Introduction to Linux

Administration & Programming Intel, Hillsboro, OR Jan 18 2012

Content

Linux Kernel GNU tools Commercial tools Languages & Portability Assembly and C

Linux C++ Make, build, install Perl, Python, PHP GUI frameworks

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Linux Programming

Ada C, C++, C# Java Haskell LUA Pascal

Python Perl PHP Ruby Tcl/Tk Vala

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Group Discussion
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

Programming, Art or Science? Interpreted vs Compiled Languages Compiler Machines Web Programming Mobile Programming

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Extreme Programming

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Target Software Environment

Same computer Local or remote server Embedded system Mobile systems Web platform DB platform

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Software Projects

System:
Kernel or driver modules Server (web, file, email)

Applications

Local

Tools or Utilities
Installer Compiler

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Distribution

Target Audience
Internal Use CD Download from Web site

Frequency
One time Progressive Releases

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Case Study

Build a software module that:

Processes data from USB port Communicates via log or email Bundled with a hardware component

What language and distribution would you use?

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Daemons

Network services are implemented by daemons

Listen on a particular network port

Usually defined in the services file

Run in the background Have no controlling terminal Use the system log to report any messages Often run from the boot scripts

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C++

C++ is one of the most popular programming languages in the world!

statically typed free-form multi-paradigm Compiled

#include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello, world!\n"; }

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C++ History

Began as enhancements to C,
adding classes virtual functions operator overloading multiple inheritance templates exception handling

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C++ Uses

Highly Portable!
Most Hardware Support Most Commercial Tools Most Applications

Linux Kernel!

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[Link]

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Linux Architecture

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Kernel Subsystems

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Architecture Layer Details

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Android Architecture

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Kernel Compiling Steps

Compiling step Configure kernel features make Install steps sudo make install sudo make modules_install

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Kernel configuration
Defines what features to include in the kernel: Stored in the .config file at the root of kernel sources. Most useful commands to create this config file: make [xconfig | gconfig | menuconfig | oldconfig] To modify a kernel in a GNU/Linux distribution: config files usually released in /boot/, together with kernel images: /boot/config-2.6.17-11-generic The configuration file can also be found in the kernel itself: > zcat /proc/[Link] (if enabled in General Setup -> Kernel .config support)

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make xconfig

The graphical interface to configure the Linux kernel

Make sure you read help -> introduction: useful options!

Includes a File browser: easier to load configuration files New search interface to look for parameters

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make xconfig example

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make xconfig search interface

Looks for a keyword in the description string

Allows to select or unselect found parameters.

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Kernel configuration options

Compiled as a module (separate file) CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=m

Compiled statically into the kernel CONFIG_UDF_FS=y

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Corresponding .config excerpt

# # CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems # CONFIG_ISO9660_FS=m CONFIG_JOLIET=y CONFIG_ZISOFS=y CONFIG_UDF_FS=y CONFIG_UDF_NLS=y # # DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems # # CONFIG_MSDOS_FS is not set # CONFIG_VFAT_FS is not set CONFIG_NTFS_FS=m # CONFIG_NTFS_DEBUG is not set CONFIG_NTFS_RW=y

Section name

All parameters are prefixed with CONFIG_

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make menuconfig
make menuconfig Useful when no graphics are available. Pretty convenient too! Same interface found in other tools: BusyBox, buildroot...

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Undoing configuration changes

A frequent problem: After changing several kernel configuration settings, your kernel no longer works. If you don't remember all the changes you made, you can get back to your previous configuration: > cp .[Link] .config All the configuration interfaces of the kernel (xconfig, menuconfig, allnoconfig...) keep this .[Link] backup copy.

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Customizing the version string

To identify your kernel image with others built from the same sources (but a different configuration), use the LOCALVERSION setting (in General Setup) Example: # # General setup # CONFIG_LOCALVERSION="-acme1" The uname -r command (in the running system) will return: 2.6.20-acme1

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Kernel Compiling Steps

Compiling step Configure kernel features make Install steps sudo make install sudo make modules_install

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Compiling Tips

Compiling faster on multiprocessor hosts

make -j <n> Runs several targets in parallel Use it by adding a ccache prefix to the CC and HOSTCC definitions in Makefile CC = ccache $(CROSS_COMPILE)gcc HOSTCC = ccache gcc

Ccache (Compiler cache for C and C++)

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More compiling tips

View the full (gcc, ld...) command line: make V=1 Clean-up generated files (to force re-compiling drivers): make clean Remove all generated files Caution: also removes your .config file! make mrproper Also remove editor backup & patch reject files: make distclean

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Generated files
What gets created when you run the make command

vmlinux Raw Linux kernel image, non compressed. arch/<arch>/boot/zImage (default image on arm) zlib compressed kernel image arch/<arch>/boot/bzImage (default image on i386) Also a zlib compressed kernel image. Caution: bz means big zipped but not bzip2 compressed!

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Files created by make install

/boot/vmlinuz-<version> Compressed kernel image. Same as the one in arch/<arch>/boot /boot/[Link]-<version> Stores kernel symbol addresses /boot/config-<version> Kernel configuration for this version

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Files by make modules_install (1)

/lib/modules/<version>/: Kernel modules + extras build/ Everything needed to build more modules for this kernel: Makefile, .config file, module symbol information ([Link]), kernel headers (include/ and include/asm/) kernel/ Module .ko (Kernel Object) files, in the same directory structure as in the sources.

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Files by make modules_install (2)

/lib/modules/<version>/ (continued) [Link] Module aliases for module loading utilities. Example line: alias sound-service-?-0 snd_mixer_oss [Link] Module dependencies

[Link] Tells which module a given symbol belongs to.

All the files in this directory are text files. Don't hesitate to have a look by yourself!
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Compiling the kernel in a nutshell

make xconfig make sudo make install sudo make modules_install

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Kernel and Device Drivers

In order to talk to the kernel, the driver registers with subsystems to respond to events Some Examples of Events:

Opening a file A page fault Plugging a new USB device

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Linux Architecture
Applications,

GNU tools,
Shells

User
System Call Interface VFS
Net Sockets TCP/IP driver
IDE, SCSI Floppy driver

Mem Mgr

Proc Mgr

Kernel

NIC driver

HD

FD
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NIC

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User Interface of a Device driver

Since Linux follows the UNIX model, and in UNIX everything is a file, users talk with device drivers through device files Device files are a mechanism, supplied by the kernel, precisely for this direct User-Driver interface. Koolchar is a character device, & thus the user talks to it through a character device file The other common kind of device file is a block device file

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NET Subsystem

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GNU Tools

Make
AutoMake AutoConf

Gcc, the GNU Compiler for:

C, C++, Fortran, Java, Ada, Go [Link]

Libtool
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GNU Architectures
Alpha ARM Atmel AVR Blackfin PA-RISC PDP-11 PowerPC R8C/M16C/M32C

H8/300 HC12 IA-32 (x86)

IA-64 MIPS Motorola 68000

SPARC SPU SuperH

System/390/zSeries VAX x86-64

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A Simple Makefile

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A Not-So-Simple Makefile

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Hello World in C

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Hello World
vi `hello.c #include <stdio.h> main() { printf("Hello world!\n"); } `[Link] bin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello.c

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Building Hello World

% ./configure
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c checking whether build environment is sane... Yes checking for gcc... gcc

% make
source='hello.c' object='hello.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/[Link]' tmpdepfile='.deps/[Link]' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ./depcomp \ gcc -g -O2 -o hello hello.o
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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 1

Sample C program and GCC use

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Commercial Tools

IBM

Ada, Rational, COBOL

Intel
C++ Compiler Professional for Linux Intel Parallel Studio XE

Zend

[Link]
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What are you going to build today?

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Powerful Software!

Content Management System

[Link] [Link] [Link]

Client Relationship Management

SugarCRM [Link]
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Learning Management System

Source Forge [Link]

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Platforms

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Early Web Days

2 Tiers:
Web Logic

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Scripting
Perl Python PHP

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Perl

General-purpose, interpreted, dynamic language

Developed by Larry Wall [a linguist working as a systems administrator for NASA] in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier

Popularity in 1990s as a CGI scripting language

The "duct tape that holds the Internet together"

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Perl Code
#!/usr/local/bin/perl ## ## printenvdemo CGI program which just prints its environment ## # print "Content-type: text/plain\n\n"; foreach $var (sort(keys(%ENV))) { $val = $ENV{$var}; #!/usr/local/bin/perl $val =~ s|\n|\\n|g; print "Hi there!\n"; $val =~ s|"|\\"|g; print "${var}=\"${val}\"\n"; }

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Perl Evaluation

Multiplatform
Open Source Free to use

Early start,

Extensive library!

Complex syntax Not the best performance

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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 2

Sample Perl program and use

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Python
General-purpose, high-level programming language which emphasizes code readability It claims to combine "remarkable power with very clear syntax with fun Red Hat installer is written in Python!

Its called Anaconda!

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Python Code
print 'Hello, world! name = raw_input('What is your name?\n') print 'Hi, %s.' % (name) my_list = ['john', 'pat', 'gary', 'michael'] for i, name in enumerate(my_list): print "iteration %i is %s" % (i, name)

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Python Evaluation
Multiplatform Open Source Free to use VERY popular

Complex test environment

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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 3

Sample Python program and use

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PHP

Server-side scripting language originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages

Competes with Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP)

PHP can be deployed on most web servers and almost every OS free of charge! Its embedded into an HTML source document, rather than calling an external file to process data

It can directly retrieve or update a database!

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PHP Code
class Person { public $firstName; public $lastName; public function __construct($firstName, $lastName = '') { //Optional parameter $this->firstName = $firstName; $this->lastName = $lastName; public function greet() { return "Hello, my name is " . $this->firstName . " " . $this->lastName . "."; } public static function staticGreet($firstName, $lastName) { return "Hello, my name is " . $firstName . " " . $lastName . "."; } }

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PHP code results

$he = new Person('John', 'Smith'); $she = new Person('Sally', 'Davis'); $other = new Person('Joe'); echo $he->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is John Smith." echo '<br />'; echo $she->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is Sally Davis." echo '<br />'; echo $other->greet(); // prints "Hello, my name is Joe ." echo '<br />'; echo Person::staticGreet('Jane', 'Doe'); // prints "Hello, my name is Jane Doe."

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PHP Evaluation
Multiplatform Open Source Free to use VERY popular Extensive libraries!

Complex test environment

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Software Building

Hands-on Lab 4

Sample PHP program and use

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Integrated Development Environments

Anjuta 3.2.2, GNOME based CodeLite 3.5.5375 cross platform Eclipse 3.7.1 cross platform Kdevelop 4.2.3 KDE based cross platform NetBeans 7.1 cross platform

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Summary

Linux Kernel GNU tools Commercial tools Languages & Portability Assembly and C

Linux C++ Make, build, install Perl, Python, PHP GUI frameworks

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