Rotational Dynamics

Contents and Concepts

.1 Introduction
.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion
.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
.4 Vertical Circular Motion
.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass
.6 Radius of Gyration
.7 Theorem of Parallel Axes and Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear Momentum
.9 Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment of Inertia
.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum
.11 Rolling Motion

1.1 Introduction
J
Q. l . What is the difference between revolution and rotation of an object?
Ans: During revolution, the object (every particle in the object ) undergoes
circular motion about some point outside the object or about some other
object. During rotation, the motion is about an axis of rotation passing
through the object.
 Rotational Dynamics

Contents and Concepts

.1 Introduction
.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion
.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
.4 Vertical Circular Motion
.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass
.6 Radius of Gyration
.7 Theorem of Parallel Axes and Theorem of Perpendicular Axes
.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear Momentum
.9 Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment of Inertia
. 10 Conservation of Angular Momentum
.11 Rolling Motion

f 1.1 Introduction ]
Q. l . What is the difference between revolution and rotation of an object?
Ans: During revolution, the object ( every particle in the object ) undergoes
circular motion about some point outside the object or about some other
object. During rotation , the motion is about an axis of rotation passing
through the object.
 1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion

Q.2. Can you recall? ( Textbook page no. 1 )

What is circular motion?

Ans; Motion of an object around a circular path is called as circular motion.

QJ. State the characteristics of circular motion.

Ans:
t. Accelerated motion : As the direction of velocity changes at every
instant, it is an accelerated motion.
u. Periodic motion: During the motion, the particle repeats its path along
the same trajectory. Thus, the motion is periodic.

Q.4. Can you recall? no. it

'

What are kinematical equations of motion?

Ans: Kinematical equations of motion:

No. Linear motion Rotational motion

i v = u + at (O = (On + at

i i.
s = ut +
1
at 2 I at2
0 = (Out + -
2 2
v2 = u2 + 2as + 2a0
f 1

111 , to =

j
f

^ Reading between the lines j

where,
v = Final linear velocity,
u - Initial linear velocity,
\

a = Linear acceleration ,
s = Linear displacement ,
to = Final angular velocity,
(Ou= Initial angular velocity ,

a = Angular acceleration .
9 = Angular displacement ,
t = Time t
\
Q.5. State the analogy of the following linear and rotational quantities:
i. Displacement ii. Velocity
in.
«**
Acceleration
Ans:
Quantity Linear Rotation:* I
Displacement s 0
ds dt)
Velocity V PJ
dt dt

Acceleration a — dvdt u
d to
dt

Q.6. State the expression for tangential velocity ( in vector form ) when a
body is performing circular motion. Also, express it in its
magnitude.
Ans:
t. In vector form, tangential velocity is given by .
v= ti) xr
v
ti. ! he magnitude of v is given by, v = tor

Reading between the lines \

1

Tangential velocity describes the motion of an object along the edge

of the circle whose direction at any given point on the circle is always
along the tangent to that point .

0)

I
v

r
L
i
Here , v = tangential velocity,
HP 1

to = angular velocity,
Hh

r = position vector (radius vector from the centre of circular

motion ) i
\
Q.7. Name and explain the rule used to determine the direction of
angular velocity.
Ans: Right hand thumb rule.
Explanation:

Directions of angular velocity

T o know the direction of w , curl the fingers of the right hand along the
sense of rotation, with the thumb outstretched. The outstretched thumb
then gives the direction of w .

Q.8. How is angular velocity- related with periodic time and frequency?
Ans: Relation between angular velocity ( «), periodic time (T) and
frequency (n ): to = 27tn = 2

^
Q.9. Explain the term uniform circular motion with the help of an
example.
Ans;
i. During circular motion, if the speed of the
particle remains constant, it is called Uniform
Circular Motion( UCM ).
it. In U.C. M., only the direction of its velocity
changes at every instant in such a way that the
velocity is always tangential to the path,
iii. The acceleration responsible for U.C.M. is the
centripetal or radial acceleration, ar = - of r .
IV. For UCM, its magnitude is constant and it is
V
a = ofr = = vto
v. It is always directed towards the centre of the circular motion
( along - r ), hence called centripetal.
VI . Example: Circular motion of any particle of a fan rotating uniformly.
Q.10. Explain the term non-uniform circular motion with the help of an
example.
Ans:
1. During circular motion if the speed of the particle varies, it is called
-
non uniform circular motion.
11, -
In case of non uniform circular motion, the velocity is still tangential,
ar is still there. However, for non-
the centripetal or radial acceleration
uniform circular motion, the magnitude of ar is not constant.
* »
111 . The acceleration responsible for changing the magnitude of velocity is
directed along or opposite to the velocity, hence it is always tangential
-
*
and the acceleration is called as tangential acceleration aT .
-+
1VT As magnitude of tangential velocity v is changing during a non uniform -
circular motion , the corresponding angular velocity o* is also changing at
iko
every instant . This is due to the angular acceleration, a =
dt
V. -
T hough the motion is non uniform, the particles are still in the same
— i*

plane. Hence, the direction of a is still along the axis of rotation. For
increasing speed, it is along the direction of to while during decreasing
speed, it is opposite to that of w .

Increasing speed Decreasing speed

vi. Example: When a fan is switched ON or OFF, the speed of the particles
of the fan go on increasing or decreasing for some time, however their
directions are always tangential to their circular trajectories. During this
-
time, it is performing non uniform circular motion .
Q.11. What is the difference between uniform circular motion and
non-uniform circular motion?
Ans:

Sr.
U.C.M Non -[Link]
No.
i. Circular motion with constant Circular motion with variable
angular speed is known as angular speed is called as
uniform circular motion . -
non uni form circular motion.
u. For U.C.M , a 0
m r +

in .
-
In U .C.M, work done by
-
For non U .C'.M, a* 0
-
In non U.C.M, work done by
tangential force is zero. tangential force is not zero.
IV. [Link]: Motion of the earth [Link]: Motion of a body on
around the sun. vertical circle.

Q.12. Is there change in direction of angular velocity and plane of rotation

with respect to change in direction of angular acceleration?
Ans: If the angular acceleration a is along any direction other than axial, it
will change the direction of to also, which will change the plane of
-»
rotation as o is always perpendicular to the plane of rotation.

^ Reading between the lines

If a is constant in magnitude , hut perpendicular to w , it will only

change the direction of to and never its magnitude thereby
continuously changing the plane of rotation. This is similar to a linear
acceleration a perpendicular to linear velocity v changing only its
direction.
/
Q.13. What will be the direction of angular displacement and angular
velocity , if angular acceleration is constant and is along the axis of
rotation?
Ans: If the angular acceleration a is constant and is along the axis of
rotation, then all 0 , &> and a will be directed along the same axis.

Q.14. Can you recall ? thook / ui an h

^
Do you know real and pseudo forces, their origin and applications?
Ans:
l. A force which is produced due to interaction between the objects is
called real force.
Example:
a. The earth revolves around the sun in circular path due to
gravitational force of attraction between the sun and the earth.
b. A relative motion between two solid surfaces in contact gives rise
to a force of friction.
n . A pseudo force is one which arises due to the centripetal acceleration of
the observer 's frame of reference.
Example:
a. When a vehicle moves along a curved road, a passenger in the
vehicle experiences a force in the outward direction i.c., away
from the centre of the curved road. This is due to pseudo force.
b. When we are travelling by a bus and if it stops suddenly, we feel a
push in forward direction .

Q. 15. Explain the concept of centripetal force.

Ans:
l. The force providing centripetal or radial acceleration is called as
centripetal or radial force.
c t ~*
FtPK = -mw r
where, r = radius of circular path.
mv:
ii , In magnitude , Fcpr = mre): = = mvto
r
4 4

in . The direction of this force is along the radius and towards centre ( centre
seeking ).
IV . Example: A stone tied at the end of a string is revolved in a horizontal
circle, the tension in the string provides the necessary centripetal force.

|Reading between the lines|Q| :

• Force acting on a particle performing circular motion along the

radius of circle and directed towards the centre of the circle is
called centripetal force.
mv:
It is given by Fee =
r
where, r = radius of circular path,
• The word centripetal is NOT the name or type of that force (like
gravitational force, nuclear force, etc ). It is the adjective or
property of that force.
• While performing circular or rotational motion, the resultant of all
the real forces acting upon the body is (or , must be ) towards the
centre, hence we call this resultant force to be centripetal force.
Under the action of this resultant force, the direction of the velocity
is always maintained tangential to the circular track.
• The vice versa need not be true, i.e., the resultant force directed
towards the centre mav not always result into a circular motion ,
wr r

• For a motion to be circular, correspondingly matching tangential

velocity is also essential.
• It occurs in an inertial frame of reference in which we are
obsen'ing that the body is performing a circular motion. /

QJ 6. Explain the concept of centrifugal force.

Ans:
i. A force equal in magnitude to the resultant real force, but directed
opposite, i .c., away from the centre is called centrifugal force.
-* 2
Few = + moj r
'

m v
li. In magnitude, FCPF = mro> = 2
= mvo)

It is a pseudo force arising due to the centripetal acceleration of the

R! R!

in .
frame of reference .
IV . Example: A bucket lull of water is rotated in a vertical circle at a
particular speed, so that water does not fall . This is because, weight of
water is balanced by centrifugal force acting on it.

Reading between the lines I: N

I

• The force acting on a particle performing U .C .M which is along the

radius and directed away from centre of circle is called centrifugal
force .

Q.17. Distinguish between centripetal force and centrifugal force.

A ns: Difference between centripetal force and centrifugal force:

Sr,
Centripetal force Centrifugal force
No.
i. Centripetal force is directed Centrifugal force is directed
along the radius towards the along the radius away from the
centre of a circle. centre of a circle.
p

IK It is a real force. It is a pseudo force.

» *. m

in . it is considered in inertial frame It is considered in -

non inertial
of reference. frame of reference.

IV . In vector form, it is given by In vector form, it is given by

mv 2 . mv ’ .
F= ro F= + ro
r r
with usual notations. with usual notations.

Q. l 8. Explain the concept of centrifugal and centripetal force with the

help of merry-go-round illustration.
Ans:
i. - -
In merry go round rotating with uniform speed, if one closes his eyes
then he / she feels that he / she is at rest. This is due to centrifugal force.
it . Before merry-go-round reaches its uniform speed, one experiences an
outward pull as the centrifugal force is greater than the resultant force
towards the centre.
Hence, centrifugal force is a non -real force, but NOT an imaginary
**
in .
force.
IV . On reaching the uniform speed, in the frame of reference of merry-go-
round, this centrifugal force exactly balances the resultant of all the real
forces. The resultant force in that frame of reference is thus zero. Thus,
only in such a frame of reference we can say that the centrifugal force
balances the centripetal force.
V. It must be remembered that in this case, centrifugal force means the ‘ net
pseudo force and centripetal force means the ‘resultant of all the real
1

forces’.

Q. 19. Match the column.

Column I Column II
i. Centripetal force a. Net Pseudo force
-II .
U

Centrifugal force b. Resultant of al 1 the real forces

c. Imaginary force
Ans: ( i - b), (ii - a )

Q.20. State the two ways of writing force equation for a circular motion.
Ans: Ways of writing force equation for a circular motion:
t. Resultant force = - may r
mor r + ( real forces ) = 0
e

11 ,

i
^
.- Reading between the lines

•
•
—
Centripetal force (resultant of all real forces ) = maf r
i .

The sum of centrifugal and centripetal force for a system is zero.

\

Q.21. Activity. ( Textbook page no 3 ) .

Attach a suitable mass to spring balance so that it stretches by about half
its capacity. Now whirl the spring balance so that the mass performs a
horizontal motion. You will notice that the balance now reads more
mass for the same mass. Can you explain this?
Ans:
i. When the spring balance performs horizontal motion, the mass attached
to the spring balance experiences centrifugal force.
1L Thus, the net force acting on the mass is the sum of centrifugal force and
its weight.
Hence, the spring balance reads more mass when set in horizontal circular
motion.
^ Solved Examples

+Q.22. A fan is rotating at 90 r.p.m . It is then switched OI F. It stops after

21 revolutions. Calculate the time taken by it to stop assuming that
the frictional torque is constant.
Solution:
90
Given: no = 90 r.p.m = 60
r.p.s. = 1.5 r.p.s
Total revolutions, N = 21
To find: Time taken by fan to stop < t )
Formulae: i. e = 2?iN u- . to = 2 mi
--
m
*

. a= CO —
t
CO,,
IV. a=
W - Cl)
20
Calculation: From formula ( i ),
0 = 2 K x 21 = 42ir rad
From formula ( ii ),
too = 2 mt« = 2 nx 1.5 = 3n rad /s
From formula ( iii ) and (iv ),
-
CB CO0 or - ov
t
0-3 JC
_ 20
02 - ( 3n i
* #
** .
(since Fan finally stops, to = 0 )
t 2 x 42«
f t = 28 s
Ans: Time taken by fan to stop is 28 s.

[ Note: One can also use the unit ‘revolution ' for angle to avoid n in this case,
fO» = 1.5 rps and 0 = 2 1 revolutions./

*[Link], an ant is stuck to the rim of a bicycle wheel of diameter

1 m. While the bicycle is on a central stand, the wheel is set into
rotation and it attains the frequency of 2 rev/s in 10 seconds, with
uniform angular acceleration. Calculate
*
I. Number of revolutions completed by the ant in these 10 seconds.
ii. Time taken by it for first complete revolution and the last complete
* *

revolution.
Solution:
Given: D = 1 m; r = 0.5 m, n« 0, too 0 rad/s
n = 2 rps, to = 2nn = 4rc rad/s, t = 10 s
— =
To find: l. Total number of revolutions in 10 s ( N )
r

I ). Time taken for first revolution and the last revolution ( t )

«) - < t>)( 1
n. 0= j
k

Formulae: i . a= (D,.
f t +- at‘
t 2
t

m. *i
Total revolution ( N ) = e
2n
Calculation:
From formula (i ),
Angular acceleration, a = — t
< ;*u
= 4 JT 0
10
2K
5
rad/s
From formula ( ii ),
Angle traversed by ant,
l ( 2ft
e = (0) io) - < | lo
2
;
j ) = 20n rad
5
From fomiula ( iii ) ,
Total revolutions, N = 20?u = 10 rev.
2 ft
For 1 M revolution, 0 = 2JC rad
From formula ( ii ),
27i = ( 0) (t ) + l i 2ft tr
2 5
t,= VI 0 s
Upto 9< h revolution, 0 = 9 x 2 TC rad
From formula ( ii ),
9 X 2* = 0(1 ) + t ;.*

tg = yfio s = 3- /l0
= 9 4868 s
\ ,

Time taken for last revolution = ti 0 - tg = 10 - 9.4868 = 0.5132 s

Ans: i . Number of revolutions completed by the ant in is 10.
n. Time taken by it to complete first revolution is fiuts and to
complete last (i.e,10th) revolution is 0.5132 s.
*Q. [Link] of static friction between a coin and a gramophone disc
is 0.5. Radius of the disc is 8 cm. Initially the centre of the coin isV

jt cm away from the centre of the disc. At w hat minimum frequency

will it start slipping from there? By what factor will the answer
change if the coin is almost at the rim? (Use g= n2 m/s2)
Solution:
Given: p, = 0.5,
Radius of gramophone disc,
R = 8 cm = m — 100
Distance of coin from centre of the disc,
r = JI cm = it m
100
To find: i. Minimum frequency at which coin starts slipping ( nO
rr

Factor by which frequency changes if coin is placed at rim

i

M.
\
n,
n: )
Fs = P„N Fc = ITKlTr
t 1

Formulae: i . n.
Calculation:
*N

F, Fc

Mg
From formula ( i ) and ( ii ) ,
6
* p*N - mto2r
p,mg = mto2r . .( v N = mg )
* * = (o2r
;
4rc n?
i ) 5* ft: x
. tOO 1
-- ni = =5x
4 jr x re -J 2n
5
« 2 rev /s
>/2 x 3.14
As for both case Fs is same
From formula ( i ) and ( ii ),
p*N = «; r (D
 = w; R 4 I If ( 2)
Equating ( 1 ) and ( 2 ),
-
wf r «i R
47T2 n; r = 4 jr n ; R
* # ** [ As mass is constant ]

--
7 = fit / m = - = 0.63
p/100
“

R V8
Ans: i. Minimum frequency at which coin starts slipping is 2 rev/s.
ii. Factor by which frequency changes if coin is placed at rim is 0.63.

[ Note; The given .solution is modified considering the given values in the
question .]

Q.25. A coin placed on a revolving disc, with Us centre at a distance of

6 cm from the axis of rotation just slips off when the speed of the
revolving disc exceeds 45 r.p. m. What should be the maximum
angular speed of the disc, so that when the coin is at a distance of
12 cm from the axis of rotation, it does not slip?
Solution:
Given: n = 6 cm, r2 = 12 cm, nL = 45 r.p.m
To find: Maximum angular speed (n 2)
Formula: Max.C.F - mrto 2
Calculation:
Since, mri toi 2 = mr 2 u>22 - |As mass is constant ]
m * #

2
ri (0| = r2ct>22
_ MT
< >, V
2m
2m ri
.

£i = II
»i Vb
n2 = n , r.p.m =
45
r. p.m = 31.8 r.p.m
42
Ans: The maximum angular speed of the disc should be 31.8 r.p.m.
 I
Q.26. A disc revolves with a speed of 33 - rev/min. and has a radius of
3
15 cm. Two coins are placed at 4 cm and 14 cm away from the
centre of record. If the co-efficient of friction between the coins and
the record is 0.15, which of the coins will revolve with the record?
( NCERT)
Solution:
The coin will revolve with record if the force of friction is enough to
provide centripetal force. If this force is not enough, then the coin will
si ip off the record.
To prevent slipping, the condition is,
prog > mrto2
pg > ror
For the first coin , r = 4 cm = 0.04 m .
n - 33 rev /min too rev/ min too r.p.s 5 r.p.s
1
—2 =
3
= 180
=-
9
to = 2 jtn = lOit
9
pg = 0.15 x 9.8 = 1.47 m/s2
\i
IOTT
And r ](o:= 0.04 x * 0.488 m/s 2
V 8 /
As pg > ri (D% the coin will revolve with the record .
For the second coin .
r2 to: = 0.14 x
IOJIV
v 9 J — 1.706 m/s2

As rjffl gg, the coin will not revolve with the record.
^
Q.27. A 70 kg man stands in contact against the inner wall of a hollow
cylindrical drum of radius 3 m rotating about its vertical axis with
200 rev/min. The coefficient of friction between the wall and his
clothing is 0.15. What is the minimum rotational speed of the
cylinder to enable the man to remain stuck to the wall (without
falling) when the floor is suddenly removed? ( NCERT)
Solution:
The horizontal force N of the wall on the man provides the necessary
centripetal force.
mv2
N= = mrto2
r
 he frictional force *
/’ acting upwards balances the weight ‘mg' of the
man.
i.e., / pN or mg pmrto'
g 2 g
to or or >
M T Hr
So, the minimum angular velocity of rotation of the drum is given by .
9.8
;0. 5 X 3
01min - 4,667 rad s
' i

Ans: The minimum rotational speed of the cylinder is 4.667 rad s '
.
 1.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion '

Q.28. Derive an expression for maximum possible speed for a vehicle to

move on horizontal unbanked road.
Ans:
I. Consider vertical section of a car moving on a horizontal circular track
having a radius V with ‘C’ as centre of track.
N

i
i
i
4 r
*
M
i

. forces acting on the car (considered to be a particle ):

(a ) Weight ( mg ), vertically downwards,
( b) Normal reaction ( N ), vertically upwards that balances the weight
(C) Force of static friction ( fs ) between road and the tyres.
« » I -
ML Since, normal reaction balances the weight
N = mg » (i)
* **

tv. The friction over here is static friction which acts as resultant centripetal
force because it prevents the vehicle from outward slipping or skidding.
V . While working in the frame of reference attached to the vehicle, the
frictional force balances the centrifugal force.
mv:
fs= r
V I f t ( 2)

Di viding equation ( 2 ) by equation ( 1 ),

f v1
+ f # (3)
N rg
vi . For a given track, radius r is constant. For given vehicle, mg = N is
constant. Thus, as the speed v increases, the force of static friction fHalso
increases.
. However, f, has an upper limit ( Q^* = pJM, where ps is the coefficient
ii IB

vii
of static friction between road and tyres of the vehicle. This imposes an
upper limit to the speed v.
viii. At the maximum possible speed ,
o-aa = K =
. u
V ma
* * * 4
* [ From equations ( 2) and ( 3)]
N rg
9
* »|
I MH M.r8
This is an expression for maximum possible speed for a vehicle to move
on a horizontal unbanked road.

iQ.29. While driving along an unbanked circular road, a two-wheeler

rider has to lean with the vertical. Why is it so? With what angle the
rider has to lean? Derive the relevant expression . Why such a
leaning is not necessary for a four wheeler?
Ans:
i. While going round a curve, the rider provides himself the necessary
centripetal force by leaning inward on a horizontal track .
ii. Consider a rider of weight mg taking a turn of radius ‘r* with velocity v.
a r

m. In order to provide the necessary centripetal force, the rider leans

through angle 0 inwards as shown in the figure.

/ >
/
N cos0 /

mv:/r N sinO

l
mg
i
3

tv. The rider is under the action of the following forces:

a. The weight ‘ mg' acting vertically downward at the centre of
gravity of two wheeler and the rider.
b. The normal reaction ‘ N’ of the ground on rider. It acts along a line
making angle 0 with the vertical.
v. The vertical component NcosG of the normal reaction N will balance the
weight of the cyclist, while the horizontal component NsinG will provide
the necessary centripetal force to the cyclist.
 N sinO =
mvJ
» 4
• #
* ( 1)
r
N cos 0 = mg 4 ( 2)
* # v

vi . Dividing equation ( 1 ) by equation ( 2 ),

NsinO m v '/ r *

NcosO mg

ft 4 tanG - —
rg
_ - i fvM
Therefore, the rider should bend through an angle, 0 tan
VII
* «
. In case of four-wheeler, the normal reactions on the pair of inner wheels
and outer wheels produce a net restoring torque which opposes the
overturning torque due to frictional forces.

QJO. Use your brain power. ( ! . xtbook page no. 4 )

I .Obtain the condition for not toppling for a four wheeler. On what -
factors does it depend, and in what way? Think about the normal
reactions where are those and how much are those! What is the
-
recommendation on loading the vehicle for not toppling easily? If a
vehicle topples while turning, which wheels leave the contact? Why ?
How does it affect the tyres? What is the recommendation for this?
Ans;
t. -
When a four wheeler takes a turn on a curve unbanked road then it has a
tendency to skid away from centre of the road.
The torque that prevents it from skipping away from the turn arises as
* ft

IK
the normal force on the outside wheels is larger than the normal force on
the inside wheels.
-
m w I

ML Overturning of a vehicle:
a. When a car moves in a circular path with speed more than a certain
maximum speed, then it overturns even if friction is sufficient to avoid
skidding and its inner wheel leaves the ground first.

mg
 N sinO =
mvJ
» 4
• #
* ( 1)
r
N cos 0 = mg 4 ( 2)
* # v

vi . Dividing equation ( 1 ) by equation ( 2 ),

NsinO m v '/ r *

NcosO mg

ft 4 tanG - —
rg
_ - i fvM
Therefore, the rider should bend through an angle, 0 tan
VII
* «
. In case of four-wheeler, the normal reactions on the pair of inner wheels
and outer wheels produce a net restoring torque which opposes the
overturning torque due to frictional forces.

QJO. Use your brain power. ( ! . xtbook page no. 4 )

I .Obtain the condition for not toppling for a four wheeler. On what -
factors does it depend, and in what way? Think about the normal
reactions where are those and how much are those! What is the
-
recommendation on loading the vehicle for not toppling easily? If a
vehicle topples while turning, which wheels leave the contact? Why ?
How does it affect the tyres? What is the recommendation for this?
Ans;
t. -
When a four wheeler takes a turn on a curve unbanked road then it has a
tendency to skid away from centre of the road.
The torque that prevents it from skipping away from the turn arises as
* ft

IK
the normal force on the outside wheels is larger than the normal force on
the inside wheels.
-
m w I

ML Overturning of a vehicle:
a. When a car moves in a circular path with speed more than a certain
maximum speed, then it overturns even if friction is sufficient to avoid
skidding and its inner wheel leaves the ground first.

mg
b. Let weight of the car = mg
Speed of the car = v
Radius of the curved path = r
Distance between the centre of wheels of the car = 2a
Height of the centre of gravity ( G ) of the car from the road level = h
Reaction on the inner wheel of the car by the ground = Ri
Reaction on the outer wheel of the car by the ground = R 2
c. When a car moves in a circular path, horizontal frictional force F
provides the required centripetal force.
mv
i.e., F = f *» i (i)
d. For rotational equilibrium, by taking the moment of forces Ri, R 2 and F
about G we get,
Fh + Ria = R 2a ( 2)
« # 1 t

As there is no vertical motion,

Ri + R2 = mg . (3)
'

By solving ( 1 ), ( 2 ) and ( 3) we get ,

—
Ri = m g
2
I vh
- ^ - * ( 4) and
*< f

—2
I
R:- m I g +
vh
n
( 5)
m m m v

e. From equation|4 ), if v increases, value of R| decreases and for Ri 0,

vJh
= g or v =
fgra
—
ra Vh
i.e., the maximum speed of a car without overturning on a flat road is

-
given by

•f
tv. As maximum speed is independent of mass of the vehicle, loading the
vehicle does not play a vital role for toppling.
v. For safe driving of vehicle on curved unbanked road, the speed should
be v < . As friction is not reliable, at high speeds and sharp turns,
y b
friction is not able to provide the required centripetal force. Friction
causes unnecessary wear and tear of the tyres.

II. Determine the angle to he made with the vertical by a two wheeler
rider while turning on a horizontal track.
Ans: Refer QJ 9
III. We have mentioned about static friction between road and the tyres.
Whv is it static? What about the kinetic friction between road and
the tyres?
Ans:
i. The patch of tyres ( made of rubber ) which is actually touching the road
is not moving with respect to the road, it is static for a certain period
every revolution .
El . Hence, static friction acts between tyres of car and road but not kinetic
friction even when the tyres arc rolling.

IV. Wrhat do you do if your vehicle is trapped on a slippery or a sandy

road? What is the physics involved?
Ans: When a vehicle is trapped on a slippery or a sandy road, an additional
force is required so that it can overcome the strong frictional force
between the tyres and slippery or sandy road.

Q.31. What is meant by well of death? Where can it be seen?

Ans:
i. Well of death is a vertical cylindrical wall of radius V inside which a
vehicle is driven in horizontal circles.
El . It can be seen while performing stunts.

Q .32. Derive an expression for minimum safest velocity of a body to move

in w ell of death.
Ans:

i. The forces acting on the vehicle ( assumed to be a point ) arc:

a. Normal reaction ( N ) acting horizontally and towards the centre,
b. Weight ( trig ) acting vertically downwards,
c. Force of static friction ( fs ) acting vertically upwards between
vertical wall and the tyres.
El . It is static friction because it has to prevent the downward slipping. Its
magnitude is equal to mg, as this is the only upward force.
mg = f, * * (I)
# #
m- .
4

Normal reaction ( N ) is thus the resultant centripetal force ( i .c., the only
9

force that can balance the centrifugal force) .

mv:
N= .. .(2)
r
IV, In order to continue the horizontal motion, force of static friction fs
should be always less than or equal to psN.
9 A
n ^
< N

l—
mv 2 \
mg < p, A
* * *• [From equation ( I ) and ( 2 )]
r

» g<
r
l ifi

K
» A The minimum safest velocity of a body to move in well of death is,
Vmiii

f
Reading between the lines \

• In such case, f = fisN is valid only for the minimum speed as f

should always he equal to mg.
• During the derivation,
mv '

hi should always he equal to

r
mv*mm mg
- N mm -
*
•
r M .
• -
During revolutions in such a well, a two wheeler/ four wheeler is never
horizontal, else, the torque due to its weight will topple it .
• The torque that balances the torque due to the weight is frictional
\
force in this case. )
/

( Note: Students can click on the QR code to get conceptual

clarity' about well of death with the aid of a linked video, f
Q.33. Explain the concept of lower limit and upper limit on the turning
speed.
Ans:
L. If a road is banked at 90°, it imposes a lower limit on the turning speed.
u. For an unbanked road ( banking angle 0 = 0° ), there is an upper limit for
the turning speed.
in. It means that for any other banking angle ( 0°< 0 < 90°), the turning
speed will have the upper as well as the lower limit.

Q.34. Why are curved roads banked?

Ans:
i. While taking a turn on a horizontal road, the force of static friction
between the tyres of the vehicle and the road provides the necessary
centripetal force ( or balances the centrifugal force ).
ii . However, the frictional force is having an upper limit. Also, its value is
usually not constant as the road surface is not uniform.
in. Thus, in real life, we should not depend upon it, as it is not reliable.
m m r

iv. For this purpose, the surfaces of curved roads are tilted with the
horizontal with some angle 0.
v. This is called banking of a road or the road is said to be banked.
vi . When the road is banked, the horizontal component of the normal
reaction provides the necessary centripetal force required for circular
motion of vehicle.

*Q.35. Do we need a banked road for a two-w heeler? Explain.

Ans: Yes, a two wheeler also needs a banked road .
Reason: Refer Q.29
Q .36. Derive expression Tor angle of banking when a vehicle (consider to
be a point ) moves along a curved banked road neglecting friction.
Ans:
i. he vertical section of a vehicle N N cos0
on a curved road of radius ‘r *

banked at an angle ‘O' with the

0
horizontal is shown in the figure.
N sin0
ii. Considering the vehicle to be a
point and ignoring friction ( not
eliminating ) and other
-
non conservative forces like air
resistance, there are two forces
0
mg

acting on the vehicle:

a. weight ( mg ), vertically downwards
b. normal reaction ( N ), perpendicular to the surface of the road.
iii. As the motion of the vehicle is along a horizontal circle, the resultant
force must be horizontal and directed towards the centre of the track.
Hence, the vertical force mg must be balanced.
iv. Thus, normal reaction ( N ) is resolved into,
a. N sin 0 - along the horizontal .
b. N cos 0 - along the vertical.
v. The vertical component N cos0 balances the weight,
N cos0 = mg (1)
vi. Horizontal component NsinG being the resultant force, must be the
necessary centripetal force (or balance the centrifugal force ).
mv
m f N sin 0 = * * * P (2)
r
Dividing equation ( 2 ) by equation ( 1 ),
v2
tan() =
rg

i Vs '
* 0 = tan

This is an expression for angle of banking when a vehicle moves along a

curved banked road neglecting friction.
Q .37. State an expression Tor (i ) most sate speed and ( ii ) banking angle Tor
a vehicle moving on a curved banked road.
Ans: For a particular road, when r and 0 are fixed, then
t. Most safe speed, vs = ,/rg tan 9

n. Banking angle, 0 - tan -

^
i fv
rg ;

Q.38. What is the need for lower and upper speed limit for a vehicle
moving on a banked road? Derive expression for it.
Ans:
i. if the vehicle is running exactly at the speed v, = JrgtanO , the forces
acting on the vehicle are
a. weight mg acting vertically downwards
b. normal reaction N acting perpendicular to the road ,
it. But in practice, vehicles never travel exactly with this speed.
iii. Hence, for speeds other than this, the component of force of static
friction between road and the tyres helps us, up to a certain limit.
iv. For speeds V|< rg tan 0

The component N
^ sinQ is greater than the centrifugal force
mvr i

r
mv I
4 < N sin0
r
N N cost)

0 f. sitiO
f,
N sinO
fs COS0

6 * mg

Banked road: lower speed limit

v. In this case, the direction of force of static friction ( fs) between road and
the tyres is directed along the inclination of the road, upwards. Its
horizontal component ( f,cos 0 ) is parallel and opposite to Nsin 0.
vi . These two forces take care of the necessary centripetal force ( or balance
the centrifugal force).
mv;
* * = N sin 0 - fscos0 * * ( 1)
r
vn . The vertical components Neos0 and f, sin0 is balanced by weight mg,
*

» mg = N cos 0 + f* sin 0 ( 2) * * * *

VI11. For minimum possible speed, f is maximum and equal to MsN.

4 4 I

From equation ( 1 ) and ( 2 ),

tanO - p,
( V ( ) mm rg
' min
11 + lanft
For > tan 0, v Hurt = 0, This is true for most of the rough roads, banked
at smaller angles.
IX ,
^
For speeds v 2 > rg tan 6 ,

The component N sinO is less than the centrifugal force

mv:2
r
mv;:
#
* > N sin 0
r
N
N cosS

N sin0

t; cosO *
.
f
0
o
•
I W
e
Banked road: upper speed limit

x. In this case, the direction of force of static friction ( fs) between road and
the tyres is directed along the inclination of the road, downwards.
xi. The horizontal component ( fscos 0) is parallel to Nsin0.
These two forces take care of the necessary centripetal force ( or balance

*
mv
r
.
the centrifugal force).
= N sin0 + f cos0 . (3) * *
 The vertical component, N co$0 balances the component fs sin 0 and
k H

XU.
weight ‘ mg’.
N cos 0 = fs sinO + mg
* * mg = N cos 0- fs sin 0 . (4) ..
xiii. For maximum possible speed, fs is maximum and equal to p*N .
From equations (3) and ( 4 ),
tan 6 + M, 1
( v 2 )max = V max rg ,
, 1 - M, an 9 >
If p* = cot0, vmax = a .
But ( ps )max = l .Thus, for 0 > 45 °, vmax = «3.
)

However, for heavily banked road, minimum limit may be important.

/
Reading betw een the lines \

• Explanation for point (vat ):

Dividing equation ( 1 ) by equation (2),
_
mv[ f r N sinfl - f cos 0

v
vf
mg
_ N sin 0 - ^
NcosO + f sinB
jisNcos 0
....{ v fs = MxN )
rg N cosO + ji ^ NsinQ
Dividing above equation by kN cos0 '
-
_
v? _ ian 0 - JL
rg l -t- (ittan 0
[ tanO - p, 1
* (Vi )min rg
.
wl + (i tanej
• Explanation for point (xiii):
Dividing equation (3) by equation (4 ),
niVj / r _
N sin 0 + f, cos0
mg N cosO f sinO -
*
_ N sinfl + ptNcos8
T i l l ( V f,= psN )
rg N cos 0 - p, NsinG
Dividing above equation by *N cos0 '
v; _ tan © + pt
- rg 1 - pt tan 0
tan 0 +
rg
VI “ MstanOj
\
Q.39. Explain well of death on the basis of most safe speed, banking angle,
speed limits.
Ans: Refer Q.32 and Q.33

Q.40. Use your brain power. r < xtbook page no. e> >
As a civil engineer , you are given contract to construct a curved road in
a ghat. In order to obtain the banking angle 9, you need to decide the
speed limit. How will you decide the values of speed v and radius r?
Ans: For a certain value of V , the value of safe speed on a curved road in a
ghat with banking angle 0 will be, v, = JrgtanO

| Reading between the lines

For a safer side, frictional force is not considered as it is not enough
and unreliable every time as it changes when road becomes oily or wet
in rainy season.
a
I

Q.41. Use your brain power. , / < th< >ok pugt tu > )
m
1* If friction is zero, can a vehicle move on the road?
Ans: No, vehicle will skid in the absence of friction on the road.

M
ii. Why are we not considering the friction in deriving the expression
for the banking angle?
Ans: Frictional force is not enough and unreliable at high speeds and sharp
turns.

***
in .What about the kinetic friction between the road and the tyres?
Ans: Refer 0.30(10)

Q.42. State the following terms:

i. Pendulum
ii. Simple pendulum
in. Conical pendulum
Ans:
t. A tiny mass ( assumed to be a point object and called a bob ) connected to
a long, flexible , massless, inextensible string, and suspended to a rigid
support is called a pendulum.
4

ti .
’

If a tiny mass ( assumed to be a point object and called a bob ) connected

to a long, flexible, massless, in extensible string, and suspended to a
rigid support is made to oscillate in a single vertical plane, it is said to
be a simple pendulum.
v v r

ML A tiny mass ( assumed to be a point object and called a bob ) connected to

a long, flexible, massless, inextensible string, and suspended to a rigid
support revolves in such a way that the string moves along the surface of
a right circular cone of vertical axis and the point object performs a
uniform horizontal circular motion. Such a system is called a conical
pendulum.

^ Connections

-
You will study in detail about simple pendulum in Chapter 5 Oscillations

Q.43. Derive expression for time period of a conical pendulum,

Ans:
i. Consider the vertical section of a conical pendulum having bob ( point
mass) of mass m and string of length *L \
*»
M. Here, 0 is the angle made by the string with the vertical, at any position
( semi - vertical angle of the cone )
In a given position B. the forces acting on the bob are
m m m

ML
a. its weight ‘mg’ directed vertically downwards
b. the force ‘To’ due to the tension in the string, directed along the
string, towards the support A.
mjjjj
A
0 L
o

To To COS0

r
C B
T0 sinG
mg
In an inertial frame
tv . As the motion of the bob is a horizontal circular motion, the resultant
force must be horizontal and directed towards the centre C of the
circular motion.
v. For this, tension (T0 ) in the string is resolved into
a. T0 cos 0 : vertical component
b. To sin 0 : horizontal component
vi . The vertical component (To cos 0 ) balances the weight ‘ mg \
* * mg - To cos0 ( 1)w n v

vii
* «
. The horizontal component T« sin 0 then becomes the resultant force
which is centripetal.
mrw = T0 sin 0
*
( 2)# # '

**

Dividing equation ( 2 ) by equation ( I ),

2 gsin 0
to = rcosQ
# * *1 * ( 3)

viii. From the figure,

» +
sinO =
r = L sin 0
—
L
w * m (4)
From equation ( 3 ) and ( 4),
2 gsinO
* to =
L. [Link]
to = 8
LcosO
IX . If T is the period of revolution of the bob, then

to =
H LcosG
&

LcosB
Period, T = 2 K
g

Q.44 . On what factors does the frequency of a conical pendulum

depends? Is it independent of some factors?
Ans:
u Frequency of conical pendulum depends on following factors:
a. Length of pendulum ( L ): Frequency of conical pendulum
increases with decrease in length of pendulum.
1
i .e., n *
VL
b. Acceleration due to gravity ( g): Frequency of conical pendulum
increases with increase in g. i .e., nx g
 c. Angle of inclination ( 0): As 0 increases, cos 0 decreases, hence,
frequency of conical pendulum increases with increase in 0.
I
i .c., n * ( For 0 <0<7t )
cos 0
u.
-
Frequency at conical pendulum is independent of mass of the bob.
4 m

Reading between the linet \

^
I I g
Frequency of conical pendulum , n -
T 2 n Lcos 0
)
V

Q .45* Draw a diagram to represent conical pendulum in a non-inertial

frame of reference and state the equation of centrifugal force on the
bob.
Ans:
LU
A
e
Jo Tci cos0
C
B
i 'u sin0 — mro)*
mg
In a non- inertial frame

In the frame of reference attached to the bob, the centrifugal force

should balance the resultant of all the real forces ( centripetal force ) for
the bob to be at rest.
Equation for centrifugal force:
» * T0 sin 0 = mra>: ....( in magnitude)

Q.46. Is it possible for a string to become horizontal during revolutions in

a conical pendulum? Give reasons.
Ans: During revolutions, the string can never become horizontal . This can be
explained in two different ways.
t. If the string becomes horizontal, the force due to tension will also be
horizontal. Its vertical component will then be zero. In this case, nothing
will be there to balance mg.
 For horizontal string, 9 = 90°. This will indicate the frequency to be
i m

1L
infinite and the period to be zero, which are impossible. Also, in this
( mg "I (\
case, the tension
^ COS 0 ;
and kinetic energy —V 2 mr-W 1 of the bob will be
infinite.

Q.47. Activity. \thook / >uyi no ' •

A stone is tied to a string and whirled such that the stone performs
horizontal circular motion. It can be seen that the string is NEVER
horizontal.
Ans: Refer Q.46

[Students are expected to attempt the activity on their own./

. . .
Q 48 Activity ( TcxthooA / H i’ < no . . .

Using a funnel and a marble or a ball bearing try to work out the
situation in the Q.61. Try to realize that as the marble goes towards the
brim, its linear speed increases but its angular speed decreases. When
nearing the base, it is the other way.

[Students are expected to attempt the activity on their ownj

f Solved Examples J-
+Q.49. A motor cyclist ( to be treated as a point mass) is to undertake
horizontal circles inside the cylindrical wall of a well of inner radius
4 m. Coefficient of static friction between the tyres and the wall is
0.4. Calculate the minimum speed and frequency necessary to
perform this stunt . ( Use g = 10 m /s2)
Solution:
Given:
To find:
r 4m =
i.
, ps 0.4, g—= m
10 / s 2

Minimum speed to perform stunt( vmin )

Minimum frequency of perform stunt ( n,mn)
I *
11.

Formulae: i.

Calculation: From formula ( i ),

-
•£ u.
*
v = 2 itnr

'' mm 4
4 x 10
0.4 - 10 111 s-i
 From formula ( ii ),
v mm to 5
fiinin ss 0.4 rev/s
2 JIT 2 x it x 4 4 * 3.142
Ans: i . Minimum speed required to perform stunt is 10 m s '.
* «
it . Minimum frequency required to perform stunt is 0.4 rev s

*Q.50. During a stunt, a cyclist ( considered to be a particle ) is undertaking

horizontal circles inside a cylindrical well of radius 6.05 m. If the
necessary friction coefficient is 0.5, how much minimum speed
should the stunt artist maintain? Mass of the artist is 50 kg. If
she/he increases the speed by 20%, how much will the force of
friction be?
Solution:
Given: r = 6.05 m, ps = 0.5, M = 50 kg,
For case B, v2 = Vj + 20 % of Vj = 1.2 V|
To find ; i. Minimum speed maintained by stunt artist ( vmm ) -
n. Force of friction if velocity is increased to 20%.
i t

Formulae: i.

Calculation:
-
ii .
vmin for the horizontal position of rod = 2 rg
Fs = mg
i
*
^
i. From formula ( i ),
^ inin = 1 Fs

u.
= V2* 6.05 * to
= TiTT = 11 m/s
Force of friction, mg
N
1 Centrifugal
force

Fs = mg = 50 x 10 = SOON
Ans: i. The minimum speed maintained by stunt artist ( vniin ) is 11 m / s.
ii . The force of friction is 500 N.

Q.51. A vehicle is moving on a circular track whose surface is inclined

towards the horizon at an angle of 10°. The maximum velocity with
which it can move safely is 36 km/hr. Calculate the length of the
circular track . [ Take it = 3.142|
Solution:
Given: v = 36 km h- i = 36 x -I = 10 m/s, 0 = 10°
18
To find : Length of circular track ( l )
 V mn\
Formula: tan 0 =
rg
Calculation: From formula,
vmu
r=
g tan 0
(10)'
=
9.8 x tan 10°
= 57.88 m
/ = 2JIR = 2 x 3.142 x 57.88 = 363.7 m
Ans: The length of the circular track is 363.7 m.

Q .52. A train runs along an unbanked circular track of radius 30 m at a

speed of 54 km IT 1. The mass of the train is 10* kg.
1. What provides the centripetal force required for this purpose? The
engine or the rails?
**
u . What is the angle of banking required to prevent wearing out of the
rail ? (NCERT)
Solution ;
i. The centripetal force is provided by the lateral force action due to rails
on the wheels of the train .
1 5
ti. v = 54 km IT = 54 x = 15 m/s, r = 30 m
18

tan0 = —
vJ
rg
( 15 )’
tan 0 - 30 x 9.8
0 = tair '( 0.7653 )
ft 0 = 37° 25'
*

Ans: i. he centripetal force required is provided by the lateral force

action due to rails.
The angle of banking required is 37° 25'.
* «

it .

Q.53.A motor cyclist at a speed of 5 m/s is describing a circle of radius

25 m. Find his inclination with vertical. WTiat is the value of
coefficient of friction betw een tyre and ground?
Solution:
Given: v = 5 m/s, r = 25 m, g = 9.8 m/s’
To find: l. Inclination with vertical ( 0 )
a

11 . Coefficient of friction ( ji )
Formulae: i.
Calculation: From formula ( i )
tan 0 =
—.
rg
fl.
» « V
r
= Mg

tan 0 =
($ ? = 1
= 0.1021
25 x 9.8 9.8
6 = tan-1 (0.1021 ) = 5°50'
From formula ( ii ),
5‘

M - 25 x 9.8 = 0.1021
Ans: i. The inclination of the motor cyclist with vertical is 5°50'.
n. The value of coefficient of friction between tyre and ground is
0.1021.

Q.54. The radius of curvature of meter gauge railway line at a place

where the train is moving with a speed of 10 m /s is 50 nt. If there is
no side thrust on the rails* find the elevation of the outer rail above
the inner rail.
Solution:
Given: Radius of curve, r = 50 m,
Speed of train, v = 10 m/s
To find : Elevation of rails ( h)
v*

Formulae: i . tan 0 = u.
*
h = /sin0
rg
Calculation:
From formula ( i ),
0 = tan - i f V: \
rs /
100 1 h
= tan- i = tan ( 0.2041 )
50 x 9.8 y
« * 0 = 11 °32'
From formula ( ii ),
h = / sin 0
h = I x sin (11°32') = 1 x (0.2000) = 0.2 m
h = 20 cm
Ans: The elevation of the outer rail above the inner rail is 20 cm.
Q.55.A flat curve on a highway has a radius of curvature 400 m. A car
goes around a curve at a speed of 32 m/s. What is the minimum
value of coefficient of friction that will prevent the car from sliding?
(g = 9.8 m/s2 )
Solution:
Given: v = 32 m/s, r = 400 m, g = 9.8 m/s:
To find: Coefficient of friction ( p )
V
Formula:
rg
Calculation: From formula,
32J
F = 400 x 9.8 = 0.26
Ans: The value of coefficient of friction between tyre and ground is 0.26.

Q.56.A circular race course track has a radius of 500 m and is banked to
10°. If the coefficient of friction between tyres of vehicle and the
road surface is 0.25. Compute,
.
i the maximum speed to avoid slipping.
it.
If
the optimum speed to avoid wear and tear of tyres, (g = 9.8 m/ ) sz
Solution:
Given: r = 500 m, 0 - 10°, p = 0.25
To find: i. Maximum speed to avoid slipping ( v^J
»
Optimum speed to avoid wear and tear of tyres ( v0 )
I

11.

|i + tan 0
Formulae: i. Vmax rg
l -p tanO
(

^
n

it . v„ - rg tan 0
Calculation: i. From formula (i),

Vm . 500 x 9.8
0.25 + tan 10°
1-0.25 x tan 10°

vniax = 46.72 m/s

n. From formula { ii ),
v0 = 500 x 9.8 x tan 10° =
^
v0 = 29.37 m /s
^ 500 x 9.8 x 0.176

Ans: i. The maximum speed to avoid slipping is 46.72 ni /s.

It . The optimum speed to avoid wear and tear of tyres is 29.37 m /s.
+Q.57.A racing track of curvature 9.9 m is banked at tan - 1 (0.5).
Coefficient of static friction between the track and the tyres of a
vehicle is 0.2. Determine the speed limits with 10% margin .
(Take g = 10 m/s2 )
Solution:
Given: — —
r 9.9 m, JA* 0.2, 0 = tan 1 ( 0.5 )
tan 0 = 0.5
To find: Maximum and minimum speed limit ( under 10% margin )
tan 8 - ^ tan 9 + n,
i.
«

Formulae: Vinin rg II . 'max rg

Vl + U. tan 0; U “
M , tane
Calculation: From formula ( i ),
0.5 - 0.2
Vmm 9.9 x 1 o = fifil = 5.196 m/s
<
1 + 0.2 x 0,5)
Allowed vrain should be 10 % higher than this .
m * ( rmn )alWctl
^ 5.196 X 110 = 5.716 m /s
100
From formula ( ii ),
0.5 + 0.2
9.9 x 0 = fin = 8.775 m/s
'max -
l ( 0, 2 x 0.5 )
Allowed Vma, should be 10% lower than this,
90
( ViiiaOallowed 8.775 X = 7.898 m/s
100
Ans: i . The minimum velocity allowed is 5.716 m /s.
ii . The maximum velocity allowed is 7.898 ni /s.

*[Link] of a racing track is to be designed for a curvature of 72 m. We

are not recommending the vehicles to drive faster than 216 kmph.
With what angle should the road be tilted? By what height will its
outer edge be, with respect to the inner edge if the track is 10 m
wide?|Take g = 10 m/s2 |
Solution:
Given: r = 72 m, vmax = 216 kmph = 216 x —8 - 60 m/s
Width of track = 10 m
To find: i. Angle of tilt ( banking ) of road ( 0)
Height of outer edge, w.r.t. inner edge ( h )
V T

1) .
Formula: tan0 =
Calculation:
—
V
rg
!

From formula
tanO = m
x 72 10
t
h
tan0 = 5
0 = tan ~ '( 5
0
-b
1
*
>
= 78.69°
h = 10 sin 0
= 10 sin 78.69°
« 9.8 m
Ans; i . The angle by which road should be titled is 78.69°.
II. The height of its outer edge w.r.t . its inner edge is 9.8 m .
¥
*

*[Link] road in ( he Q.58 is constructed as per the requirements. The

coefficient of static friction between the tvres of a vehicle on this
road is 0.8, will there be any lower speed limit ? By how much can
the upper speed limit exceed in this case?
Solution:
Given: tan 0 = 5, = 0.8,r = 72 m
To find: l. Lower speed limit ( vmjn )
Upper speed limit ( vnm )
t

it .
Formula: Velocity of ob ject at banked road,

V = J rg
tanO - p,
.
l + M tanG ,

Calculation: From formula

/ 5 - 0.8

Ans: i.
V = ?2 * 10

^
1 + 0.8 x 5 J
Now 0 = tan- 1 ( 5 ) = 78.69°
As 0 45°, vmas. = ao
-
= 7604.8 = 24.6 m/s » 88 kmph

The lower speed limit for banked road, vmjna 88 kmph

As 0 45°, there is no upper speed limit.
m
*
11.
+Q.60.A merry-go-round usually consists of a central vertical pillar. At
the top of it there are horizontal rods which can rotate about
vertical axis. At the end of this horizontal rod there is a vertical rod
fitted like an elbow joint. At the lower end of each vertical rod,
there is a horse on w hich the rider can sit As the merry go round is - -
set into rotation, these vertical rods move away from the axle by
making some angle with the vertical.

IL_ 2.1 m
=

horse
^
\ L5 I T
"
horse

The figure above shows vertical section of a merry-go-round in

which the ‘initially vertical ' rods are inclined with the vertical at
37°, during rotation . Calculate the frequency of revolution of the
merry-go-round.
( Use g * it 2 m/s2 and sin 37° 0.6)
Solution:
From the figure. Length of the horizontal rod, LH = 2.1 m
Length of the ‘initially vertical' rod, Ly = 1.5 m,
ft = 37°
LH

r = LH + Lv shift
\

Using trigonometry,
sinl ) 0.6 3
tanft =
* *

7 - sin16 - 0.62 4
* * Radius of ' the horizontal circular motion of the rider,
r = LH + Lv sin 37°
= 2.1 + ( 1.5 x 0.6 )
= 3.0 m
If T is the tension along the inclined rod.
From free body diagram,
T cosG
0 T t

e
mrco 2
I sine
mg

T cos 0 = mg (0 #
***

T sin 0 = mrco2 ( ii )m a >8-

tanO
_
Dividing equation ( ii ) by ( i), we get
;
wr
g
4 ir ’n ’r
* * ** ( v to = 2Tin )
g

» n * *** (v g=

3 I -
rev s~ = 0.25 rev s i
4 x 4* 3 4
Ans: The frequency of revolution of the merry-go-round is 0.25 rev s- 1 .

+Q.61 .Semi-vertical angle of the conical section of a funnel is 37°. There is

a small ball kept inside the funnel. On rotating the funnel, the
maximum speed that the ball can have in order to remain in the
funnel is 2 m/s. Calculate inner radius of the brim of the funnel. Is
there any limit upon the frequency of rotation? How much is it ? Is it
lower or upper limit? Give a logical reasoning.
(Use g = 10 m/s2 and sin 37° = 0.6)
Solution:
Using trigonometry,
sin 0 0.6 3
tan0
—
1 sin 2 0 —
I 0.62 4
 Nsin G
N t
__ s: i

NcosG
i mg
i
l 9

From the above figure,

N sin 0 = mg m * ( i)
mv 1
N cosO = m * 9
* ( ii )
r
Dividing equation ( i ) by ( ii ),
tane = a
V"

v: ta» 0
* V

8
vL tanG 2 **3
ma \
4 x 10
= 0.3 m
8
Now, v = r« = 2 nrn
For the lower limit of the speed ( while rotating ), v approaches 0. This
implies that
—
r b u t the frequency n increases. Hence a specific upper limit is not
possible in the case of frequency. Thus, the practical limit on the
frequency of rotation is its lower limit . It will be possible for r = r max
v mi 2 I
V «
Amin * * 1 rev / s
2 7T rmil
2 it* 0.3 Q , 3JI

Ans: The inner radius of brim is 0.3 m and the minimum frequency of
rotation is 1 rev/s.

. .
Q 62 A string of length 0.5 m carries a bob of mass 0.1 kg at its end. it is
used as a conical pendulum with a period 1.41 s. Calculate angle of
inclination of string with vertical and tension in the string.
Solution:
Given: / = 0.5 m, m = 0.1 kg, T = 1.41 s
To find: l. Angle of inclination ( 0 )
-
IK Tension in the string (T)
 / cos 0 mg
i. T= n. Tension, T' =
w

Formulae:
*

g cos 6
Calculation: From formula ( i ),
0.5 x cos 0
1.41 = 2 x 3.142
9.8
1.41 JcosO
2 x 3.142 V 19.6
1.41 V cos 0
J
2 x 3.142 19.6
2
1.41
4 # cos 0 = 19.6
2 x 3.142
* * cos 0 = 0,9868
0 = cos-1 ( 0.9868 )
4 4 0 = 9°19'
From formula ( ii ),
0. lx 9.8 0,98
T
cos 9° 19'
= 0.9868
= 0.993 N
Ans: i. The angle of inclination of string with vertical is 9°19'.
he tension in the string is 0.993 N .
#
*
i i.

Q.63. In a conical pendulum, a string of length 120 cm is fixed at rigid

support and carries a mass of 150 g at its free end. If the mass is
revolved in a horizontal circle of radius 0.2 m around a vertical axis,
calculate tension in the string, ( g 9.8 m/s 2)
Solution:
—
Given: 1= 120 cm = 1.2 m, r = 0.2 m, m = 150 g = 0.15 kg
To find: Tension in the string ( T)
mg
Formula: Tension , T =
cosO
Calculation:
0\T
h /
T cosO

-. orrr- *
*

mg
By Pythagoras theorem, I2 = r2 + h 2
4 t h 2 = ( 1 ,2 )2 - ( 0.2 )2 = 1.4
h = 1.183 m
 The weight of bob is balanced by vertical component of
tension T.
m i Tcos0 = mg - 0)
From figure,
h
cos 0 =
/
h2 h2
cos20 =
ll r: + h 2
h
cos 0 =

Substituting in formula,
mg \ r + h 2"

T=
h
f rV
- mg
ijlhj
+1

= 0.15 x 9.8 x MW)

= 1 ,491 N
Ans: Tension in the string is 1.491 N .

Q.64. A conical pendulum has length 50 cm . Its bob of mass 100 g performs
uniform circular motion in horizontal plane, so as to have radius of
path 30 cm. Find
the angle made by the string with vertical
I!

1*
*
the tension in the supporting thread and
#

IK
in. the speed of bob.
Ml

Solution:

e.(f
i
h
*T cos 0
r

mg
Given: l = 50 cm = 0.5 m, r = 30 cm = 0.3 m ,
m = 100 g = 100 x 10 J kg = 0.1 kg
”
To find: l . Angle made by the string with vertical ( 0 )
n
ii

. Tension in the supporting thread (T )

HI .
* a
Speed of bob ( v )
v2
Formulae: i. tan 0 = -
h
ii .
i
*
tan 0 = —
rg
2 2 2
Calculation: By Pythagoras theorem , / =r h+
-
h 2 = /2 r2
h2 = 0.25 - 0.09 = 0.16
<9
* h = 0.4 m
1. From formula ( i),
tan 0 = 0.3 = 0.75
0.4
1
* * 0 = tan'
( 0.75 )

m
0 = 36°52'
11. The weight of bob is balanced by vertical component of
tension T
4 4 T cos 0 = mg
cos 0 = —
I
0.4
0.5
= 0.8
mg 0.1 * 9.8
T=
cosO 0.8
# * T = 1.225 N
h i

111 - From formula ( ii ),

v2 = rg tan 0
« * v2 = 0.3 x 9.8 x 0.75 « 2.205
* * v = 1.485 m/s
Ans: i. Angle made by the siring with vertical is 36°52'.
n. Tension in the supporting thread is 1.225 N.
. Speed of the bob is 1.485 m /s.
i t 4

in

*Q.65. A pendulum consisting of a massless string of length 20 cm and a

tiny bob of mass 100 g is set up as a conical pendulum . Its bob now
performs 75 rpm. Calculate kinetic energy and increase in the
gravitational potential energy of the bob. ( Use it - 10, cos 0 = 0.8)
Solution:
Given: l = 20 cm = 0.2 m, m = 100 g = 0.1 kg,
r ] = 75 rpm
75 * 2JI
to =
60
- -2 JT rad's
To find: 1 . Kinetic energy of the bob
-*
. Increase in gravitational potential energy of the bob w.r.t.
i

ii
inner edge ( h )
Formulae: i. KE = - mrV
2
AP . E . — mg/ ( I - cos0 )
P *
ii.
Calculation:
;

r = / sin 0
= 0.2 x 0.6
^
sin 0 = l -(0.8) = 0.6

—
0.12 m
From formula ( i ),
/ \*
^
K.E. = 1x 0.1 x ( 0.!2 ) 2
X [[ - JI
2 2

= 1x1x 0.0144 x 25 x a '

2 10 4
= 0.045 J
From formula ( ii ),
AP. E = 0.1 x 10 x 0.2 x ( 1- 0.8) = 0.04 J
Ans: i. Kinetic energy of the bob is 0.045 J.
n. Change in gravitational potential energy of the bob is 0.04 J.
* k

INote: The given solution is modified considering the given values in the
question.]
C\.4 Vertical Circular Motion'
Q.66, State the two types of vertical circular motion commonly observed
in practice.
Ans:
i. A controlled vertical circular motion such as a giant wheel or similar
games. In this case the speed is either kept constant or NOT totally
controlled by gravity.
u. Vertical circular motion controlled only by gravity. In this case , one
w w

initially supply the necessary energy ( mostly ) at the lowest point. Then
onwards, the entire kinetics is governed by the gravitational force.
During the motion, there is inter conversion of kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy.

Q.67. Using the energy conservation, derive the expressions for the
minimum speeds at different locations along a vertical circular
motion controlled by gravity. Is zero speed possible at the
uppermost point? Under what condition/s? Also prove that the
difference between the extreme tensions (or normal forces) depends
only upon the weight of the object.
Ans:
L Consider a bob ( treated as a point mass ) tied to a ( practically ) massless ,
inextensible and flexible string.
u. It is whirled along a vertical circle so that the bob performs a vertical
circular motion and the string rotates in a vertical plane.
A
T I TA
mg sm G mg
0 mgcosG 33
o
r. mg o Tu- 3mg + TA \
o
• * !£
Dl
a
fti
Tc = Ti>
V - mg
mg Tb = + Tv
T2
B 7j Tfc mgeosa
mg sin a mg
 a

ML At any position of the bob, there arc only two forces acting on the bob:
a. weight ( mg ), vertically downwards, which is constant
b. the force due to the tension (T), directed along the string and
towards the centre. ( Its magnitude changes periodically with time
and location.)
tv . As the motion is non uniform, the resultant of these two forces is not
directed towards the centre except at the uppermost and the lowennost
positions of the bob.
V. At all the other positions, part of the resultant is tangential and is used to
change the speed.
vi. Uppermost position ( A):
a. Both, weight ( mg ) and force due to tension (TA) are downwards,
i.e., towards the centre. In this case, their resultant is used only as
the centripetal force.
b, Thus, if vA is the speed at the uppermost point,

c.
mg + TA - mv;
r
(1)

For minimum possible speed at this point ( or if the motion is to be

realized with minimum possible energy ),TA = 0
4 (VA)min i rg / . . . .( 2 )

vn. Lowermost position ( B ):

a. Force due to the tension, TB is vertically upwards, i .e., towards the
centre, and opposite to mg. In this case, their resultant is the
centripetal force.
b. If vB is the speed at the lowermost point,
mv:
T B - mg = ( 3)
* * 4 9

r
c. While coming down from the uppermost to the lowermost point,
the vertical displacement is 2r and the motion is governed only by
gravity.
d. Hence the corresponding decrease in the gravitational potential
energy is converted into the kinetic energy.
|
mg( 2r ) =
mv - mv;
^2
‘

< - vl = 4rg # » #
* ( 4)
 From equation ( 2 ) and (4),
VB = 4rg + rg
* * ( ," B ) inin
' — rg t l t i (5)
Vlll
*«
.
#

Positions when the string is horizontal (C and D ):

a. Force due to the tension is the only force towards the centre as
weight mg is perpendicular to the tension.
b. Thus, force due to the tension is the centripetal force used to
change the direction of the velocity and weight mg is used only to
change the speed.
c. At midway position ( C), while coming down from the midway
point to the lowermost point , the vertical displacement is ‘r\
Hence, the corresponding decrease in the gravitational P. E. is
converted into K .E.
mgr = -l m v;- — mv;
2
v
VA “
< “ 2 er
Since, vA = Jsrg
vl - 5 rg - 2 rg
m m (
^c ) min
“

^
rg
Similarly ( vD ) mm = 3rg J
Similarly,
TC TA = Td - TA = 3 mg
IX . Arbitral }' positions:
*

3. Force due to the tension and weight are neither along the same
line, nor perpendicular.
b. Tangential component of weight is used to change the speed .
c. It decreases the speed while going up and increases it while
coming down.
x * Practically, zero speed is possible at the uppermost point only when
mass is tied to a rod.
XL Difference between the extreme tensions:
Subtracting equation ( I ) from equation ( 3),
T - TA - 2 m g = Sr (v vi - vi ) * Mi ill ( 6)
 Using equation ( 4 ) and rearranging, we get,
* l'B - TA = 6mg
Hence, difference in tension at extreme positions depends only on
weight.

Reading between the lines

Explanation for point ( viii):

At point (C ),
mVf =
r
TC
From equation ( 1 ) and above equation,
Tc - m g - TA = mVf . _ mvi
r r
as Vt- = 3rg and = rg
3mgr mgr
- 4
TC - TA = + mg
Tc - TA = 3mg
Similarly, Tp - TA = 3mg
i

Q.68. What will happen to the string if tension at the uppermost point
during vertical circular motion becomes zero?
Ans: Tension at uppermost point can never be exactly equal to zero, else, the
string will slack.

Q.69. Why is it not possible to determine the time period or frequency of

vertical circular motion .
Ans: I he position vector or velocity at any instant can be determined using
the energy conservation. But as the function of the radius vector is not
integrate fdefinite integration is not possible ), theoretically it is not
possible to determine the period or frequency. However, experimentally
the period can be measured .
^ i
Eirich Your Knowledge

None of the parameters ( including the linear and angular

accelerations ) are constant during such a motion and hence
kincmatical equations are not applicable.
ii. Any higher speeds than the minimum speeds at the uppermost and
the lowermost points obeying the equation arc allowed.
iii. In reality, we have to continuously supply some energy to overcome
i
the air resistance.

Q.70. Do you know? T< \tfv > < > k / utyi no i 2 >
Roller coaster is a common event in the amusement parks. During this
ride, all the parts of the vertical circular motion described above can be
experienced. The major force that we experience during this is the
norma! reaction force. Those who have experienced this, should try to
recall the changes in the normal reaction experienced by us during
various parts of the track.

[Students are expected to perform the above activity on their own.]

Q.71. What is meant by mass tied to a rod? How is it different from mass
tied to a string?
Ans:
i. A bob ( point mass) tied to a ( practically massless and rigid ) rod and
whirled along a vertical circle.
n. The basic difference between the rod and the string is that the string
needs some tension at all the points, including the uppermost point
while mass tied to a rod doesn 't need tension at any point.

Q.72. State the expression for difference in tension at the lowermost and
uppermost point when mass is tied to a rod.
Ans: Tlowcmioru - Tuppermost = 6 mg
Q .73. Match the columns.
For mass tied to rod performing vertical circular motion.
Column I Column 11
I. ( Vlowermost / mtn a.
b.
^
*
II . ( horizontal position )mm 2
^'

c. fig
Ans: ( i - b), ( ii - c)

Q.74. Write short note on sphere of death.

Ans:
t. This is a popular show in a circus. During this, two - whceler rider ( or
riders ) undergo rounds inside a hollow sphere,
ti. Starting with small horizontal circles, they eventually perform
revolutions along vertical circles.
iii. The dynamics of this vertical circular motion is the same as that of the
point mass tied to the string, except that the force due to tension T is
replaced by the normal reaction force N ,
iv. The linear speed is more for larger circles but angular speed ( frequency )
is more for smaller circles ( while starting or stopping ). This is as per the
theory of conical pendulum.

Q.75. Explain the expression for upper limit on the speed when vehicle is
at the top of a convex overbridge.
Ans:
i. Consider a vehicle at the top of a
N
convex over bridge as shown in the
figure. convex
ti . During its motion ( part of vertical overbridge
circular motion ), forces acting on
the vehicle are mg +
a. weight ( mg ) R
b. normal reaction force ( N ),
both along the vertical line o
( topmost position ).
* -s
p

HI * The resultant of these two must provide the necessary centripetal force
( vertically downwards ) if the vehicle is at the uppermost position .
IV . Thus, if v is the speed at the uppermost point,
mv
mg - N =
r
v. As the speed is increased, N goes on decreasing. Normal reaction is an
indication of contact.
vi. hus, for just maintaining contact, N = 0. This imposes an upper limit
on the speed as, vv,, = , rg
/
Q.76. Use your brain power. . / /n / i
.

i.
m
What is expected to happen if one travels fast over a speed breaker?
Why?
Ans: As speed increases over the speed breaker, normal reaction goes on
decreasing leading to di scon tact of tyres from the road.

ii. How docs the normal force on a concave suspension bridge change
when a vehicle is travelling on it w ith constant speed?
Ans: When a vehicle moves on a concave bridge,

mg cos&

mv *

Normal force, N = mg cos 9 +

As 0 changes, normal reaction will also change.

Solved Examples
J-
+Q. 77.A tiny stone of mass 20 g is tied to a practically massless,
inextensible, flexible string and whirled along vertical circles. Speed
of the stone is 8 m/s when the centripetal force is exactly equal to the
force due to the tension. Calculate minimum and maximum kinetic
energies of the stone during the entire circle. Let 0 = 0° be the
angular position of the string, when the stone is at the lowermost
position. Determine the angular position of the string when the force
due to tension is numerically equal to weight of the stone.
—
|Use g 10 m/ s2 and length of the string = 1.8 mj
Solution:
If [Link] and k, [Link] are the respective kinetic energies at the
1
uppermost and the lowermost points, mv2 - K.E.mj0 = mgr
^
* * —2 x 0.02 x 82 - K . E. m. n = 0.02 x 10 x 1.8
K .[Link] = 0.28 J

—
# *

I
And K . E max mv = mgr
2

—]
K .[Link] - x 0.02 x 8 = o.02 x 0 x .8
2
* 4 K . [Link] —— I
2
_
mv mnv —1J
j& i 2 x1
= 10 m s-
' in,i n
20 « 10 3"

At the lowermost position, ( 0 = 0° ),

mv
T - mg cost =
)
r
mv:
* * mg - mg cosO = » m * (v T = mg)
r
» * -
rg( 1 cosG ) = v2 , ...( i )

Vertical displacement at the angular position 8 is r( 1- cosO ).

Thus, from conservation of mechanical energy
m( 10)2 - mv2 = mg[r( 1-cos0 ) j
2
By using equation ( i ),
50

50 = -
2 —
3 ( -
2
Lrg( l - cosO) = rg ( 1 - cosO)
rg 1 cosO )
too
= I - COS0
3*1.8*10
On solving this,
* cosO - -23
27
=
0 148°25'
Ans: The angular position of the string when the force due to tension is
numerically equal to weight of the stone is 148°25'.
* Q.78.A motorcyclist (as a particle) is undergoing vertical circles inside a
sphere of death. The speed of the motorcycle varies between 6 m/s
and 10 m/s. Calculate diameter of the sphere of death. How much
minimum values are possible for these two speeds?
Solution;
Given: vH = 10 m/s, vA = 6ms
To find: 1. Diameter of sphere of death
and ( '',A )IIUII
P *
ii. (
Formulae: i.
r *
-
2 2
VB vA = 4 rg
It . ( vB)mm 5rg
B + *

111 .
Calculation:

From formula ( i ),
(10 )2 - (6)2 = 4( r ) ( l 0)
64
* * r“
40
= 1.6 m
v s d = 2r
- 2 x 1.6 m
= 3.2 m
From formula ( ii ),
>
( vi3 mi„ = L6 M 0
= 4 Vs m /s
From formula ( iii ),
-
(
^A)fflin /
> l .6 X 10
= 4 m/s
Ans: i. Diameter of the sphere of death is 3.2 m.
n. The minimum velocity at the lowest point can be 4
at highest point, it w ill be 4 m /s. ^ m /s while
 . .
Q 79 A stone or mass 3 kg tied to a light inextensible string of length 0.8 m
is whirling in a circular path in a vertical plane. If the ratio of the
maximum tension in the string to the minimum tension is 3, then
determine the speed of the stone at the lowest point of the circle.
|Take g = 10 m/s2|
Solution:
When stone is at bottom position, the string experiences maximum

tension, TtUil \ mvf + mg and when stone is at top position, the string
r

* %
experiences minimum tension, Tmm

Using the law of conservation of energy,

mv;
r — mg

( K . E. ) botlom = ( K . E. Vp + ( P. E . ) iop

* *
i
-2 mv: = —
2
mv + 2mgr
^
i.e., vJ = Vj + 4rg
2
V

T_ _ v r
* *
Tnun v; -
g
r
3 _ vj + rg
* ** Given : —T
mi* 3
v ? - rg
V

l nun t

3 _ + rg _3
V|
*** * [v V[
2
= v22 + 4rg]
I vf - 5rg 1
3 vf - 15 rg = vf + rg
» * 2 vf = 16rg
m *
Vi = $rg
= yfox 0.8 x 10
= 8 in/s
Q.80.A stone or mass 2 kg tied to a light inextcnsible string of length 3.6 m
is whirling in a circular path of radius 3.6 m in a vertical plane. If
the ratio of the maximum tension in the string to the minimum
tension is 3, then determine the speed of the stone at the highest
point of the circle. [Take g = 10 m/s ]
Ans: When stone is at bottom position, the string experiences maximum
tension, T mvf + mg and when stone is at top position, the string
r
mv!L
experiences minimum tension, Tmm ~ mg
r
m m Using the law of conservation of energy,
( K . E, )bo«0m = ( K E. )top + ( P.E . ) t0p
1 , I
*

_
w m -2
-
mv , = mvt + 2mgr
2
,

.
i e„ v , = v* + 4 rg
jfvj
_ +g
a »
T
T
T
-. V£
„ 2
vt
im ,
-g
r

* *
3 _ vj + rg
-
m m V T Given :
Tmax 3
I v , - rg Tmin
1
3
]
_ Vj + 5rg _
V; - rg
3
1
* *** [V V|
2
-v 2
*
+ 4rg]

» * v; + 5 rg = 3 v; - 3rg
w m 2 Vj = 8rg = 8 x 3.6 x 10
* * v = 144
*

v2 = 12 m /s
 LS Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass

Moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of rotation is defined as

the sum of product of the mass of each particle and the square of its
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. It is denoted by T and is
.
n

.
given by, 1 = Vm r;’ where, m, is mass of i particle and r, = perpendicular
,h
distance of i particle from axis of rotation.

Q.81 , How moment of inertia in rotational motion is an analogous

quantity for mass in linear motion.
Ans:
1. Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
respectively replaces linear displacement, linear velocity and linear
acceleration lor various kinematical equations.
u. Also, torque is an analogous quantity for force. Expressions of linear
momentum, force ( for a fixed mass ) and kinetic energy include mass as
a common term.
Hence, in order to have their rotational analogues, Ml acts as analogues
* 4 4

ML
quantity for mass.

gV
^ Enrich Your Knowledge

If we open a door (w ith hinges), we give a certain angular displacement

to it. The efforts needed for this depend not only upon the mass of the
door, but also upon the ( perpendicular ) distance from the axis of
rotation , where w'e apply the force. Thus, the quantity analogous to
mass includes not only the mass, but also takes care of the distance
wise distribution of the mass around the axis of rotation.
 LS Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass

Moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of rotation is defined as

the sum of product of the mass of each particle and the square of its
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. It is denoted by T and is
.
n

.
given by, 1 = Vm r;’ where, m, is mass of i particle and r, = perpendicular
,h
distance of i particle from axis of rotation.

Q.81 , How moment of inertia in rotational motion is an analogous

quantity for mass in linear motion.
Ans:
1. Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
respectively replaces linear displacement, linear velocity and linear
acceleration lor various kinematical equations.
u. Also, torque is an analogous quantity for force. Expressions of linear
momentum, force ( for a fixed mass ) and kinetic energy include mass as
a common term.
Hence, in order to have their rotational analogues, Ml acts as analogues
* 4 4

ML
quantity for mass.

gV
^ Enrich Your Knowledge

If we open a door (w ith hinges), we give a certain angular displacement

to it. The efforts needed for this depend not only upon the mass of the
door, but also upon the ( perpendicular ) distance from the axis of
rotation , where w'e apply the force. Thus, the quantity analogous to
mass includes not only the mass, but also takes care of the distance
wise distribution of the mass around the axis of rotation.
 15 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass

Moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of rotation is defined as

the sum of product of the mass of each particle and the square of its
perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation. It is denoted by T and is
given by, I = Yni;;' where, m , is
mass of i particle and r* = perpendicular
,h i~ l
distance of i particle from axis of rotation.

[Link] . How moment of inertia in rotational motion is an analogous

quantity for mass in linear motion .
Ans:
1. Angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration
respectively replaces linear displacement, linear velocity and linear
acceleration for various kincmatical equations.
11. Also, torque is an analogous quantity for force. Expressions of linear
momentum, force ( for a fixed mass ) and kinetic energy include mass as
a common term.
m

Hence, in order to have their rotational analogues, MI acts as analogues

9
*
111 .
quantity for mass.

^^ Enrich Your Knowledge

^
If we open a door ( with hinges ), we give a certain angular displacement
to it. The efforts needed for this depend not only upon the mass of the
door, but also upon the ( perpendicular ) distance from the axis of
rotation , where we apply the force. Thus, the quantity analogous to
\

mass includes not only the mass, but also takes care of the distance
wise distribution of the mass around the axis of rotation.
Q. 82. Derive an expression for kinetic energy of a rotating body .
Ans:
L. Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant angular speed ta about an
axis perpendicular to the plane of paper.

A body of N particles

u.
m

For theoretical simplification, let us consider the object to be consisting

of N particles of masses mi , ni 2, mN at respective perpendicular
distances rt , r2, - ru from the axis of rotation.
4 1 1

As the object rotates, all these particles perform UCM with the same
4 *
III .
angular speed M, but with different linear speeds,
v ( = r|G), v2 = r2(o,. ^ Vs = rNe) 1
*

IV . Translational K .E. of the first particle is

(K , E,) j = —2 m , vr -
1
= — m , r, <i>
2
'

Similar will be the case of all the other particles.

v. Rotational K.E. of the object, is the sum of individual translational
kinetic energies.
! hus,

Rotational K.E. = —2
* m. tvur
2
4 +! + —
1
mNr,;ar

v 4 Rotational K, E.= -( m,r 2 + m.r; 1/

- * « + mNr* |or

But I = £-
i I
m, r — m , r,' + m , r,' «»4 -+
H
mNrN
I
4 4 Rotational K.E. = -lor 2
Q.83. Explain the physical significance of moment of inertia.
Ans:
i. If M.I, replaces mass m and angular speed to replaces linear speed v,
rotational
K .E. = -to2 is analogous to translational

*
H,
K .E.
——
i
2
rrlv' .
Thus, I is defined to be the rotational inertia or moment of inertia ( M.I.)
of the object about the given axis of rotation.
Moment of inertia of an object depends upon ( i ) individual masses and
i i

ML
( ii ) the distribution of these masses about the given axis of rotation.
IV, For a different axis, it will again depend upon the mass distribution
around that axis and wilt be different if there is no symmetry.

^ Reading between the lines ;

For a homogeneous rigid object of mathematically integrable mass

distribution , the moment of inertia is to he obtained by integration as
Jr
1 = dm . If integrable mass distribution is not known, it is not possible
*

to obtain the moment of inertia theoretically, but it can be determined

ex perimen faUy.
i

Q.84, Write short note on moment of inertia of a ring.

OR
Derive expression for moment of inertia of a ring about an axis
passing through centre and perpendicular to the plane.
Ans:
L . An object is called a uniform ring if its mass is ( practically ) situated
uniformly on the circumference of a circle.
u. It is a two dimensional object of negligible thickness.
a. .

Moment of Inertia of a ring

 K

. If it is rotating about its own axis ( line perpendicular to its plane and
i

in
passing through its centre), its entire mass M is practically at a distance
equal to its radius R from the axis.
I V. Hence, the expression for the moment of inertia of a uniform ring of
mass M and radius R is
I = MR \

Q.85, What do you mean by uniform disc?

Ans:
i. Disc is a two dimensional circular object of negligible thickness.
11. It is said to be uniform, if its mass per unit area and its composition is
the same throughout.
. The ratio o = m _ mass of disc is called the surface density of disc.
S H I

111
A area of disc

Q.86. Derive expression for moment of inertia of a uniform disc about an

axis passing through centre and perpendicular to the plane.
Ans:
i. Consider a uniform disc of mass M and radius R rotating about its own
axis, which is the line perpendicular to its plane and passing through its
centre.
Surface density of disc,
* * a= M “
M
A nR'
n. As it is a uniform circular object, it can be considered to be consisting of
f fc
|

a number of concentric rings of radii increasing from ( practically ) zero

to R,
.

.
M 1

in One of such rings of mass ‘dm ’ is shown by shaded portion in the

figure.
o Elemenal ring

iv . Width of this ring is ‘dr’, which is so small that the entire ring can be
considered to be of average radius r.
v. Area of this ring, A = ( 2 jir )dr
dm
* * o=
(2jw)dr
dm = ( 27ror )dr
vi. As it is a ring, this entire mass is at a distance r from the axis of rotation.
Thus, the moment of inertia of this ring, Ir = dm ( r 2 )
VII . Moment of inertia ( I ) of the disc can now be obtained by integrating lr
si

from r = 0 to r = R .
ft K K K

1 = f Ir = f dm r2 = f 2jtOT dr •r2 = 27tcr[ r ' - dr

0 0 0

R4
I = 2 JI<T
4
= 2K
M
KR : / v 4
= —
2
MR :

Reading between the lines I •

i
i
In practical sense, dr is less than the least count of the instrument that i
measures r, so that r is constant for that ring. i
\
i

C Solved Examples J-
Q.87.A metallic ring of mass I kg has moment of inertia 1 kg m: when
rotating about one of its diameters. It is molten and remoulded into
a thin uniform disc of the same radius. How much will its moment
of inertia be, when rotated about its own axis.
Solution:
m = 1 kg, I = lkgnr

MR: 2
h=
is moulded

In both case, mass and radius would be same .

Hence, lL = h
* *
|2 = 1 kgm
 1.6 Radius of Gyration
J
Q.88. Why is it useful to define radius of gyration?
Ans:
i. Calculation of moment of inertia is possible only for mathematically
intcgrablc geometrical shapes.
11 . However, experimentally one can determine the moment of inertia of
any object.
in.
»

It depends upon mass of that object and how that mass is distributed
i

from or around the given axis of rotation.

iv. If one is interested in knowing only the mass distribution around the
axis of rotation, we can express moment of inertia of any object as
I = MK:, where M is mass of that object.
v. It means that the mass of that object is effectively at a distance K. from
the given axis of rotation.
VI . In this case, K is defined as the radius of gyration of the object about the
given axis of rotation.
:
VII. In other words, if K is radius of gyration for an object, I = MK is the
moment of inertia of that object.

Q.89. State whether true or liaise. If false rewrite the correct statement.
Larger the value of radius of gyration, nearer 1$ the mass from the
axis.
Ans: False
Larger the value of radius of gyration, farther is the mass from the axis.

Q.90. Compare the radius of gyration of a uniform ring and uniform disc.
What can you inference from it?
Ans:
L Consider a uniform ring and a uniform disc, both of the same mass M
and same radius R .
LI Let Ir and Id be their respective moment of inertias,
,

*w I -
111. if Kf and Kj are their respective radii of gyration, then,
2
lr = MR = MK *
A ft K, = R #
* 4 * (1)
 i <i =!MR 2 = MKJ
2
R
a i i (2 )
72
From equation ( 1 ) and ( 2 ),
K 1 < Kr
(

iv. it shows mathematically that K is decided by the distribution of mass.

v. In a ring the entire mass is distributed at the distance R, while for a disc,
its mass is distributed between 0 and R .
vi . Among any objects of same mass and radius, ring has the largest radius
of gyration and hence maximum M.I.

. .
Q 91 Can you recall ?
What is the concept of centre of mass?
Ans: Centre of mass of a body is a point about which the summation oi
moments of masses in the system is zero.

Q.92. Discuss the necessity of radius of gyration. Define it. On what

factors does it depend and it does not depend? Can you locate some
similarity between the centre of mass and radius of gyration? What
can you infer if a uniform ring and a uniform disc have the same
radius of gyration?
Ans:
L. Refer Q.88
ii. Radius of gyration of a bodyi about its given axis is defined ax the
distance between the axis of rotation and a point at which the whole
mass of the body is supposed to be concentrated, so as to possess the
same moment of inertia as that of body about the same axis.
Ml.
v »

Centre of mass of a body is a point at which the whole mass of the body
is supposed to be concentrated .
IV , Mathematically the radius of gyration is the root mean square distance
of the object's parts from either its centre of mass or a given axis.
v. a. Radius of gyration depends upon,
L distribution of mass of the body
2. position of axis of rotation
3. shape and size of the body
b. Radius of gyration of body is independent of total mass of the
body.
vi . lfli = IQ,
(

l, = Mr K; and ld = Md K;
Mr R ? = Mr K; and 1
2
M . R; = MdK ~

Kr = Rr and Kd =
R .
42
Rr =
R .
* *
li
* * Rd = 42 Rr
i ,e., Radius of disc is equal to 42 times the radius of ring.

Solved Examples
Q.93.A torque of 400 N m acting on a body of mass 40 kg produces an
angular acceleration of 20 rad/s1. Calculate the moment of inertia
and radius of gyration of the body.
Solution:
Given: x = 400 N ni , M = 40 kg, a = 20 rad/s2
To find: Moment of inertia ( I ),
radius of gyration ( K )
Formulae: i.
Calculation: From formula ( i ),
x = !a u. K=
£
- # 1= - _ 400
= 20 kg m 2
a 20
From formula ( ii ),
K. =
K= 4o5 = 0.707 m
Ans: The moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the body arc
20 kg m: and 0.707 m respectively.

Q.94. A solid sphere of mass 6 kg and radius 2 metre is rotating about its
diameter. Calculate the radius of gyration of the sphere.
Solution:
Given: M = 6 kg, R - 2 iri
To find: Radius of gyration ( K )
Formula: K=
£
Calculation: Since, M.I of solid sphere, I =
From formula,
—
2
•S
MR
*
->

2
—i MR:
K= t /
M

1 «'
=R
R
I 10
5
2x
= - 3.162
5
K = 1.26 m
Ans: The radius of gyration of the sphere is 1.26 m.
j L7 Theorem ofParallel Axes and Theorem of Perpendicular AietJ
^
Q.95. How is theorem of parallel and perpendicular axes useful?
Ans:
i. Expressions of moment of inertia of regular geometrical shapes are
about their axis of symmetry and are derived by integration,
ii. However, every lime the axis need not be the axis of symmetry. In
simple transformations it may be parallel or perpendicular to the
symmetrical axis.
iii. For example, if a rod is rotated about one of it sends, the axis is parallel
to its axis of symmetry.
iv. If a disc or a ring is rotated about its diameter, the axis is perpendicular
to the central axis.
v. In such cases, simple transformations are possible in the expressions of
moment of inertia. These are called theorem of parallel axes and
theorem of perpendicular axes.

*Q.96. State the conditions under which the theorems of parallel axes and
perpendicular axes are applicable. State the respective
mathematical expressions.
Ans:
i. In order to apply parallel axes theorem to any object, we need two axes
parallel to each other with one of them passing through the centre of
mass of the object.
ii. Perpendicular axes theorem relates the moment of inertia of a laminar
object about three mutually perpendicular and concurrent axes, two of
them in the plane of the object and the third perpendicular to the object.
Laminar object is like a leaf, or any two dimensional object, c.g., a ring,
a disc, any plane sheet, etc.
iii. Mathematical expressions:
a. Parallel axes theorem: k = I* + Mh:
b. Perpendicular axes theorem: I2 = Ix + ly

Q.97. State and prove theorem of parallel axes about moment of inertia.
Ans: Statement: The moment of inertia ( I ) of an object about any axis is the
0

sum of its moment of inertia ( 1 } about an axis parallel to the given axis,
and passing through the centre of mass and the product of the mass of
the object and the square of the distance between the two axes .
Mathematically, I„ = L + Mh ‘
 Proof:
i . Consider an object of mass M . Axis MOP is any axis passing through
point O.
ii. Axis ACB is passing through the centre of mass C of the object , parallel
to the axis MOP, and at a distance h from it ( ,\ h = CO),
M A
cbio cole

-c
i zI

p B
Theorem of parallel axes
m w I

111, Consider a mass element * dm’ located at point D, Perpendicular on OC

( produced ) from point D is DN.
tv . Moment of inertia of the object about the axis ACB is Ic = f ( DC ) 2 dm.
and about the axis MOP it is lu = ( DO ): dm. J
V
lo = {( DO ) dm
=
2

jT( DN ) 2
— J[2
2
( DN ) + ( NOf dm
+ ( NC) + 2 NC CO + ( CO)
]
21dm
- /[( nc)' + 2 NC - h + h 1dm ‘

i i i v ( using Pythagoras theorem in ADNC )

= f ( DC )2 dm +- 2|
h NC - dm + h *
f dm
J
Now, ( DC )2 dm = I , and =M Jdm
v. NC is the distance of a point from the centre of mass. Any mass
distribution is symmetric about the centre of mass. Thus, from the
definition of the centre of mass, f NC dm = o
m l0 C- + Mh 2

This is the mathematical form of the theorem of parallel axes.

Q.98. Use your brain power. v t h a< < k : i . .

In the figure given below, the point D is chosen such that we have to
extend OC for the perpendicular DN to fall on it. What will happen to
the final expression of I 0, if point D is so chosen that the perpendicular
DN falls directly on OC?

M A
cbiti m'c

- ;' D
.
P B
°^-hI —fJC
>C
N

Ans: There will be no change in the expression of I0 i.e., the expression will
be same as I„ = It. + Mh 2

I
| Reading between he lines(
N

I
I
i M A
i
i
cbi<> CDf
I
i
I
I - S - i f
l O * h C
i
I t I

I
l P B
I
i In AOCI ), oir = od + err
I
I Multiply above equation by 'dm ’
I dmODr = dmOC + dmCD2
i
I Integrating both sides ,
I
J dm OD1 = Jdm OC1 + Jdm CD1

-
i
i
i I„ L + Mh2 ....( v OC = h. (din = M )
Q,99. State and prove theorem of perpendicular axes about moment of
inertia.
Ans: Statement:
The moment of inertia of a laminar object about an axis ( Z )
perpendicular to its plane is the sum of its moment of inertia about two
mutually perpendicular axes (X and Y) in its plane, all the three axes
being concurrent .
Mathematically, Iz = IK + 1y
Proof:
L. Consider a rigid laminar object able to rotate about three mutually
perpendicular axes X, Y and Z.
LI. Axes X and Y are in the plane of the object while the Z axis is
perpendicular to it, and all are concurrent at O.
Z

Theorem of perpendicular axes

Consider a mass element dm located at any point P. PM = y and PN - x

h a

111 .
are the perpendiculars drawn from P respectively on the X and Y axes.
IV . The respective perpendicular distances of point P from X , Y and Z axes
will then be y, x and ijy' + x: .
V. If Ix, Iy and V, are the respective moment of inertia of the body about x, y
and z axes, then
l * = fy 2dm ,
Iy = jx:dm ,
J
h = ( r + X 2 )dm
# 4
Jx
= Jydm + :dm = Jx + |y
This is the mathematical form of the theorem of perpendicular axes.
 Q. [Link] an expression for M . I of thin uniform rod about an axis of
rotation passing through its centre and perpendicular to its length.
Also deduce an expression for moment of inertia about an axis
passing through its one end and perpendicular to its length.
Ans:

Expression for M . I of thin uniform Expression for M. I of thin uniform rod

rod about an axis passing through its about an axis passing through its one
centre and perpendicular to its end:
plane:

*YI
tz Ic t

A B A B

L
2 2 2 2

* Z' r
i . Let, L = length of rod AB
i. Let, L = length of rod AB M = mass of the rod
M = mass of the rod ZZ' = axis passing throng
ZZ' = axis passing through centre of rod an
centre of rod and perpendicular to th
perpendicular to the plane
plane YY' - axis passing through ii
-
i i

1L 1 he M. I of a thin uniform rod one end.

about an axis passing through its n.
« a
According to the theorem of paralli
centre of mass and perpendicular axes,
to its length is given by, I0 = Ic + M h:
1=
MLi ML: + ( LV ML: +. ML1
* >i 1= M
12 12 U 12 4
ML2 + 3ML2 4ML2 ML1
12 )2 3
Hence, M.I of rod about an ax
ML2
passing through its one end is
3
 I

Q. [Link] ate an expression for M.I of thin uniform rod about an axis of
rotation passing through its centre and perpendicular to its length.
Also deduce an expression for moment of inertia about an axis
passing through its one end and perpendicular to its length.
Ans:

Expression for M .I of thin uniform Expression for M.I of thin uniform rod
rod about an axis passing through its about an axis passing through its one
centre and perpendicular to its end:
plane:
Y
tz I, * 1B

A B A B
C >

2 2
L
2
h - ±2
fZ' * Z’ Y'

i. Let, L = length of rod AB

i . Let, L = length of rod AB M = mass of the rod
M = mass of the rod ZZ' = axis passing through
ZZ' = axis passing through centre of rod and
centre of rod and perpendicular to the
perpendicular to the plane
plane YY ' = axis passing through its
The M.I of a thin uniform rod
»

11. one end.

i

about an axis passing through its u.

v m

According to the theorem of parallel

centre of mass and perpendicular axes,
to its length is given by, 1o = Ic + Mh 2
ML2
I = 12 - T 1=
ML
12
'

+M fu-1ML . ML
12
+
4
'

ML: + 3ML mV MV
12 12 3
Hence, M.I of rod about an axis
ML:
passing through its one end is
3
 I

Q. [Link] ate an expression for M.I of thin uniform rod about an axis of
rotation passing through its centre and perpendicular to its length.
Also deduce an expression for moment of inertia about an axis
passing through its one end and perpendicular to its length.
Ans:

Expression for M .I of thin uniform Expression for M.I of thin uniform rod
rod about an axis passing through its about an axis passing through its one
centre and perpendicular to its end:
plane:
Y
tz I, * 1B

A B A B
C >

2 2
L
2
h - ±2
fZ' * Z’ Y'

i. Let, L = length of rod AB

i . Let, L = length of rod AB M = mass of the rod
M = mass of the rod ZZ' = axis passing through
ZZ' = axis passing through centre of rod and
centre of rod and perpendicular to the
perpendicular to the plane
plane YY ' = axis passing through its
The M.I of a thin uniform rod
»

11. one end.

i

about an axis passing through its u.

v m

According to the theorem of parallel

centre of mass and perpendicular axes,
to its length is given by, 1o = Ic + Mh 2
ML2
I = 12 - T 1=
ML
12
'

+M fu-1ML . ML
12
+
4
'

ML: + 3ML mV MV
12 12 3
Hence, M.I of rod about an axis
ML:
passing through its one end is
3
 I r-

Q. 101 ,State an expression for moment of inertia of ring about

»
1* an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to it.
u. its diameter.
m

Ans:
.
*
i Expression of M.l of thin ring about an axis
passing through its centre and perpendicular
to it:
a. Let,
M = mass of ring, R = radius of ring
ZZ ' = axis passing through the centre and
perpendicular to the plane
b, The M .l of thin ring about an axis
passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane is given by,
#
n. *
4
Ic = MR 2

Expression of M .l of thin ring about its diameter:

a. Let,
lx = M .I of ring about
diameter XX '
ly - M. I of ring about
_
YY' Lar to XX '
lz = M. I of ring about Y' *Y
ZZ'l" to plane
b. Since the ring is
symmetrical about any of
its diameter,
1 \ = ly = Ij
where Id is M.] of ring about any of its diameter.
c.
-l
Applying perpendicular axis theorem, I? - 1\ + ly
I Ij + Id
h= 2 [ v I = MR2]
* ** *

MR1
2
 1

I Enrich Your Knowledge

\

i. Expression for M.I of thin ring Z Y

about a tangent perpendicular to Ic IT t
its plane:
Let, Ic = M.I of ring about axis ZZ\
IT = M .I of ring about a tangent,
YY' = Tangent l*1 to the plane
of the ring
Applying theorem of parallel axis,
1T = IC + Mh *

Y'
= MR 2
+ MR 2
v [ V h = R]
m
z *
. . IT = 2 MR 2
ii. Expression of M .I of thin ring about a tangent to
the circle of the ring:
a. Let, Id = M . I about diameter AB
IT = M.I about a tangent
parallel to AB
b. According to theorem of parallel axis,
1T = Id + Mh: = Ij + MR i - [v h = R]
* 4 * if

MR ’
But ld =
2
MR 2
*
IT - + MR 2
2
3MR 2
\ If - 2
/
Q. [Link] ate an expression for moment of inertia of a thin uniform disc
about
i. an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane,
ii. its diameter.
Ans:
.
*
i .
Expression of M I of uniform disc about an
axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its plane;
a. Let,
M = mass of disc,
R = radius of disc
ZZ - axis passing through the centre of
disc and perpendicular to the plane.
b. The M. I of a thin uniform disc about an axis passing through its
centre and perpendicular to its plane is given by, lt = I
- MR 2

II
*
. Expression of M.I of uniform disc about its
z
diameter:
a. Let, Y
lx = M. I of disc about diameter XX ',
_ O
Iv = M . I of disc about YY ' Larto XX' X' Ix X
lz = M.I of disc about ZZ'J.“ r
to plane IY
b. Since the disc is symmetrical about any of Y'
its diameter, 7!
* * lx = IY = Id
where Id is M. I of disc about any of its diameter.
c. Applying perpendicular axis theorem,
h ~ lx + IY
I Id + L 2 L
” -
[ • Iz I]
***
» p

-
*
1 - IXIMR
Id 2 2 2
= :

w MR 1
«* U U

ld 4
 f

^
i.
Enrich Your Knowledge

Expression of M.I of uniform disc about

a tangent perpendicular to its plane:
Let, I - M.I of disc about axis ZZ',
It - M .I of disc about a tangent,
YY' = Tangent J.® to the plane of the
disc
Applying theorem of parallel axis,
2
IT I r
= + M h
MR:
+ M R2 « * »

IT “ -2 MR 2

ii. Expression of M . I of uniform disc about

a tangent to the circle of the disc:
a. Let, I<i = M.I about diameter AB
It = M.I about a tangent parallel (o AB
b. According to theorem of parallel axis,
2 2
IT = Ij + Mh = I0 + MR [ v h = R]

But ld =

MR:
—
MR
4

IT + MR2
4
5MR 1
IT - 4
l j
 Q. [Link] ate an expression for moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of
uniform cross section about its own axis of symmetry'.
Ans: Expression for M. I of solid cylinder about its own Z
axis of svntmetrv- :
IP V

Let,
M = mass of cylinder,
R = radius of cross section of cylinder i
L = length of cylinder, i

_
ZZ' = axis passing through its centre and Ljr to its
i R
plane
The M. I of solid cylinder about its own axis of
symmetry is given by,
I = I MR2
2

* Z'

^ Enrich Your Knowledge

M.I of solid cylinder about an axis passing through

its centre and perpendicular to its length:
Let, M = mass of cylinder L
Z

2 +i
R = radius of cylinder 2
L = length of cylinder A B
X' * X
ZZ' = axis passing through its centre c
and lar to its length
The M.I of solid cylinder about an axis
passing through its centre and r
perpendicular to its length is given by, Z
It 1 V
I=M +
L 4 12
t
 Q. [Link] an expression for moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of
uniform cross section about its own axis of symmetry.
Ans: Expression for M . I of solid cylinder about its own Z
axis of svmmctrv :
”
*
>

Let,
M = mass of cylinder,
R = radius of cross section of cylinder
L = length of cylinder,
_
ZZ' = axis passing through its centre and Ljr to its
i
i

'1 R
plane
The M. I of solid cylinder about its own axis of
symmetry is given by,
I « I MR 2
2

* Z’

Enrich Your Knowledge

M . I of solid cylinder about an axis passing through

its centre and perpendicular to its length: Z
I L
Let, M = mass of cylinder
R = radius of cylinder
L = length of cylinder
+ —
2
, A
X' « B
-
ZZ' axis passing through its centre
a,
c X
and ± to its length
The M.I of solid cylinder about an axis
H
passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its length is given by, Z'
R 2 L1!
i
I=M — —+
4 12
I
\ y
 Q. [Link] an expression for moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of
uniform cross section about its own axis of symmetry.
Ans: Expression for M . I of solid cylinder about its own Z
axis of svmmctrv :
”
*
>

Let,
M = mass of cylinder,
R = radius of cross section of cylinder
L = length of cylinder,
_
ZZ' = axis passing through its centre and Ljr to its
i
i

'1 R
plane
The M. I of solid cylinder about its own axis of
symmetry is given by,
I « I MR 2
2

* Z’

Enrich Your Knowledge

M . I of solid cylinder about an axis passing through

its centre and perpendicular to its length: Z
I L
Let, M = mass of cylinder
R = radius of cylinder
L = length of cylinder
+ —
2
, A
X' « B
-
ZZ' axis passing through its centre
a,
c X
and ± to its length
The M.I of solid cylinder about an axis
H
passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its length is given by, Z'
R 2 L1!
i
I=M — —+
4 12
I
\ y
Q. 104. State an expression for moment of inertia of a uniform solid sphere
about its tangent.
Ans: M . l of solid sphere about its tangent: Z
Y
i. Let,
I = M.l of solid sphere about its diameter
ZZ \
O T
IT = Moment of inertia of the sphere about R
tangent YY\
4 #

ll . Applying theorem of parallel axis,

1T = lo + MR 3
= ‘
5
3
MR + MR 3
-I
5
MR 1 Z' Y

|Enrich Your Knowledge \

M . l. of solid sphere about its diameter:

.
i Let,
M = mass of solid sphere,
R = radius of sphere
ZZ' = axis of rotation
ii. The M.l of solid sphere about its
own diameter is given by,
1 = - MR 2
5 J

( Solved Examples J-
Q. 105. If the radius of solid sphere is doubled by keeping its mass
constant, compare the moment of inertia about any diameter.
Solution;
Given; R 2 = 2 R (, M| = Mi = M = constant

To find: Ratio of moment of inertia Ii

a /

Formula: 1 = - MR 2
5
Calculation: From formula,
2
I, = 2 M R , l2 = -MR
5 5
 I. _ ( R
\J 2
i Ri I\ ]
4>

h Ri / \ 2 Ri 2) 4
I
1 >P =1:4
I:
A n s: The ratio of moment of inertia of the solid sphere about any diameter is
1 : 4.

Q. [Link] the M .l of thin uniform rod of mass 100 g and length

50 cm about an axis perpendicular to its length and passing through
i. its centre and
u. one end.
Solution:
Given: M = 100 g = 0.1 kg,
L = 50 cm = 0.5 m
To find : Moment of inertia ( lo), ( U
ML'
Formulae : i. Io “
12
ML1
n. I* = —3
Calculation: \ . From formula ( i ),
lo — 0.1 x 0.5 x 0.5
12
lo — 2.083 10 ’ xkg m!
“

ii
a

. From formula ii ( ),
0.1 x 0.5 x 0.5
3
# • lc = 8.33 x 10-3 kg m 2
Ans: i . M.l of thin uniform rod about an axis perpendicular to its length
and passing through its centre is 2.083 x 10 ’ kg nr .
“

M.l of thin uniform rod about an axis perpendicular to its length

f «

1L
and passing through its one end is 8.33 x 10 ' kg nr . “
Q. 107. Calculate the M.l of a solid sphere of mass 10 kg and radius 0.S m,
rotating about an axis passing through a point at a distance of 0.4 m
from the centre of the sphere.
Solution:
Given: M = 10 kg, h = 0.4 m,
R = 0.5 m
To find: Moment of inertia ( l „ )
Formula: l0 = lc + Mh 2
Calculation:

From formula,
I0 = - MR 2 + Mh 2
5

|
= x 10 x ( 0.5)2 + 10 x (0.4 )2

I 0 = 1.0 + 1.6
—
2.6 kg m 2
Ans: The M . l of the solid sphere is 2.6 kg m 2.

+Q.108. A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to

efficiently store rotational energy. For a particular machine it is
in the form of a uniform 20 kg disc of diameter 50 cm, able to
rotate about its own axis. Calculate its kinetic energy when
rotating at 1200 rpm. ( Use 7t 2 = 10). Calculate its moment of
inertia, in case it is rotated about a tangent in its plane.
Solution:
Given: m = 20 kg, D = 50 cm = 0.5 m,
R = 0.25 m = —m , n = 1200 rpm,

to — 2 K n = 1200 x 2 s = 40TC rad /s

60
To find: i . Rotational Kinetic Energy .
Moment of inertia about tangent to its plane.
v 1

n.
Formulae: i. K.E. = 11©
2
5 "2
Ml. of disc about its axis, I =
v

n. -4 MR
Calculation:
Central axis

i . From formula ( i ),
M R: \
K .E. = - x l x ( 407c ) 2
n * *
1=
2 8 2 )

= I x i x 40 x 40 x 10
2 8
= 5000 J
n. From formula ( ii ),
M.I. about axis of disc
1= i MR 2
4

= _
5x
20 -
x
nv
4 K4 J
100
64
= 1,5625 kgm 2
Ans: i . Rotational kinetic energy ( when it is rotating about its axis) is
5000 J .
u. Moment of inertia of disc about a tangent is its plane is
1.5625 kgm 2.
 Q.109. A big dumb-bell is prepared by using a uniform rod of mass 60 g
and length 20 cm. Two identical solid spheres of mass 50 g and
radius 10 cm each are at the two ends of the rod. Calculate moment
of inertia of the dumb-bell when rotated about an axis passing
through its centre and perpendicular to the length.
Solution:
.
Mass of rod, M = 60 g Length of rod, L = 20 cm .
Mass of solid sphere, m = 50 g, Radius of sphere, r = 10 cm

L = 20 cm

U2

20 cm

Moment of Inertia of the system

= Moment of Inertia of rod ( about its perpendicular bisector )
+ Moment of Inertia of two spheres
ML2
12
+ 2 Mr +
5
m x f r + LY
2)
1
( 20)
= 60 x
12
+2 ’^5 x 50 x ( IOf + 5 0 X ( 1 0 + 1 0)

= 2000 + 44000
2
= 46000 gem
Ans: Moment of inertia of the dumb-bell when rotated about an axis passing
through its centre and perpendicular to the length is 46000 gem 2.

/ Note: The given solution is modified considering the given values in the
question./

Q. 110.A solid cylinder of uniform density of radius 2 cm has mass of 50 g.

If its length is 12 cm, calculate its moment of inertia about an axis
passing through its centre and perpendicular to its length.
Solution:
Gi ven: M = 50 g = 50 x 10 3 kg, R = 2 cm = 2 x 10 m
“ “
‘
.
L = 12 cm = 12 x 1 () m
To find . Moment of inertia ( I )
 r R : L 1 \

Formula: 1= M +
12 j
*
Calculation :
For a solid cylinder, its M. l. about an axis passing through centre
perpendicular to its length ,
I = 50 x 10

—
- 3 2

= 50 44 + 144
12
12J 1
4 12 )

x 10 7
( 0 )

"
- •=
= 50 ( 1 + 12 ) x 10 7
= 650 x lO 7 '

= 6.5 x 10~5 kg m 1
Ans: Moment of inertia of given solid cylinder is 6.5 x 10 5 kg m \

Q. l 11 .A uniform solid sphere has radius 0.2 m and density 8 x 10 kg/nr .

Find the moment of inertia about the tangent to its surface.
( w = 3.142)
Solution:
Given: R = 0.2m, p = 8000 Kg/ m1
To find: Moment of inertia (1)
Formulae: i. L = T MR2
5
u. Mass ( M ) = volume x density
i i

Calculation: From formula ( i i ),

M = Vp - (i
From formula ( i ),
*R’ p)
1= -
5(
28
15
28
^7rR 5 p
RJ

x 3.142 x ( 2 x 10-1 )5 x 8000

15
* I = 15,02 kg m 2
Ans: M.l. of the uniform solid sphere about a tangent to its surface is
15.02 kg m 2.
 r R : L 1 \

Formula: 1= M +
12 j
*
Calculation :
For a solid cylinder, its M. l. about an axis passing through centre
perpendicular to its length ,
I = 50 x 10

—
- 3 2

= 50 44 + 144
12
12J 1
4 12 )

x 10 7
( 0 )

"
- •=
= 50 ( 1 + 12 ) x 10 7
= 650 x lO 7 '

= 6.5 x 10~5 kg m 1
Ans: Moment of inertia of given solid cylinder is 6.5 x 10 5 kg m \

Q. l 11 .A uniform solid sphere has radius 0.2 m and density 8 x 10 kg/nr .

Find the moment of inertia about the tangent to its surface.
( w = 3.142)
Solution:
Given: R = 0.2m, p = 8000 Kg/ m1
To find: Moment of inertia (1)
Formulae: i. L = T MR2
5
u. Mass ( M ) = volume x density
i i

Calculation: From formula ( i i ),

M = Vp - (i
From formula ( i ),
*R’ p)
1= -
5(
28
15
28
^7rR 5 p
RJ

x 3.142 x ( 2 x 10-1 )5 x 8000

15
* I = 15,02 kg m 2
Ans: M.l. of the uniform solid sphere about a tangent to its surface is
15.02 kg m 2.
 1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear Momentum

Q. l [Link] the analogous of angular momentum in rotational motion

to linear momentum in translational motion.
Ans:
i. The quantity in rotational mechanics, analogous to linear momentum is
angular momentum or moment of linear momentum.
a

It is similar to the torque being moment of a force.

d

11 *

111.
I * —
If p is the instantaneous linear momentum of a particle undertaking a
circular motion, its angular momentum at that instance is given by
1 = r x p , where r is the position vector from the axis of rotation.
IV * In magnitude, it is the product of linear momentum and its perpendicular
distance from the axis of rotation.
Pi * L = P x r sin9
* -4
Where 6 is the smaller angle between the directions of P and r .
v. The expression for angular momentum, L = 1« is analogous to the
expression, p = mv of linear momentum, if the moment of inertia I
replaces mass, which is its physical significance.

Q.l 13. Derive an expression that relates angular momentum with the
angular velocity of a rigid bodv.
Ans:

A body of N particles

i . Consider a rigid object rotating with a constant angular speed ‘to * about
an axis perpendicular to the plane of paper.
Let us consider the object to be consisting of N number of particles of
j i

i t.
masses mt , m2 , mN at respective perpendicular distances rh r2, IS
from the axis of rotation.
d

111
Ji

. As the object rotates, all these particles perform UCM with same
angular speed co, but with different linear speeds Vi = n w,
v2 = r2 to vs = rN co.
iv. Directions of individual velocities vi , v; , v \ , are along the tangents
to the irrespective tracks.
v. Linear momentum of the first particle is of magnitude
m|V| = mirico. Its direction is along that of
—vi .
I
1

pi “
vi. Its angular momentum is thus of magnitude
, ,
L = p ri = mtii2 co
vn .
-
B V

,
Similarly, L2 = mi r co, Lj - mj r
:
, to,...
Ls = in* r‘ co.
vin
S * -. For a rigid body with a fixed axis of rotation, all these angular momenta
are directed along the axis of rotation, and this direction can be obtained
by using right hand thumb rule.
ix. As all of them have the same direction, their magnitudes can be
algebraically added .
x. Thus, magnitude of angular momentum of the body is given by
L = mi T; co + mi r; co + ....+ m r; co^
= lm,r* + m .r, + .... + mNrl; ) o> = kn
1

where. I = m r:, + m.r: + .... + mNr,Jis the moment of

( inertia of the body
about the given axis of rotation.
( Solved Examples

^ -

Q. 114.A flywheel in the form of disc is rotating about an axis passing

through its centre and perpendicular to its plane, looses 100 J of
energy, when slowing down from 60 r.p. m to 30 r.p.m. Find its
moment of inertia about the same axis and change in its angular
momentum .
Solution:
Given: ni - 60 r.p. m = 60/60 = 1 r. p.s,
n2 = 30 r.p. m = 30/60 = -2 r.p.s,
AH = 100 J
To find: Moment of inertia { I ),
Change in angular momentum ( AL )
Formulae: . K. E = - Ico2 . L = Ico
P T

i 11
2
Calculation: From formula (i),
( K. E ) , =
:

^ xIx ( 2 mi 1 ) = 27rTn I *

Similarly,
( K.E )2 = 27t2 n 2 l
AE = ( K.E ):- ( K .E )| = ( 2n2 n\ 2 n2 n 2 ) 1 -
4 # AE = 2 JC2 ( n; ~ n\ |I
AF
1=
.
^, ,
;
2 jr nj - n
100

2 3 4)
;
(Ij - l1
-100
3l
2(3- 14 )’ 4
*
-200
3( 3.14 ) *
I = - 6.753 kg nr

—
d
*>

Negative sign shows that energy is lost

1 -P I = 6.753 kg m 2
From formula ( ii ),
L = I( 2 jm ) = 2 rein
AL = L2 L , = 2 nl( n 2 ri|)
- -
= 2 x 3. 42 x 6.753 2
I

= -3.142 x 6.753
i * AL = 21.21 kgm 2/s
Ans: i . The moment of inertia of the flywheel in the form of disc about
the same axis is 6.753 kg m \
v 1

II . The change in the angular momentum of the flywheel in the form

of disc is 21.21 kg nr /s.
|^T.9 Expression for Torque In Terms of Moment of Inertia
*Q. ll 5.0btain an expression relating the torque with angular
acceleration for a rigid body.
A ns:
1. Consider a rigid object rotating with a
constant angular acceleration ‘of about
an axis perpendicular to the plane of
paper.
Let us consider the object to be
* #

it .
consisting of N number of particles of
masses mi, mi , mN at respective m .
perpendicular distances rj, r2, r* from
the axis of rotation.
'« T
A body of N particles
in . As the object rotates, all these particles
perform circular motion with same
angular acceleration a, but with different
linear ( tangential ) accelerations a , = rid,
.
a2 = r2a,.. . , au = rNa etc.
i

IV. Force experienced by the first particle is, f| = m|3| = m ot

v. ^
As these forces arc tangential, the irrespective perpendicular distances
from the axis are n, r2 . rN -
vi. Thus, the torque experienced by the first particle is of magnitude
, ,, .
t = f r = m ifa
Similarly, T 2 = m , r,3a , ij - m,rfa ....T = m a
vn.
^ ^
If the rotation is restricted to a single plane, directions of all these
torques are the same, and along the axis.
- * *.
VIII . Magnitude of the resultant torque is then given by
r = T ] + T2 + +TN = (m,r* + m , r; + mNr,; ) a = la
F I S

where, I = m,i + m , r3 + mNr is the moment of inertia of the object

^
~
i r i r

about the given axis of rotation.

Q. [Link] the analogous of torque in rotational motion with force in

linear motion.
Ans: The relation z = la is analogous to f = ma for the translational motion if
the moment of inertia I replaces mass, which is its physical significance.
C Solved Examples J-
Q. 117. Thin uniform rod of mass 3 kg and length 2 m starts from rest
and rotates about an axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its length with a speed 900 r.p.m for 10 second.
Find torque acting on it.
Solution:
Given: M = 3 kg, L - 2 m, ri| = 0, t = 10 s,
900
ri2 = 900 r.p . m = = 15 r . p. s
60
To find: Torque ( x )
n2 -n,
Formula: x = 2nl
t
Ml ;
Calculation: Since M . l of rod, I =
12
From formula ,
ML1 n , - n , 'I
T = 2 ll x
12 l
3 x 2: Yl 5 -0 = 3 JI
= 2JI.
12 III
§ 1 = 3 x 3 . 1 4 = 9.42 N m
Ans: The torque acting on the thin uniform rod is 9.42 N m .

Q. l 18. Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a

solid sphere, both having the same mass and radius. The cylinder is
free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry and the sphere is
free to rotate about an axis passing through its centre. Which of the
two will acquire a greater angular speed after a given time?
( NCERT)
Solution:
M . l of the cylinder = I| = MR 2
2
M . l of the sphere = I2 — — MR *

Angular acceleration of the cylinder,

I I
MR 2
* * T = a , MR 2
 .
Angular acceleration of the sphere
T
a2 =
h
x
2
MR:
5
a ,i MR:
2 '
MR
5
a2 = 2.5a (
Ans: Sphere will acquire a greater angular acceleration.
 1.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum
J
*[Link] and explain the principle of conservation of angular
momentum . Use a suitable illustration. Do we use it in our daily r

life? When?
Ans: Principle: Angular momentum of an isolated system is consented in the
absence of an external unbalanced torque.
Proof:
1. Angular momentum or the moment of linear momentum of a system is
given by,
L=rxp

where r is the position vector from the axis of rotation and p is the
I incar momentum.
i A

it . Differentiating with respect to time, we get,

dL
dt
_
"
d
dt
- »\
/ r x p |= r* x —
dp dr
+ xp
di —
dt
dr dp
=
w1

Now, =
i

ill. v and F
dl dt

dL
« I

dt
= rxF + m v x v
/

Now V X V =0

dL
dt
= rxF

IV. But r x Fis the moment of force or torque T .

dL
* # T
dt

= 0 or I_ - constant.
dL
Thus, if t = 0, dt

Hence, angular momentum L is conserved in the absence of external

unbalanced torque T .
v. This is the principle of conservation of angular momentum, analogous to
the conservation of linear momentum .
Examples of conservation of angular momentum: During some shows of
ballet dance, acrobat in a circus, sports like ice skating, diving in a
.
swimming pool , etc , the principle of conservation of angular
momentum is realized.
vi . Illustration :
Ballet dancers:
a. During ice ballet, the dancers have to undertake rounds of smaller
and larger radii.
b. '
he dancers come together by taking rounds of smaller radius
( near the centre ).
c. In this case, the moment of inertia of their system becomes
minimum and the frequency increases, to make it thrilling.
d. While during outer rounds, the dancers outstretch their legs and
arms.
e. This increases their moment of inertia that reduces the angular
speed and hence the linear speed. This is essential to prevent
slipping.

Q. J 20. Explain how diving in a swimming pool uses the principle of

conservation of angular momentum.
Ans:
i. While on the diving board , the divers stretch their body so as to increase
the moment of inertia.
Immediately after leaving the board, they fold their body. This reduces
.1 m,

1L
the moment inertia considerably.
m m

As a result, the frequency increases and they can complete more rounds
*

111.
in air to make the show attractive.
IV. Again, while entering into water they stretch their body into a streamline
shape. This allows them a smooth entry into the water.

Q. 121 , Explain the relation between angular momentum and frequency.

Ans: Angular momentum is given by,
L = Iio = I( 2 run )
i. If the moment of inertia I is increased, the angular speed and hence the
frequency of revolution n decreases.
Also, if the moment of inertia is decreased, the frequency increases.
I «
1L
 ^
”

Solved Examples -

+Q.122.A spherical water balloon is revolving at 60 rpm . In the course of

time, 48.8 % of its water leaks out. With what frequency will the
remaining balloon revolve nowr? Neglect all non conservative forces. -
Solution:
60
Given: n [ = 60 rpm = rps = I rps ,
60
40 ’
m2 = 1 m|= 0.512 ni|
100 j

To find: Final frequency after water leaked out(n > )

Formulae: i . m = pV IK >pherc
»

^ —
3
ffR

in . I sphere 2 mR
“
“ IV . I|(0| = I 2«2
V. (0 = 2 Till
Calculation:
From formula ( j),
m! - PYL
tXl2 pV,
= 2V± + w ** ( >)
?

From formula ( ii ),

v, -3 JtR ' R ) ,
4 -.(ii)
V,
-3 HR 2 : Rj j

From > i ) and ( ii ),

K m \K . 1000 3
10
* *
R,
= 1.25 * v w m ( iii )
\. m2 J 512 $
From formula ( iii ),
Ii
_m Q V
R m, V V‘
2
m , V*
rm
! !
v w

m 2 Aln: m: /
;:rom formula ( iv ),
11 ® i = I;®2
« # I , ( 2JX n , = I 2 ( 2 TT n 2 )
> * * »* .
( * ‘ o> = 2 jrn )

* * n2 = ^ 1.
^ ni =
< •I : /
m,
1* 1 J
 n , = ( 1.25 ) I sx
= { antilog ( 5 log ( 1.25 ))}
= antilog ( 5 x 0.097 )
= antilog (0.485) = 3.05 rps.
Ans: 1 inal frequency after water leaked out is 3.05 rps.

> Q.123. A ceiling fan having moment of inertia 2 kg-m’ attains its
*

maximum frequency of 60 rpm in ‘2B seconds. Calculate its

power rating.
Solution:
Given: .
I = 2 kg nr too = 0 rack's,
to = 27m = 2 itx 2 = An rad /s, t = 2 TTS
To find: Power rating of ceiling fan
a= -
CD to,,
Formulae: i. *
=
'

IL r Ia
t
m *

in . P= T to
Calculation: From formula ( i ),
4,1 0
a=
2n
’

- 2 rads 1 ’

From formula ( ii ) and (iii )

P = law - 2 x 2 x 4TE = 16 JC w 50 W
Ans: The power rating of ceiling fan is 50 W .
*Q.124.A flywheel used to prepare earthenware pots is set into rotation at
100 rpm. It is in the form of a disc of mass 10 kg and radius 0.4 m. A
lump of clay ( to be taken equivalent to a particle) of mass 1.6 kg
falls on it and adheres to it at a certain distance x from the centre.
Calculate x if the w heel now rotates at 80 rpm.
Solution:
Given: iii = 100 rpm , n2 = 80 rpm,
_
to , =
100 x 2JI ] Oit
rad/s,
60 3
80 x 2n 8 j[
(02 = rads,
60 3
M = 10 kg, R = 0.4 m, m = l .6 kg
To find: Distance from the centre of fly wheel where the lump of clay falls
( x ).
Formula : 11 CO| = I 2Ct>2
Calculation:
From formula ,
]|« l = I2Cl>2
MR : MR:
4 * ( <*> ] ) = + mx: « 2
2 2
tox( o. 4 r r + l 6 * x:
« 4

2
x
noiu
3
'i L 0 * ( 0.4
2
,
^ ^
x
( 8n
3
4 I 0.8 x 5 = ( 0.8 + 1.6 x:) 4
0.8 x 5 - 0.8 x 4 = 1.6 x 4 x 2
* * 0.8 = 1.6 x 4x 2
1.6 1
m = 0.35 m
‘= 3.2> 4
Ans: 1 lie distance of lamp of clay from centre of disc is 0.35 m .

Q. I 25.A ballet dancer spins about a vertical axis at 90 r.p. m with arms
outstretched. With the arms folded, the moment of inertia about the
same axis of rotation changes to 75%. Calculate the new speed of
rotation.
Solution:
Given: n ] = 90 r.p.m, I , = M .I with arms out stretched,
I 2 = 0.751] = M.I with arms folded
To find : Speed of rotation ( m )
Formula: IjOJ , = I2o>2
Calculation:
From formula ,
li < 27mi ) = I2{2 jm 2 ) [ / to = 2 jm]
. \
P 4 n2 =
I
,n = 0.751
1 x
90 =
100
x 90
\ li y 1 75
n 2 = 120 r p m ..
Ans: The new speed of rotation will be 120 r p m. ..
Q. I 26. A disc rotates steadily at 45 rev/ min on table. When small mass of
0.02 kg is dropped gently on the disc at a distance of 0.04 m from its
axis and stuck to the disc, the rate of revolution falls to 36 rev/ min.
Find the moment of inertia of disc about its centre.
Solution:
Given: n| = 45 r.p. m, M = 0.02 kg, r = 0.04 m, n 2 = 36 r.p.m
To find: Moment of inertia ( I )
Formula: I ] 10[ I 2(Oi —
Calculation: Since I| = I and I 2 = I + Mr2
From formula,
451 = [ I + 0.02 x (0.04 )2]36
51 = 4[ I + 32 x HT6]
51 = 41 + (32 x 4 x 10 b )
4 I = 1.28 X HT* kg m 2
Ans: The moment of inertia of disc about its centre is 1.28 x HF* kg nr .

Q. [Link] will be the duration of the day, if the earth suddenly shrinks
to 1 /64 of its original volume, mass remaining unchanged?
Ans: According to law of conservation of momentum,
l|<0| = l2ct>2
In 2 2 TT
V V - M R r
I x = - M R ; x
5 T 5 T
F = R; v
T,
*

I .et V 1 be the original volume of the earth and V 2 be the reduced volume
of the earth.
V1
* * V2 - 64
4
P * - 71 R , = 1 - jtRf (
3 64 3

m *
fR,V _ I
1
64
1

4 4
R:
= i _y
K1 164 ,
1
# V

R1 4
l -'rom equation ( i ),

T2 = % x T, =
4
x 24 =
I
16 —3
x 24 = hours
2
T2
—
1.5 hours
1 /

Hence, the duration of the day would change to 1.5 hours.

 1.11 Rolling Motion

*Q. 128. Discuss the interlink between translational , rotational and total
kinetic energies of a rigid object that rolls without slipping.
Ans:
i. In the case of pure rolling, two motions are undertaking simultaneously;
circular motion and linear motion .
11. Individual motion of the particles ( except the one at the centre of mass)
is too difficult to describe.
-
However, for theory considerations we can consider the actual motion to
m m fc

III .
be the result of (a ) circular motion of the body as a whole, about its own
symmetric axis and lb) linear motion of the body assuming it to be
concentrated at its centre of mass. In other words, the centre of mass
performs purely translational motion.
I V. Accordingly, the object possesses two types of kinetic energies:
rotational and translational K. E.
V. Sum of rotational K. E. and translational K. E. is its total kinetic energy.
VI. Consider an object of moment of inertia I, rolling uniformly.
Let,
v = Linear speed of the centre of mass
R = Radius of the body
to = Angular speed of rotation of the body
M = Mass of the body
K = Radius of gyration of the body
Total kinetic energy of rolling = Translational K.E. + Rotational K.E.
# # E = 1Mv2 + I Uo *

2 2
- l M v- + I ( MK2) -
2 2 UJ * * » # ( vco =
—
R
, 1= MK2 )

= IMV
2
2
1+
R1
This is an expression for kinetic energy during rolling motion.

Q. [Link] the expression for kinetic energy of rolling motion.

Ans: Refer Q. 128 (vi . )
Q. 130. Explain the role of static friction in rolling motion.
Ans:
i. Static friction i$ essential for a purely rolling motion. In this case, it
prevents the sliding motion.
-
11,
*

While rolling down, the motion is initially a purely rolling motion that
later on turns out to be a sliding motion.
in .
i #4

-
Similarly, if you push a sphere like object along a horizontal surface,
initially it slips for some distance and then starts rolling.

*Q. 131.A rigid object is rolling down an inclined plane. Derive

expressions for the acceleration along the track and the speed after
falling through a certain vertical distance.
Ans:
i . Consider a rigid object of mass m and radius R, rolling down an inclined
plane, without slipping. Inclination of the plane with the horizontal is 0.

Rolling along an incline

As the objects starts rolling down, its gravitational P.E. is converted into
i #

11.
K .E. of rolling.
111. Starting from rest, let v be the speed of the centre of mass as the object
comes down through a vertical distance h.
I V. Total kinetic energy,
K 2\
F. = Imv
2
2
+ i [ or = - mv~
2 2
I+ 1
R

l .
2 1+ K
2 >
E = mgh = “
~m v l
^
* #

2gh
V = 2\
1+ *R -
v. i .inear distance travelled along the plane is
h
s=
sinti
vi. During this distance, the linear velocity has increased from zero to v.
vii
*
. If a is the linear acceleration along the plane,
v2 = u2 + 2as
2as v2 - u:
-
2a f JL - 2gh
K:
-0
sinO
1+
—R‘
gsinO
a= 7 i \
i+ *R ’
For pure sliding, without friction, the acceleration is g sinO and final
V P

Vlll .
K3
.
velocity is
^ gh

effective for both the expressions.

Thus, during pure rolling, the factor I+ is

^ •
Raiding between the lines

For a roiling object, if the expression for moment of inertia is of the

form n (MIC ), the numerical factor n gives the value oj
. K1
for that
v

R1
object.
For example, f or a uniform solid sphere I = 1
- MR 2
= MK.
:

KJ 2 _
R:
'
* *
5
Similarly,
K2
R-
= }, for a ring or a hollow cylinder
K!
R 1 =

K: 2
I
2 —
for a uniform disc or a solid cylinder

R : = 3 —
for a thin wailed hollow sphere

• When a rod rolls , it is actually a cylinder that is rolling.

• While rolling, the ratio ‘ Translational K.E.: Rotational K.E.: Total
K .E.’ is
: ,1 + —
1:
K1 ( K 2\

\
R2 R >
< K _2
\
For example, for a hollow sphere' : ~
Thus, for a rolling hollow sphere
R 3
. ^
Translational K. E.: Rotational K.E.:
' 21
Total K. E . = 1 : 1 : i +- = [Link]
3, I
Percentage wise, 60% of its kinetic energy is translational and
40% is rotational, /
\

*Q.132.A uniform disc and a hollow right circular cone have the same
formula for their M . I., when rotating about their central axes.
Whv is it so?
V

Ans:
i . :or a rotating object, if the expression for moment of inertia is of the
J a K :
form n ( MR "), the numerical factor n gives the value of : for that
R
object.
»

i i. A uniform disc and a hollow right circular cone has the same value of
K:
R: ’

i .e Kl = i
RJ 2
Hence, they have the same formula to their M. l .
I
i .e. , I = - MR 2
2

C Solved Examples J-
* Q. [Link] from rest, an object rolls down along an incline that rises
-
by 3 in every 5 (along it ). The object gains a speed of JvH m/s as it

Given:
travels a distance of
possible shape/s of the ob ject?
Solution:
v = fw m/s, u = 0 m/s
^ m along the incline. What can be the

To find: Possible shape (s ) of object.

 2 2gh
Formula: v - K1
1+
Ri
Calculation:
An object rolls down along an incline that rises by 3 in every 5 means
for travelling a distance of 5 m, it height increases by 3m.
O

h 3

From figure,
h = s sin 0
Where, sin 0 =
5
—5
m and

s= -m
3
....(given)
5x 3 1
h= - -=
3 5
"
rom formula .
2 2* to * h
( V i a) -
K2
1+
R2
2 x 10 x 1
10 = 2
K
1+ 2
R
1+

K:
—
K2
R
=2
« 4
2 = 1
, and it is possible for a ring or a hollow cylinder.
R
A ns: The possible shape of the object can be a ring or hollow cylinder.

Q. I 34.A solid sphere of mass 1 kg rolls on a table with linear speed 2 m/s,
And its total kinetic energy.
Solution:
Given: M = 1 kg, v = 2 m/s
To find: otal K.E.
Formulae: E =

Calculation:
— —-
1w
2
Mva L1 + :
K
R
:

f 21
For solid sphere, K. 2
= - R- ?

w
P * E= —2 Mv i f -5 RO R = —2 x —5 xMv~ = -2 x-5 xlx ( 2V
*
+ / 2

P *E = 2.8 J
Ans: The total kinetic energy of the solid sphere is 2.8 J.

Q. I 35.A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination

30°. At the bottom of the inclined plane, the eentre of mass of the
cylinder has a speed of 5 m /s. How far will the cylinder go up the
plane? ( NCERT)
Solution:
Given: 0 = 30°, v = 5 m/s
To find: Height ( h )
Formula: V*=
.—
l+
K
RJ
:

2 R
"

Calculation: For the cylinder, K = 2

From formula,
2
v =
2gh 2gh _ _ 2gh 4
= Tgh
R2 1 3 3
1+
2R 2
+ -
2 2
3v2 3x 52
f * h= “
4g 4 x 9.8
i *h = 1.913 m
Ans: The cylinder will travel a height of 1.913 m .
 Apph Your knowledge

Q.136. Read each statement below carefully and state, with reasons, if it is
true of false:
i.
*
The net acceleration of a particle in circular motion is always along
the radius of the circle towards the centre.
ii. The acceleration vector of a particle in uniform circular motion
averaged over one cycle is a null vector.
( NCERI i
Ans:
i. The statement is false. The acceleration of the particle performing
circular motion is along the radius only when particle is moving with
uniform speed.
11 . The statement is true. When we consider a complete cycle, for an
acceleration at any point of circular path, there is an equal and opposite
acceleration vector at a point diametrically opposite to the first point,
resulting in a null net acceleration vector.

Q. I 37.A disc rotating about its axis with angular speed CD0 is placed lightly
(without any translational push ) on a perfectly frictionless table.
The radius of the disc is R. What are the linear velocities of the
points A, B and C on the disc shown in figure? Will the disc roll in
the direction indicated? ( NCERT)
Ans: As v = r o>,
For point A, vA = R too, along AX
For point B, vu = R cou, along BX '
For point C, vB = R con, along BX '
RA ()
For point C vc =
, * <> parallel to AX,
2)
The disc will not roll, because it is placed on a perfectly frictionless
table. Without friction, rolling is not possible.

[Link] will be the duration of the day, if the earth suddenly shrinks
to 1 /64 of its original volume, mass remaining unchanged?
Ans: According to law' of conservation of momentum,
l|<0| = I 20)2
2

^
2 rt
# i

5 .
T
-
M R;1 * = M R
5
; x
T,
 T,
TI { RI /
...40
Let V| be the original volume of the earth and V 2 be the reduced volume
of the earth .
V2 = i
64
L

IJIR ; _
- L rijiRf
3 64 13 '
R. V
1* 1 64
i
R, i V
# P

RI V 64 ;
R, 1
# «
R1 4
From equation ( i ),
2
I 1 3
T2 = x T, = x 24 = x 24 = hours
<4, 16 2
T2 = 1.5 hours
Hence, the duration of the day would change to 1.5 hours.

Q.139. Internet my friend. Textbook pa v

1. http: //hyperphysics .phy -astr .gsu . edu/hbase
11. [Link]
k

111. https:// www .engi neeri ngtool box .com

k

IV . ht tps://opentext be .ca/ph ysic stext book

[ Students can use links given above as reference and collect information about
rotational dynamics.]
 Quick Review

Rotational Dvnamics
i
Circular Motion

i I I
Uniform Circular Conical Pendulum
Banking of road
Motion
Angular frequency .
g
Unbanked road Lcos 0
Centripetal force
Centripetal force is Maximum possible speed . l ime Period .
directed along the radius LcosB
Rrg T = 2JT
towards the centre of a 'man g
circle. Rider should bend through
Frequency,
.
In vector form, it is given
by
mv: .
.
an angle, 0 = tan
,
Minimum safest velocity of
—
/ V: N

rS
.
n=
I g
2 JT y L cos 0
F = -
r a body for move in well of

death, vnur, = Vertical Circular

Centrifugal force
Motion
Centrifugal force is
At lowest point:
directed along the radius Banked road
away from the centre of a
circle. Angie of banking:
mv.L
In vector form, it is given - l V* 1 TL = r + mg
0 = tan
mv . ‘
rg J
by. F = + r«
r
At highest point:
Most safe speed, v „ = Jrg
vs =
Vm m
^rgtanfl

rg
/
tane - M , ] .
-
mv
r
*

- mg
. tanOJ
I + (i
* At midway point:
VM = firs
tan 0 + p,
-
fg
Difference be twee
U - M , tan 9 J tension at lower mot
and uppermost point
Tl- TH = 6 mg
 Quick Review

Rotational Dynamics
I
Circular Motion

\ i l
Uniform Circular Conical Pendulum
Banking of road
Motion
Angular frequency .
g
Unbanked road L cos 0
Centripetal force
Centripetal force is Maximum possible speed . Time Period .
directed along the radius L cos 9
V’nun T = 2 JT
towards the centre of a £
circle. Rider should bend through
: Frequency,
In vector form, it is given
by
an angle, G = tan if v 1 -
. —
'

rgV n=
I
2 ity LcosO
p
F =-
mv .
r
*

r> . Minimum safest velocity of

a body for move in well of
1
death, v Vertical Circular
Centrifugal force
Motion
Centrifugal force is
directed along the radius At lowest point:
Banked road
away from the centre of a
Angle of banking :
'I = > 5 rg/
circle . mvk2
In vector form, it is given r x2 ^ TL = r + mg
G = tan- I
mv 2 . At highest point:
by, F = +
r
ro
Most safe speed , v« = fig
-
v„ =

*V mm
^ rgtant)

rg
tan 0 u.— '
T„ =
mv 2
r
At midway point:
- mg
tl + p, twi 0 j ’
vM = yjirg
' tanG + p , Difference between
rg
1 I - pttan 9 tension at lower most
and uppermost point:
,
TL- TI = 6 mg
 Rotational Dynamics
I
Rotational Motion

l 1
Perpendicular axes
Parallel axes theorem
theorem
Statement: The moment of Statement: The moment of
inertia ( l„ ) of an object about any inertia ( I,) of a laminar object
axis is the sum of its moment of about an axis ( z ) perpendicular to
inertia ( lc ) about an axis parallel its plane is the sum of its moment
to the given axis, and passing of inertias about two mutually
through the centre of mass and perpendicular axes ( x and y ) in its
the product of the mass of the plane, all the three axes being
object and the square of the concurrent. 4 = 1, + I¥
distance between the two axes.
I , = lt + Mh2
(

Physical Rolling motion

quantities
• 1 = Xmr 2

• K .E. = i2 Iu>:
Total energy E = . —
2gh
I
2
Mv: I +
KM
R2

Velocity, v = f-
• T = 1 CX 1+
KM
• L = l <a R'
gsinB
Acceleration, a = -
K x
»

I+
V R-
Useful values:
K2 X
Solid
2 K
5 ’[ R1
iphcre
X

olmdcr
-. 1

K '
1 K: \ 2
R2 Solid 2 *
R 2 yhnlkiw 3
Cylinder
^hert
 Important Formulae

1. In l .CM angular velocity :

- _
0
I. 03 = i *
11, (0 =-
r t
2n
IIL to = 27m IV . to =
T

2. Angular displacement:
0 = 2irt
S P

i. 0 = tot ii .
T
~ s

in , 9 = 2 nnt

3 . Angular acceleration:
\. a= tl »: - t!* , v

u.
p

a= 2 71 { n:- n , )
i t

4. Linear velocity:
v = rto v = 2 rtnr
p
*
i. it.

v‘
5. Centripetal acceleration or radial acceleration : a = = to:r
r

6. Tangential acceleration: aT = o x r

7. Centripetal force:
mv *
:
i. Fcp =
r
n. FCP = mrto

- : 4irmr
a

= 4JT mrn .
p 9

HI . Fcp IV FCp -
T
*

V. FCp = pmg = moTr

K. Centrifugal force: FCF = -FCp

i [V
9. Inclination of banked road : 9 = tan-
vrs >
10. On unbanked road:
1, Maximum velocity of vehicle to avoid skidding on a curve unbanked
road: v max Mr£

n. Angle of leaning: G = tan

VI
-l (
rg

11 . On banked road:
+ tan 6
i . Upper speed limit: vma \
1 tan 0

0-
u. Lower speed limit: vmm = rg tan
» ft

l+ tanB

*P*
HI . vmilx = /^ rgtanG ( in absence of friction )

12. Height of inclined road; h = / sin 0

13. Conical Pendulum:

g
i . Angular velocity of the bob of conical pendulum, to =
L cos 0
L cos 6
li . Period of conical pendulum, T = 2 K
g

14. irormass tied to string:

u Minimum velocity at lowest point to complete V.C.M: vL = Jsi-g
n. Minimum velocity at highest point to complete V.C.M: VH -
ill
i i

. Minimum velocity at midway point to complete in V.C.M:: vM = J3rg

IV. Tension at highest point in V.C.M:
mv :.
T,i = - mg
r

v. tension at midway point in V .C.M: TM = ——r -

vi.
vu.
* <8
Tension at lowest point in V.C.M: TL =
r —
mv‘
L +

Difference between tension at lower most and uppermost point:

mg

T|- TH = 6 mg
 II

.
^
2
15 Moment of Inertia: 1 = mj, = fdmr
i =l

I
16 . Radius of gyration; K=
M

17 . Kinetic energy:
1 * I
K. E = 1(0 = I ( 2 ron )2
2 2
i
1. K.E,ra ns IsitHina I Mv2
2
2
1 I K
n- . [Link]! [ Mv + lco ] = Mv2 1 R 2
2 2 +
»

2 2

18 . Velocity of rolling* bodv: v =

# C m
2 gh
K2
1+ :
R

19. Acceleration of rolling body: a = gsinfi

K:
1+
Ri
20. Torque acting on a body:
.
i i = la =
dL
dt
II. T =I
dw
- 2TII
'
—
n , n!
dt t

21 . Angular momentum of a body: L = Ito = I( 27m )

22. From principle of perpendicular axes: l? = lx +- IY

23.
;
From principle of parallel axes: I 0 = Ic + Mh

24. From principle of conservation of angular momentum:

1. 11CO|- I 2CO2 11. lini = l 2 n 2
* 9
Analogs of kincmatical equations of linear and rotational motion:
Analogous equation for rotational
Equation for translational motion
motion
_
V v=
*
U + V
2
.
CO v
+ ft)
2
a= dv v-u
a = d« u - o)„
(

dt t dt t
v = u + at
S = Vav * t =
u + v "1
2
l = ut + iat
2
2
. o> =
B = (Oav t =
+ at

- „ + ft) ' i
0>
2
= oW +
_ i
2
at

v2 = u2 + 2as 03' = tujj + 2a0

Analogs of linear and rotation motion:

Translational motion Rotational motion

Quantity
Symbol/
Quantity
Symbol/ -
Inter relation, if
expression expression possible
Linear Angular
displacement s displacement 0 s = 0xr
* 4
Linear ds Angular de
velocity v = velocity (0 v = (o x r
dt dt
>
Linear dv Angular
acceleration a= acceleration o= a = axr
dt dt
Rotational
inertia
Inertia or :dm
mass
m or moment I 1= fr = £ m ,r
of
inertia
Linear Angular
momentum p = ill v
momentum L = Iw L = rxp

Force dp Torque dL
f =
dt
T
dt
T — rxf

Work W = f *s Work W= 0
i *

P = dW P= dW
Power dt Power dt
= f*v T (rt

i
Analogs of kinomatical equations of linear and rotational motion:
Analogous equation for rotational
Equation for translational motion
motion
V«
_= u + v »av =
(O,. + to

2 2
v-u &> - «„
a= dv
a = dw •
dt t dt t
\ v = u + at \ tt> = (Do + at
s = v«r*t =
U + V I
t = ut + I at 2
6 = OJav' t =
rw (l + 0) ^
t = (o0t + - at"
2 2 2 2
v2
— u 2 + 2as to
2
= o; + 2a0
(

Analogs of linear and rotation motion:

Translational motion Rotational motion

Quantity
Symbol/
Quantity
Symbol/ -
Inter relation, if
expression express!oi i possible
Linear Angular
displacement s displacement o s = (lx r
Linear * ds Angular d9
velocity V = velocity <D v = (i) xr
dt dt
i

Linear dv Angular dw
acceleration a= acceleration a= a =axr
dt dt
Rotational
inertia
Inertia or
mass
m or moment 1 I = IVdin = y.m r/ .
of
inertia
Linear Angular
momentum p = mv momentum L = lw L = r xp

= dl>
Force Torque dL
f
dt
t
dt
i = rxf
Work W = f •« Work W= X 0
P = dW P = dW
Power dt Power dt
= f *v T (0
 M ,I. of different bodies with different axis of rotation :

Expression of
Object Axis moment of Figure
inertia

Thin ring or
hollow Central 1 = MR2
cylinder

Thin ring Diameter i =!MR2

2

Annular ring
or
thick walled Central i * -I M ( r; + if ) r?

hollow
cylinder
-r-
Uniform disc
or Central 1= I MR2
2
solid cylinder
- r-
Uniform disc Diameter I = i MR:
4
 Expression of
Object Axis moment of Figure
inertia

Thin walled 2 R
Central I= - MR
hollow sphere 3

o
Solid sphere Central 1 = - MR 2
5
—R
i

o
Uniform
1 = 1M
(<? - <? r>
symmetric Central fi
spherical shell
5 r* - r/ S

Perpendicular
Thin uniform
rod or
to
length and 1
O L
1= ML 2 2
rectangular passing 12
plate through
centre
 Expression of
Object Axis moment of Figure
inertia

Thin uniform
Perpendicular
to
O t.
rod or 1= IML :
length and
rectangular 3
about
plate
one end

O
b
Uniform plate
or rectangular Central 1 = l M( L2 + b2)
12
parallelepiped L
 Exercise

1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion

I. Mention characteristics of circular motion.

Ans: Refer Q.3.

2. Explain right hand thumb rule.

Ans: Refer QJ

3. With the help of an example, explain the term uniform circular motion.
Ans: Refer Q.9

4. Difference between centripetal force and centrifugal force.

Ans: Refer Q,17

5. A body of mass 1 kg is tied to a string and revolved in a horizontal

circle of radius 1 m. Calculate the maximum number of revolutions per
minute, so that the string does not break . Breaking tension of the string
is 9.86 N.
Ans: 30

6. A 0.5 kg mass is rotated in a horizontal circle of radius 20 cm. Calculate

the centripetal force acting on it, if its angular speed of rotation is
0.6 rad/s.
Ans: 0.036 N

7. -
A string breaks under a tension of 10 kg wt. If the string is used to
revolve a body of mass 12 g in a horizontal circle of radius 50 cm, what
is the frequency of revolution and linear speed with which the body can
be revolved? [g = 9.8 m/s"]
Ans: 20.34 rev/s, 63.95 m/s

8. An object of mass 2 kg attached to wire of length 5 m is revolved in a

horizontal circle. If it makes 60 r.p.m. Find its
1. angular speed 1L linear speed
**

111 , centripetal acceleration

IV , centripetal force
Ans: L 6.28 rad/s 31.4 m/s
IS

ii .
197.192 m/s2
a

111 , IV, 394.384 N

1.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion

9. Obtain an expression for maximum possible speed for a vehicle to move

on horizontal unbanked road.
Ans: Refer Q.28

10. Derive an expression for angle at which the two wheeler rider has to
lean with the vertical while driving along an unbanked circular road.
Ans: Refer Q, 29

11. Describe well of death.

Ans: Refer Q.31

12. Obtain an expression for minimum safest velocity of a body to move in

well of death.
Ans: Refer Q.32

13. Obtain an expression for angle of banking when a vehicle moves along a
curved banked road.
Ans: Refer Q.36

14. Obtain an expression for lower and upper speed limit for a vehicle
moving on a banked road.
Ans: Refer Q.38

15. Define the following terms.

i. Simple pendulum
it . Conical pendulum
Ans: Refer Q. 42 (i and ii )

16. Obtain an expression for time period of a conical pendulum.

Ans: Refer Q.43

17. State the factors on which frequency of a conical pendulum depends?

Ans: Refer Q.44

18. Can a string become horizontal during revolutions in conical pendulum?

Explain.
Ans: Refer Q , 46
19. With what maximum speed a car be safely driven along a curve of
radius 40 m on a horizontal road , if the coefficient of friction between
the car tyres and road surface is 0.3? [g = 9.8 m/s2 ]
Ans: 10.84 m/s

20 . Find the angle of banking of a railway track of radius of curvature

250 m, if the optimum velocity of the train is 90 km/ hr. Also find the
elevation of the outer track over the inner track if the two tracks are
1.6 m apart.
Ans: 14°19', 0.3955 m

21 . A stone of mass one kilogram is tied to the end of a string of length 5 m

and whirled in a vertical circle. What will be the minimum speed
required at the lowest position to complete the circle?
[Given: g = 9.8 m/s2]
Ans: 15.65 m/s

1 ,4 Vertical Circular Motion

22. Prove that the difference between the extreme tensions (or normal
forces ) depends only upon the weight of the object.
.
Ans: Refer Q 67

23. Obtain an expression for upper limit on the speed when vehicle is at the
top of a convex overbridge.
Ans: Refer Q,75

1.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity for Mass

24. Give the physical significance of moment of inertia.

Ans; Refer Q.H3

25. Obtain an expression for moment of inertia of a uniform disc about an

axis passing through centre and perpendicular to the plane.
Ans: Refer Q,84

26. The angular momentum of a body changes by 80 kg m 2/s. When its

angular velocity changes from 20 rad/s to 40 rad/s, find the change in
K.E of rotation.
Ans: 2400 J
1.6 Radius of Gyration

27 . Define radius of gyration .

Ans: Refer Q. 92 (only definition)

1.7 Theorem of Parallel Axes and Theorem of Perpendicular Axes

28. Prove theorem of parallel axes about moment of inertia: I„ = Ic + Mh2

Ans: Refer Q. 97

29. State and prove theorem of perpendicular axes about moment of inertia.
Ans: Refer Q. 99

30. .
M I of a solid sphere about its diameter is 25 kg nr. Find its M .I. about a
tangent.
Ans: 87.5 kg m 2

31 . I he moment of inertia of a disc about an axis passing through its centre

and perpendicular to its plane is 20 kg m2. Determine its moment of
inertia about an axis
1. coinciding with a tangent perpendicular to its plane.
11 , passing through a point midway between the centre and a point on the
circumference, perpendicular to its plane.
Ans: i . 60 kg nr u. 30 kg m2

1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear Momentum

32. Obtain an expression that relates angular momentum with the angular
velocity of a rigid body.
Ans: Refer Q. 113

1.9 Expression for Torque in erms of Moment of Inertia

33 . Derive an expression relating the torque with angular acceleration for a

rigid body.
Ans: ReferQ. l 15
1.10 Co n sc rv at ion of Angular Momentum

34 . State and explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum

Ans: Refer Q J 19

35 . The angular momentum of a body changes by 80 kg m"/s. When its

angular velocity changes from 20 rad/s to 40 rads, find the change in
K . E of rotation.
Ans: 2400 J

1.11 Rolling Motion

36 . Obtain an expression for kinetic energy of rolling motion.

Ans: Refer Q. 129

37 . Obtain expressions for the acceleration of a rigid body along the an

incline and the speed after falling through a certain vertical distance.
Ans: Refer Q.131
1.10 Co n sc rv at ion of Angular Momentum

34 . State and explain the principle of conservation of angular momentum

Ans: Refer Q J 19

35 . The angular momentum of a body changes by 80 kg m"/s. When its

angular velocity changes from 20 rad/s to 40 rads, find the change in
K . E of rotation.
Ans: 2400 J

1.11 Rolling Motion

36 . Obtain an expression for kinetic energy of rolling motion.

Ans: Refer Q. 129

37 . Obtain expressions for the acceleration of a rigid body along the an

incline and the speed after falling through a certain vertical distance.
Ans: Refer Q.131
 Multi pit* Choice Questions

1. A particle rotates in U .C. M . with tangential velocity V along a

horizontal circle of diameter * D’ . Total angular displacement of the
particle in time Y is
V
(A) vt ( B) -t
D

(C ) Ji (D) 2 vt
2D D

*2. When seen from below', the blades of a ceiling fan are seen to be
revolving anticlockwise and their speed is decreasing. Select correct
statement about the directions of its angular velocity and angular
acceleration .
( A ) Angular velocity upwards, angular acceleration downwards.
( B ) Angular velocity downwards, angular acceleration upwards.
( C ) Both , angular velocity and angular acceleration, upwards.
( D ) Both, angular velocity and angular acceleration, downwards .

3. The bulging of eaTth at the equator and flattening at the poles is due to

(A) centripetal force ( B) centrifugal force

(C ) gravitational force ( D) electrostatic force

4. The magnitude of centripetal force cannot be expressed as

47rmr
( A ) mrto: B < > ’
T
(C ) mvw ( D) mv/to

5. If a cycle wheel of radius 0.4 m completes one revolution in 2 seconds,

then acceleration of the cycle is .
( A ) 0.4 n m/ s2 ( B ) 0.4 K 2 m/s2
*
( C) —
It
0.4
, 2
m/s ( D) M m/s2
K
6. A body of mass * nT performs uniform circular motion along a circular
path of radius ‘r1 with velocity ‘v\ If its angular momentum is L, then
the centripetal force acting on it is .
mL: L‘

(A) ( B)
r mr
V L:
(C) ( D)
mr mr '

7. A body perfonning uniform circular motion has

( A ) constant velocity
( B ) constant acceleration
( C ) constant kinetic energy
( D ) constant displacement

8. A stone is tied to a string and rotated in a horizontal circle with constant

angular velocity. If the string is released, the stone flies
(A) radially inward ( B) radially outward
(C ) tangentially outward ( D) tangentially inward

*9. A particle of mass 1 kg, tied to a long string is whirled to perform

vertical circular motion , under gravity. Minimum speed of a particle is
5 m/s. Consider following statements.
l. Maximum speed must be 5 yfs m/s.
u. Difference between maximum and minimum tensions along the string is
60 N.
Select correct option.
( A ) Only the statement ( i ) is correct .
( B ) Only the statement ( ii) is correct.
( C ) Both the statements arc correct.
( D i Both the statements are incorrect.

INote: Question has been modified to get the required answer / .

10. Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg are moving in concentric orbits of

radius R and r. If their time periods are same, then the ratio of their
centripetal acceleration is
( A ) R/ r ( B) r/R
( C ) R 2/r ( D ) r2 / R 2
1 1. The minimum velocity ( in m s ' ) with which a car driver must traverse a
flat curve of radius 150 m and coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid
skidding is (g = 10 m/ s:)
( AJ 60 ( B ) 30
(C ) 15 <D) 25

12. Maximum safe speed does not depend on

( A ) mass of the vehicle.
( B ) radius of curvature.
(C) angle of inclination ( banking ).
( D) acceleration due to gravity .

13 . The period of a conical pendulum in terms of its length ( /), semi vertical
angle ( 0 ) and acceleration due to gravity ( g) is:
1 / cos 0 1 /sin 6
( A) ( B)
2 rc g 2 JI g

(C) 4J/ cos4g 6 ( D) 4 JI tang 6

14. Out of the following equations which is WRONG?
(A) T =r x F ( B) a, = (oxv
—> Hfr Hi
( C) a, = axr ( D) v = r x o)

15. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m with a speed of 36

km/hr. The centripetal force acting on the car will be
( A ) 1200 N ( B ) 1000 N
(C) 750 N ( D ) 250 N

16 . Radius of gyration of a disc rotating about an axis perpendicular to its

plane and passing through its centre is
(A)
R
42
( B) 4$
(C ) * ( D)
f
17. The radius of gyration of a solid sphere of radius r about a certain axis is
r. The distance of this axis from the centre of the sphere is
( A ) 0.6 r ( B) 0.5 r
(C) [Link] ( D) V
^ r

18. When the angular acceleration of a rotating body is zero, which physical
quantity will be equal to zero?
( A ) Angular momentum ( B) Moment of inertia
( C ) Torque ( D ) Radius of gyration

19. Rotational K .E of a body is 10 J . If the angular momentum vector

coincides with the axis of rotation and its M.I about this axis is 5 kgm 2
then its angular momentum is
( A ) 10 SI units ( B) 20 SI units
(C ) 30 SI units ( D) 40 SI units

20. The radius of gyration of a solid sphere of mass M and radius R rotating
about an axis with its diameter N.
(A)
I R ( B)
I R

(C)
f < D)
*
21 . If the angular velocity of a body rotating about a given axis is doubled ,
then its rotational K.E
( A ) is doubled , ( B ) is halved.
i C) becomes four times. -
( D i becomes one fourth.

22. A sphere is rolling on a horizontal surface w ithout slipping. The ratio of

the rotational K .E to the total kinetic energy of sphere is
( A ) 2/5 ( B) 2/7
( C ) 5/7 ( D ) 3/7

23. The radius of gyration of a ring of radius R about a tangent

perpendicular to its plane is
( A ) VIR ( B) 2 R
R
(C)
VI |
( D)
17. The radius of gyration of a solid sphere of radius r about a certain axis is
r. The distance of this axis from the centre of the sphere is
( A ) 0.6 r ( B) 0.5 r
(C) [Link] ( D) V
^ r

18. When the angular acceleration of a rotating body is zero, which physical
quantity will be equal to zero?
( A ) Angular momentum ( B) Moment of inertia
( C ) Torque ( D ) Radius of gyration

19. Rotational K .E of a body is 10 J . If the angular momentum vector

coincides with the axis of rotation and its M.I about this axis is 5 kgm 2
then its angular momentum is
( A ) 10 SI units ( B) 20 SI units
(C ) 30 SI units ( D) 40 SI units

20. The radius of gyration of a solid sphere of mass M and radius R rotating
about an axis with its diameter N.
(A)
I R ( B)
I R

(C)
f < D)
*
21 . If the angular velocity of a body rotating about a given axis is doubled ,
then its rotational K.E
( A ) is doubled , ( B ) is halved.
i C) becomes four times. -
( D i becomes one fourth.

22. A sphere is rolling on a horizontal surface w ithout slipping. The ratio of

the rotational K .E to the total kinetic energy of sphere is
( A ) 2/5 ( B) 2/7
( C ) 5/7 ( D ) 3/7

23. The radius of gyration of a ring of radius R about a tangent

perpendicular to its plane is
( A ) VIR ( B) 2 R
R
(C)
VI |
( D)
24 . A ring of radius 20 cm and mass 5 kg rolls on a smooth horizontal
surface at the rate of 2 m/s. Rotational K , E of the ring is
( A ) 10 J ( B ) 20 J
(C ) 30 J ( D ) 40 J

25. When a torque acting on a system is increased, then which one of the
following quantities will increase?
(A) Linear momentum ( B ) Angular momentum
(C ) Force ( D ) Displacement

26. A body is acted upon by a constant torque. In 4 seconds its angular

momentum changes from L to 4L. The magnitude of the torque is

(A) i
4
( B)
—4
(C ) 31 ( D) 12 L

27. A circular disc rotates about an axis passing through centre with a
certain angular velocity. Suddenly a small piece of the disc is broken
from the edge and falls down, then
( A ) its M . l will increase and angular velocity will decrease ,
( B ) its M.l will decrease and the angular velocity will increase.
(C ) both the M.l and the angular velocity will increase.
( D ) both the M.l and the angular velocity will decrease.

28. A swimmer while jumping into water from height easily forms a loop in
the air so as to
( A ) decrease M .l and increase angular speed .
( B ) decrease M .l and decrease angular speed.
(C ) increase M. I and increase angular speed.
( D) increase M .l and decrease angular speed.

29 . For a rolling hollow sphere, ratio of translational K .E: rotational K.E:

total K.E is
(A) 3 : 2 : 5 ( B) 1 : 2 : 5
(C ) zero ( D) 5 : 3 : 2
30. The moment ot inertia of a body does not depend on
( A ) the mass of body .
( B ) the angular velocity of a body .
( C) the axis of rotation of a body.
( D ) the distribution of the mass in the body .

* 31 . Select correct statement about the formula (expression ) of moment of

inertia (M . I.) in terms of mass M of the object and some of its distance
parameter/ s, such as R , L, etc .
(A) Different objects must have different expressions for their M . I .
( B) When rotating about their central axis, a hollow right circular cone
and a disc have the same expression for the M .I ,
( C) Expression for the M . I . for a parallelepiped rotating about the
transverse axis passing through its centre includes its depth .
i D) Expression for M . I . of a rod and that of a plane sheet is the same
about a transverse axis.

32. The shaft of a motor rotates at a constant angular velocity of 3000 r.p.m.
The radian it has turned through in one second is
( A ) 1000 7i ( B) n
( C ) 100 TI ( D ) 10 it

33. Let 11 and L be the moments of inertia of two bodies of identical

geometrical shape, the first made of aluminium and the second of iron,
then
(A) II < IJ
( B) I, = b
( C) I , > I2
( D) relation between Ig and I ? depends on the actual shapes of the
bodies.

34. The mathematical statement of the principle of parallel axes is,

( A ) Io — 1c + Mr '
( B ) l0 = Ic- Mr3
(C) Iz - lx + ly. ( D ) lz ~ lx± ly

35. If * L' is the angular momentum and ‘ I’ is the moment of inertia of a

;
L
rotating body , then represents its
21
(A) rotational P . E. ( B) total energy
(C) rotational K . E , (D translational K . E .
36. The body is rotating with uniform angular velocity ( to ) having rotational
kinetic energy ( E ). its angular momentum ( L ) is:
:
E
(A) 2E ( B)
<*> d)

( C) 1 (D ) ±
M 2d)

37. -
A particle moves with a constant velocity parallel to the X axis. Its
angular momentum with respect to the origin
( A ) goes on decreasing. ( B ) is zero.
( C) goes on increasing. ( D ) remains constant .

38. A thin wire of length L and uniform linear mass density p is bent into a
circular coil. Moment of inertia of the coil about tangential axis in its
plane is .
3pL: 8r
(A) ( B)
8ir 3pL5
3pL- 8K
(C)
8r < D) 3pL’

39, The angular momentum of a wheel changes from 2 L to 5L in 3 second.

(A)
5
(B ,
What is the magnitude of the torque acting on it?

— i
( C) i ( D) L
2

40. A thin ring has mass 0.25 kg and radius 0.5 m. Its M .l. about an axis
passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane is ,

( A ) 0.0625 kg nr ( B) 0.625 kg m 2
( C ) 6.25 kg m2 ( D ) 62.5 kg in
2

41. The moment of inertia of a ring of mass 5 gram and radius l cm about
an axis passing through its edge and parallel to its natural axis is
2
( A ) 5 g cm ( B ) 2.5 gem 2
( C ) 20 g enr ( D ) 10 gem 2
42. Hie moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of mass M and length L,
about an axis passing through a point, midway between the centre and
one end, perpendicular to its length is
(A)
—
7
ML 2 ( B)
—
48
ML 2

(C) l ML2 ( D) 1
ML2
48 16

43. Angular momentum of two bodies of moment of inertia h and I 2( b > I2)
is same. If E ( and E2 are rotational K.E, then
,
( A) E = E2 ( B) E , > E 2
,
( C ) E < E2 ,
( D ) E > E2

44. The kinetic energy of a rotating body depends upon

( A ) distribution of mass only.
( B) angular speed only.
( C ) distribution of mass and angular speed .
( D ) angular acceleration only.

45. A body of moment of inertia 5 kgm2 rotating with an angular velocity

6 rad/s has the same kinetic energy as a mass of 20 kg moving with a
velocity of .
( A ) 5 m/s ( B) 4 m/s
( C ) 3 m/s ( D) 2 m/s

*46. In a certain unit, the radius of gyration of a uniform disc about its central
-
and transverse axis is JZ 5 . Its radius of gyration about a tangent in its
plane ( in the same unit ) must be
( A ) Vs ( B ) 2.5
( C ) 2 VlS (D) Vils

47. Consider following cases:

i. A planet revolving in an elliptical orbit.
n. A planet revolving in a circular orbit. Principle of conservation of
angular momentum comes in force in which of these?
( A ) Only for ( i )
( B ) Only for ( ii )
( C ) For both, ( i ) and ( ii )
( D ) Neither for (i ), nor for ( ii )
 48. A thin walled hollow cylinder is rolling down an incline, without
slipping. At any instant, the ratio "Rotational K.E.: Translational K .E.:
Total K .E ” is
( A ) [Link] ( B ) [Link]
(C ) [Link] ( D ) 2: 1:3

Answers to Multiple Choice Questions J

1. ( D) 2. (A) 3. < B)) 4. ( D) 5. (B) 6. ( D)
7. (C) 8. {C ) 9. <(C 10. (A) 11. ( B) 12. ( A)
13. (C) 14. ( D) 15. B) 16. (A) 17. ( D ) 18. (C )
19. (A ) 20. ( B) 21. (C ) 22, (B) 23. (A ) 24. (A )
25. ( B) 26. ( B) 27. < B) 28. ( A ) 29. (A ) 30. ( B )
31. ( B) 32. (C) 33. ( A ) 34. ( A ) 35. (C ) 36. (A)
37. ( D) 38. (C) 39. < D ) 40. ( A ) 41. ( D ) 42. ( B )
43. ( C) 44. ( C ) 45. < C ) 46. ( B) 47. (C ) 48. (A)

Hints to Multiple Choice Questions I

l. 0= -
r
0= 2
vt
D
s = vt and r =
—
2

mv
6. Ffp - r
2
Multiplying and dividing the equation by mr , we get,
1 5
mv r
Ftp =
mr
L1
» * FCP - mr 3 v m * ( v L = mvr )

9. Vnn» /5 rg
i

4$ yps - S js ’ v # m ( since, vmin = fH )

—
Ti TH = 6 mg ~ 6 x 1 x ] 0 = 60 N
17. K=
£
Using theorem of parallel axes,
I = U + Mlv>
2
Mr2 + Mir
5
1 \
M — r + h-
Zr } )
'

5
* K r=
M

* -
I r1 - + h2
5

t m h = -r
5

h=
! = >/06 r

36. E = 1 I or
2
2 E = ( Ico )o)
2E
>

(0
=L

M
38 . Linear density P = ~

#
* M = pL
Wire of length L is bent into a coil of radius R
R= L
2 ir
M . l . of coil through any tangent in the plane of the coil
3
2
MR2 = T(PL ) X T~ = TIT
2 2n
( V
2
40. I= MR
= 0.25 x 0.5
= 0.0625 kgm2
42. Io Ic

—
H L/4 L4 L/ 2

From parallel axis theorem,

2
LV ML: ML: 7 ML:
I0 = Ic + Mh 2 = ML
12
+M
4 J 12 16 48

45. K.E , = K . E2
I l
—2 I ,«ir = —2 mv 2
5 x 36 20 v 2
2 2
90 = 10 v2
* v = 3 m/s

46. Case I:!MR 2 = MKf

2
R2
* KI =
2
Case II: -4 MR ‘
= MK;

jM{2K? ) = MK ;
5x
K; =- K; = - 2.5 = 2.5 x 2.5
K>
- 2
2,5 m
2

K2
48. For hollow cylinder’ 2
R
=1
K.2 , l + K1
m «

R R2
# 1 : 1 :2
 Competitive Corner

l . The radius of gyration of a uniform rod of length /, about an axis passing

it, is:
—
through a point away from the centre of the rod, and perpendicular to
4
|JEE (Main ) 2020)
(A) -8 / < B) &•
(C)
Hint: I0 = C + Mh 2
I' ( D) -4 /
i

Mi2 I
+m
12 4
Ml Mr
'

+
12 16
7 M /:
h=
~_
48

But K =
n i7 M/
j

VM y 48 M
K= &
2. A thin circular plate of mass M and radius R has its density varying as
p( r ) = p(l r with po as constant and r is the distance from its center. The
moment of Inertia of the circular plate about an axis perpendicular to the
plate and passing through its edge is I = aMR 2. The value of the
coefficient a is: [JEE (Main ) 2019 ]
(A , I (B) I
IT

( C)
ft
I
•a?
(O) 3
2

Hint: M = Jp0 r x ( 2:trdr )

A

2 rcp0R i .

fe v M=
3
R

Ic = JPo '- x ( 2 jrrdr ) x r2

0
 2 m,R '
Ic - 5
By parallel axis theorem,
I = It + MR2
p > 2 )iR5 p„ x 2 nR x 2
« 1= (
+ R
5 3

= pt(27iRs - + - ^ [ 3;
Iftnp^ R *
15
8 2 -' ) R 2 =
« 1= “
5 *P0 R
U | MR2
_
a= 8 ( v I = aMR 2 )
-5
3. A particle starting from rest
_ , moves in a circle of radius * r \ It attains a
±|

velocity of Vo m/s in the n round. Its angular acceleration will be,

( NEET (Odisha ) 2019)
(A) ——
v:
4 imr
rad/s
->
" ( B)
^ rad/s:

V2
rad s2 v%*
(C)
2 jmr *
T ( D)
4nnr
- rad/s 2

Hint: V 2 = u 2 + 2 a s
V = Vo, u = 0, a = a, = ar, s = ( 2itr )n
m « V,,2 = 0 + 2( ra ) ( 2rrr ) n

m a= rad/s2
4 imr "

4. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 50 cm rolls up an inclined

plane of angle of inclination 30°. The centre of mass of the cylinder has
speed of 4 m/s. The distance travelled by the cylinder on the inclined
surface will be,
[take g = 10 m/s2 ] |NEET (Odisha) 2019|
( A ) 2.4 m ( B ) 2.2 m
(C ) 1.6 m ( D > 1.2 m
 h

I
2 gh
v=
K:
1+
R1
2 x 10 x h K2 \
4 42 = v For solid cylinders —- = —
R 2
1 +-
2
2 x 10 x h = 16 x -3
2
# h = 24
20
= 1.2 m
Now, sin 0 = -
x
* sin 30° = 1.2
X
L2
* X =
1/ 2
= 2.4 m

5. A block of mass 10 kg is in contact against the inner wall of a hollow

cylindrical drum of radius 1 m. The coefficient of friction between the
.
block and the inner wall of the cylinder is 0.1 The minimum angular
velocity needed for the cylinder to keep the block stationary when the
cylinder is vertical and rotating about its axis, will be (g = I 0m/s )
‘

|NEET ( UG ) 2019)
( A ) 10 rad /s ( B ) 10 7i rad/s
10
(C) rad/s ( D) rad/s
2 rt
Hint:

1
N mrw:

For equilibrium of the block, F > mg

* * pN > nig
|i ( mrar ) > mg ( v N = mr© 2 )
:>
# .
s © fin
* *

# * © mrn
"= 1
0. x
10
= 10 rad's

6. The angular separation between the minute hand and the hour hand of a
clock at 12:20 pm is |MHT CET 2019|
( A ) 120° ( B) 90°
(C) 110° ( D) 100°
Hint: Degree moved by hour hand,
for 1 revolution = 360°
360°
for 1 hour = = 30°
12
30
for 1 min = = 0.5°
60
# » for 20 mins = 20 x 0.5° = 10°
Hence, at 12.20 pm
Angular seperation - 120° - 10° = 110°

7. A ballet dancer spins about vertical axis at 1.5 n rad s with arms
outstretched. With the arms folded, the moment on inertia about the
same axis of rotation changes by 25%. The new frequency of rotation is
IMHTCET 2019J
( A ) 100 rpm ( B) 60 rpm
(C ) 150 rpm ( D) 120 rpm
Hint: According to law of conserv ation of angular momentum, I|«> i = I2co2
/
I, 0
251 1
( | = I, - CO ?
100
» * 11 <01 0* 75 I|6>2
-

l ,w,
* 0>2 =
0.751i
1.5JT
0.75
* « * 4 (Given: W] = 1.5 it )
= 2TC
2JI 2 JI
But f = = 1 rps
(0 2n
In rpm; f = 60 rpm

8. When ‘W’ joule of work is done on a flywheel, its frequency o : rotation

increases from ‘iq’ Hz to ‘ m’ Hz. The MX of the flywheel about its axis
of rotation is given by |MHT CET 2019|
( A)
w ( B)
w
2":( n / - n ! ) . 4 JI|
3
O 22 + n n
(C )
w (B>
w
4 r ( n;: - n ,; ) 2 JT ( n 3: + n ,: )

Hint: Work done; W = r0

W = 1GL0 M *
•,( v T = la )

« 1=
w
aO
W v (I)T = to; + 2a0 '
1=
a0 = 2a; ( n; - n )
t i l l

9. A uniform cylinder has length ‘1/ and radius lR \ The moment of inertia
of the cylinder about an axis passing through its centre and
perpendicular to its length is equal to moment of inertia of the same
cylinder about an axis passing t! rough its centre and perpendicular to its
circular face. The relation between ‘L’ and ‘R ‘ is ( MHT CET 2019]
( A ) L = 3R ( B) L = 2 R
(C ) L - R y/ 2 ( D) L = R >/3
Hint: According to the given condition,
MR ’ 'V tn
2
= M 4 + 12 j
_ R/ _
V

R/
2 4 12
i
R’
*
4 12
12 R:
»
* L2 =
4
2
= 3 R
T 4r L = >/3 R
Time: 1 Hour 3ft Min TOPIC TEST Total Marks: 25

SECTION A

Q. l . Select and write the correct answer: |04J

i. The difference in tensions in the string at lowest and highest points in

the path of the particle of mass ‘m’ performing vertical circular motion
is
(A ) 2 mg ( B) 4 mg
( C) 6 mg ( D) 8 mg

II . A particle of mass m performs vertical motion in a circle of radius r. Its

potential energy at the highest point is .
( g is acceleration due to gravity )
( A ) 2 mgr ( B) mgr
(C) 0 ( D) 3 mgr

iii. A fly wheel rotating about a fixed axis has a kinetic energy of 360 J
when its angular speed is 30 rad s 1. What is the moment of inertia?
’
.
( A ) 0.4 kg m2 ( B) 0.6 kg nr
( C ) 0.8 kg m: ( D ) 1.0 kg m2

iv. A wheel of mass 10 kg has a moment of inertia of 160 kg nr about its

own axis The radius of gyration will be
( A ) 10 m ( B ) 8 in
(C ) 6 m ( D) 4 m

Q.2. Answer the following: |03]

I. About which axis would a uniform cube have its minimum moment of
inertia?

it . State right hand thumb rule to find the direction of angular

displacement.
m *
in . A car of mass 1500 kg rounds a curve of radius 250 m at 90 km/hour.
Calculate the centripetal force acting on it.
 SECTION B

Attempt any Four: (08]

Q.3. A racing car completes 5 rounds o a circular track in 2 minutes. Find

the radius of the track if the car has uniform centripetal acceleration of
JT m/s\
Q.4. Distinguish between centripetal force and centrifugal force.

Q.5. State the following terms:

i. Simple pendulum it. Conical pendulum

Q.6. A flat curve on a highway has a radius of curvature 200 m. A car goes
around a curve at a speed of 32 m/s. What is the minimum value of
coefficient of friction that will prevent the car from sliding?
( g = 9.8 m/ s3)

Q.7. Draw a diagram to represent conical pendulum in a non-inertial frame of

reference and state the equation of centrifugal force on the bob.

0.8. What is meant by mass tied to a rod? How is it different from mass tied
to a string?

SECTION C

Attempt any Two: |06|

Q.9. Explain the expression for upper limit on the speed when vehicle is at
the top of a convex overbridge.

Q.10. Derive an expression for kinetic energy of a rotating body.

Q. l 1. A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed
.
100 rad s The radius of the cylinder is 0.25 m. What is the kinetic
energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the
magnitude of angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
 SECTION D

Attempt any One: 1041

Q.12 . State and prove theorem of parallel axes about moment of inertia.

Q.13. i. What will be the duration of the day, if the earth suddenly shrinks
to 1 /27 of its original volume, mass remaining unchanged ?
N. Prove the principle of conservation of angular momentum

Answers
> SECTION A

Q. l .
*
i . (C) 6 mg /7 MarkJ
n
i »
. (A ) 2 mgr /7 Mark }
P.E. = mgh
At highest point, h = 2r
* P.E. = 2 mgr

0.8 kg m:
ft ft ft

in. ( C) /7 Mark,(
iv. ( D) 4m /7 Markj
Q.2.
I. The moment of inertia of a uniform cube is minimum about the
axis which passes through its centre of mass and is perpendicular
to opposite faces. /7 Markj
u. Right hand thumb rule:
imagine the axis of rotation to be held in right hand with the
fingers curled around it and thumb out'Stretched. If the curled
fingers give the direction of motion of a particle performing
-
circular motion then the direction of out strctched thumb gives the
direction of angular displacement vector. /7 Markj
 :
m. Centripetal force, FCp =
mv: _ I 500 x ( 25 )
r 250
= 3750 N / 1 Mark/

SECTION B

Attempt any Four

..
Q 3 Solution:
Given: 5 rounds = 27tr( 5 ), t = 2 minutes = 120 s
To find: Radius (r)
Formula: Step = (i)T

Calculation: From formula,

:
zk-p = w r
2 V"
# 4 7l = r
2 jir ( 5 ) _ lOTtr
But v =
t i

2 loorr
7I =
rt 3
120 x 120
* 4 r=
100
= 144 m
Ans: The radius of the track is 144 m.
/ 2 Marks/
.
Q 4.
Sr No. Centripetal force Centrifugal force
.
l Centripetal force is directed Centrifugal force is directed
along the radius towards the along the radius away from
centre of a circle. the centre of a circle.
n. It is a real force. It is a pseudo force.
i

in
M

. It is considered in inertial It is considered in non inertial -

frame of reference. frame of reference.
IV . In vector form, it is given by In vector form, it is given by
mv 3 , mv 3 .
F = - F =+ to
r r
with usual notations. with usual notations.
/ 2 Marks/
 .
Q 5. i. If a tiny mass ( assumed to be a point object and called a bob)
connected to a long, flexible, massless, in extensible string, and
suspended to a rigid support is made to oscillate in a single
vertical plane, it is said to be a simple pendulum ,
n. *

A tiny mass (assumed to be a point object and called a bob)

J

connected to a long, flexible, massless, inextensible string, and

suspended to a rigid support revolves in such a way that the string
moves along the surface of a right circular cone of vertical axis
and the point object performs a uniform horizontal circular
motion. Such a system is called a conical pendulum.
/ 2 Marks/
Q.6. Solution:
Given: v = 32 m/s, r = 200 m, g = 9.8 m/s '

To find: Coefficient of friction ( p )

v:
Formula:
rS
Calculation: From formula,

Ans:
H=
321
200 x 9.8 - 0.52
he value of coefficient of friction between tyre and ground is
0.52.
/ 2 Marks/
..
Q7
A I A

To T0 cosO
C
T() sinO —
mg
B
*
:
mrco

In a non- inertial frame

In the frame of reference attached to the bob, the centrifugal force
should balance the resultant of all the real forces ( centripetal force ) for
the bob to be at rest.
 Equation for centrifugal force:
ft ft
To sin© = mre)2 - ( in magnitude )
* ft

[2 Marks!

Q.8. i . A bob ( point mass ) tied to a ( practically massless and rigid ) rod
and whirled along a vertical circle.
11. The basic difference between the rod and the string is that the
string needs some tension at all the points, including the
uppermost point and mass tied to a rod doesn’t need tension at any
point.
f 2 Marks}

SEC HON (
*
Attempt any Two

Q 9 i. .. Consider a vehicle at the top of a convex over bridge as shown in

the figure.
N

14
convex overbridge

mg *
R

n. During its motion ( part of vertical circular motion ), forces acting

on the vehicle are
a. weight ( mg )
b. normal reaction force ( N ), both along the vertical line
( topmost position ).
4 i m

III * The resultant of these two must provide the necessary centripetal
force ( vertically downwards) if the vehicle is at the uppermost
position.
 mv *

iv . Thus, if v is the speed at the uppermost point , mg - N =

r
v. As the speed is increased, N goes on decreasing. Normal reaction
is an indication of contact.
vi . Thus, for just maintaining contact , N = 0. This imposes an upper
limit on the speed as, vTtm = ' fix
/3 Marksf

Q. 10. i . Consider a rigid object (0

rotating with a constant

angular speed to about an
axis perpendicular to the m2
plane of paper. r2 r*
ii . For theoretical mN
simplification , let us n mi
consider the object to be
consisting of N particles of
masses ml m 2,5 mN at A body of N particles
respective perpendicular
distances n , r2 rN from the axis of rotation .
i «•

in . As the object rotates, all these particles perform UCM with the
same angular speed to, but with different linear speeds Vi = r|0), v 2
= r2to ,vN = rNco
iv . Translational K. E . of the first particle is,
i
—
( K.E.) t - m , vf = m , r,2 toJ
-

Similar will be the case of all the other particles.

v. Rotational K . E. of the object , is the sum of individual translational
kinetic energies.
Thus, Rotational K . E. = - m , i;:toi +- m ,r/ it>\ ... + -mvr,W
2 2 2
Rotational K . E. - —I ( m,
^
2
+ m ,r l i l t
sy
+ mNr,
N
But 1 = Vm 1
= mlrlI + m ,rf
i-I ^ t ** *

1
* Rotational K . E. = — lm2
2
/3 Marks/
Q. l 1 . Solution:
Given: M = 20 kg, o) = 100 rad s R = 0.25 m
To find: Rotational K.E ( K .EnA Angular momentum ( L )
Formulae: t. K.E*, = Io>: -
2
n.
4

L Ico -
Calculation: Since M.I for a cylinder, I = - MR:
2
From formula (i ),
K .Enot ——
2
x
2
MR 2X o>: = —
4
x 20 x ( 0.25 )2 x (100)2

* * [Link] = 3125 J
From formula (ii ),
L = (0.625) x 100
v L = 62.5 kg m1 s 1 -
Ans: i. The kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the
cylinder is 3125 J.
u. The magnitude of angular momentum of the cylinder about
its axis is 62.5 kg s~ \

fS Marks j

SECTION D

Attempt any One

Q. I 2, Statement: The moment of inertia ( 10 ) of an object about any axis is the

sum of its moment of inertia ( le ) about an axis parallel to the given axis,
and passing through the centre of mass and the product of the mass of
the object and the square of the distance between the two axes.
Mathematically, I„ = lc + Mh“
Proof:
i. Consider an object of mass M, Axis MOP is any axis passing
through point O,
u. Axis ACB is passing through the centre of mass C of the object,
parallel to the axis MOP, and at a distance h from it ( .*. h = CO).
 Theorem of parallel axes

Consider a mass element ‘dm’ located at point I). Perpendicular

« 4 i

ML
on OC ( produced ) from point D is DN,
IV . Moment of inertia of the object about the axis ACB is lc = f ( DC ) 5

:
dm, and about the axis MOP it is 1«, = f ( DO ) dm.
* = DO
!
J
Ic ( ) dm = J[ :
( DN ) + ( NO) :
ldm
= jT( DN f + ( NC ) + 2 N C C O + (CO)Jldm
’

= j[( DC) + 2NC - h + h ldm

2 2

* * ( using Pythagoras theorem in ADNC )

f ( DC dm + 2 hfNC - dm + h [dm
* "

Now, f ( DC dm = lc and ( dm = M
v. NC is the distance of a point from the centre of mass. Any mass
distribution is symmetric about the centre of mass. Thus, from the
definition of the centre of mass, f NC dm = 0 *

I, = lt + Mh 2
This is the mathematical form of the theorem of parallel axes.
{ 4 Marks/

Q. B. i. According to law of conservation of momentum, l|W ) = I2W2

2n 2 2x
-5 MR ?1 x = -5 MR; x T;
.

T, {R
* 4 (i)
TI LR I /
 Let V ] be the original volume of the earth and V > be the reduced
volume of the earth.
* * V2 = Vi
27
* * -3 n R i 5 I 4
27 3 (
TCR 1 .
R, I
r
*
R
V. " I / 27
I
R 1 V
i +

R1 27 )
R, 1
+

R1 3
From equation ( i ),

T2 =
R,
lR 1 /
T2 = 2.7 hours
\J
x T, =
UJ
1
x 24 =
—
9
x 24 = 8 hours
-3
Hence, the duration of the day would change to 2.7 hours.
/2 Marks}
Proof:
m m
11.
a. Angular momentum or the moment of linear momentum of a
system is given by
L= rxp
where r is the position vector from the axis of rotation and p is
the linear momentum.
b. Differentiating with respect to time, we get,
dL
dt
df
dt
- -=
rxp I
* x dp d r x
r
dt ——
+
dt
p
—
dr dp
c. Now,
dt
= v and
dt
= F

dL
* * rxF+ m vxv
dt

Now v * v = 0
 dL
= rxF
dt
d. But r x F is the moment of force or torque T .
dL
x
dt
dL
Thus, if i = 0, dt
= 0 or L = constant.
Hence, angular momentum L is conserved in the absence of
4

external unbalanced torque r .

c. This is the principle of conservation of angular momentum,
analogous to the conservation of linear momentum.
{2 Marks!