to make a decision.

Q7- What are the Types of reports?

1- Internal reports (within the institution). 2. External reports (outside the
organization).3. Detailed reports.4. Exceptional reports.5. Summarized reports.
6. Reports on request.

Q8- What are the Benefits of reports? 1. Provide information for decision-
making.2 - Provide control of the workflow.3. Clarify whether or not
performance exists.4. Indicate whether the entered data is valid or not.

Q9- What are the Characteristics of good reporting?

1. Clarity. 2. Not expensive. 3. Meet customer needs.4. Clarification of the title
and its purpose.
Q10- What are the Steps for analyzing reports?
1. Identify the required reports. 2. Study the content of each report.3. Recording
any notes. 4. Classification of each and every report.

Q11-What are the Potential errors in report design?

1 - Add information and data overload, which makes it difficult to focus on
important information. 2 - Repeated presentation of the same information. 3 -
Lack of some information in the report. 4. Not specifying the date of the report
and the name of the person who prepared it.

Q12- Define Models.

The models are the ones the system handles and the data is entered into the
system.

Q13- What are the Types of models?

1- Heading: Contains the name of the form and the logo of the organization,
date and others.
2. Body: Contains fields that are filled.
3. Conclusion: Contains final comments, icons to exit, save and others.

Q14- What are the Steps for designing models?

1. Define the objective of the model. 2. Identify the required data.3 - addressing
the model.4. Specify the packing date and name of the person. 5. Identify
important information in capital letters.6-Sequentially.7. Make the appropriate
cells for the model. 8 - Add alert messages and guidance for the input process.
 Chapter 10
Q1- Define the Database design.
is a final stage of the analysis and design process aims at determining the
detailed specifications of the database required for the system.

Q2- What are the points to consider when designing the database?
1- Control replication by saving data in one place. 2- Database efficiency,
responsiveness and data access. 3-Provide flexibility and scalability. 4-Providing
security and data protection.

Q3- What are the Database Design Tools?

1-Entity and Relationship Model. 2-Relationship chart. 3-Logical design of
databases. 4-Physical design of databases.

Q4- Define the Software Design and list the most important types.
Program design is an important activity in the detailed design stage.
The most important types of programs are:
1- Database building and updating programs. 2-Data retrieval programs from
the database. 3-Reporting programs. 4-Security and protection programs.

Q5- What are the Characteristics of good software?

1-Meet customer needs. 2-Clarity and accuracy. 3-Easy maintenance. 4-Efficient
use of system resources.

Q6- What is the System Development Cycle?

1-Planning 2-Anaysis 3- Design 4- Implementation. 5- Support.

What is a Gantt chart?

Popular tool used to plan and schedule time relationships among project
activities