HISTORY For more exercises see the Practice App.

1. The Medieval World interaction between North and South

India, and between the Hindus and the
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES Muslims. Such cultural exchanges paved
A GAME the way for a culture which was above
regional and caste
Ask the learners to solve the following 2. The arrival of Muslims led to the growth
riddles. (Note: These riddles are based on of a mixed culture. There was an
the observations of travellers such as Marco increased
Polo, Al-Beruni and Nicolo Conti)
1. ‘It is as tall as a huge building, with no
branches and leaves at the top. Its fruits
are as big as a human head.’ Which tree is
being referred to in the above sentences?
A. Coconut tree; The description was
given by Marco Polo when he saw the
coconut tree for the first time on his visit
to India.
2. ‘When the sun marches in Libra it is called
Dibali. Then people bathe, dress festively,
they ride to the temples to give alms and
play merrily with each other till noon. In
the night they light a great number of
lamps in every place so that the air is
perfectly clear.’ Which festival is being
described in the above sentences?
A. Diwali; Al-Beruni describes the
festival of Diwali as was celebrated in
medieval India.
3. ‘There is here also an animal which has a
head resembling that of a pig, a tail like
that of an ox, and on his forehead is a
horn similar to that of the unicorn, but
shorter . . . it resembles the elephant in
size and colour. Which animal is being
described in the above sentences?
A. Rhinoceros; Nicolo Conti’s description
of the Indian Rhinoceros, when he saw the
animal for the first time in India.
CREATIVE WRITING
Ask the learners to imagine themselves as
travellers who have visited Japan for the first
time. Ask them to write their observations
about the food found in that country. They can
look up the following sites
for help.
◆
[Link]
◆
[Link]

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

A. 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. d
B. 1. e 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. c
C. 1. The eighth century marked the
beginning of the medieval period.
It is because the eighth century saw
the beginning of major changes in the
social, economic, political, religious
and cultural spheres.
 differences. This was the ‘Indian’
culture that emerged in medieval
India.
3. Coins are important for the study of
the medieval period because they
give us dates of important political
events. Inscriptions,
on the other hand, record
proclamations by kings and gifts to
learned men and temples.
4. Chandbardai wrote Prithviraj-Raso.
Prithviraj-Raso describes the life and
adventures of Prithiviraj Chauhan, the
famous Chauhan ruler.
D. 1. The way we understand Hindustan
today is very different from how it
was understood in the medieval
period. According to some medieval
scholars, Hindustan stood for
the territories that were a part of the
Delhi Sultanate. Babur, the founder of
the Mughal Empire, used the term
‘Hindustan’ to describe the
geography and flora and fauna of the
subcontinent.
2. The major historical developments
during the medieval period in India
were as follows.
◆
The advent of the Muslims and the
birth of an ‘Indian’ culture.
◆
Many centuries of political stability
that led to increased trade and the
development of towns and cities.
◆
A greater interaction between
India and the rest of the world.
◆
The spread of Islam.
◆
The growing popularity of the
Bhakti and Sufi movements.
3. Some important chronicles of the
medieval period are as follows.
◆
Rajatarangini by Kalhana. It tells us

Companion 7
Integrated Social Science
about the history of the kings of
Kashmir.
◆
Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi by Zia-ud-din
Barani. It informs us about the
history of the Delhi Sultans till
the reign of Firoz Shah Tughluq.
◆
Tarikh-i Ferishta by Ferishta. It tells
us about the history of the Delhi
Sultans, from the time of the Turks
till the seventeenth century.
◆
Khazain-ul Futuh and Tughluqnama
by Amir Khusrau. They inform us
about the reign of the Khaljis
and the Tughluqs.
4. Travelogues are an important
literary source. They were written by
foreign travellers who
 visited India. The travelogues give us of Ghazni. However, the Ghaznavid
a lot of information about the places Empire became very weak after Mahmud
the travellers visited and the people of Ghazni’s death. Muhammad Ghori took
they met. This has helped historians to advantage of this and made Ghor
reconstruct the life of the people of independent. He also annexed all
those times. For example, Abdur Ghaznavid territories.
Razzaq has written in detail on court
life in the Vijayanagar Empire. Similarly,
the travelogue of Ibn Batuta gives very
vivid
details about the geography of the then
India.
5. Our information about the medieval
period is much more than the ancient
period because the sources are more
abundant for the medieval period. There
is no dearth of books and monuments
for the medieval period.

2. The Regional Kingdoms—1

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
CLASS QUIZ
Conduct a quiz in class. Read out the
keywords and let the learners name the
dynasties.
1. Chahamanas, Prithviraj Chauhan,
Rajasthan
A. Chauhan
2. Dantidurga, Malkhed, Kailasa Temple
A. Rashtrakuta
3. Kalyani, Vikramanka, Badami
A. Chalukya
4. Marco Polo, Madurai
A. Pandya
5. Parantaka I, Tanjore, Brihadesvara Temple
A. Chola

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

A. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. d
B. 1. Chandella 3. Gopala 5. ur
2. Tarain 4. Pallava
C. 1. The Rajputs explained their origin by
claiming to be descendants of the
kshatriyas of
Vedic times. Some Rajput clans claimed
to be surya-vanshis or belonging to
the sun family; while some claimed to
Integrated Social Science

be chandra- vanshis or belonging to the

moon family. Still others believed that
they were born out of a sacrificial fire
and thus, belonged to the agni- kula or
the fire family.
Companion 7

2. Mahmud of Ghazni had captured Ghor, a

small kingdom in present-day
Afghanistan. The ruler of Ghor had
become the vassal of Mahmud
 3. The Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas and mandalam was further divided into
the Rashtrakutas were engaged in a many valanadus. Each valanadu
tripartite struggle to capture Kanauj. comprised several villages. The village
The tripartite struggle to capture Kanauj was called nadu or kurram. It was the
was because it was the most lowest unit of administration. Towns
important city in the then North India.
Further, Kanauj was strategically
located. Control over Kanauj
meant controlling the rich resources,
such as minerals, agriculture and trade,
of the entire Ganga valley.
4. The famous Kailasa Temple at Ellora
and the rock-cut caves at Elephanta
were carved during the reign of the
Rashtrakutas. The
rulers also encouraged the growth of
regional languages, especially Kannada.
Thus, we know that the Rashtrakutras
were patrons of arts, architecture and
literature.
5. The Cholas excelled at sculpting
images of gods and goddesses. These
images were either of stone or bronze.
The bronze image of Lord Shiva as
Nataraja—Lord of Dance— is one of the
finest specimens of Chola art.
D. 1. In 1191, Prithviraj Chauhan defeated
Muhammad Ghori. However, he did
not chase him out of Punjab. This gave
Muhammad Ghori an opportunity to
regroup his forces. In 1192, the armies
of Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj
Chauhan met again. Muhammad’s army
was better prepared. Prithviraj sought
help from the neighbouring kings. Some
Rajput rulers came to his help, but Raja
Jaichandra of Kanauj, the most powerful
Rajput ruler, did not come to his help.
Prithviraj was defeated and captured.
His territories were occupied. This
victory provided Muhammad Ghori the
platform to carve an empire in India.
2. Rajaraja Chola defeated the Pandyas
and the Cheras. His naval fleet
captured parts of Ceylon and the
Maldive Islands. Rajendra Chola made
the empire even more powerful. He
defeated the Cheras, the Chalukyas
and the Palas. He clashed with the king
of
Sri Vijaya in South-east Asia when the
Sri Vijaya king did not allow Indian ships
and Indian merchants to sail through
the Straits of Molucca. Rajendra Chola
sent his fleet and defeated the Sri Vijaya
king.
3. The Chola kingdom was divided into
provinces called mandalams, which
were looked after by governors. Each
 or nagarams like Tanjore, Puhar and ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
Kanchi were also popular. Local self- CRITICAL THINKING AND CREATIVE WRITING
government was a characteristic
Through the new market control policy, Ala-ud-din
feature of Chola administration. Villages
looked after their own affairs. Each
village had two assemblies— the ur,
which was a general assembly of
the village, and the sabha, which was a
gathering of all adult males of the
village. There were also many sub-
committees which looked after the
different affairs of the village.
4. The Rashtrakutas were the most
powerful ruling dynasty in early
medieval India. Malkhed in Maharashtra
was their capital. They fought against
the Palas, Gurjara- Pratiharas, Pallavas,
Pandyas and the Cholas. They were
patrons of arts, architecture and
literature.
The Yadavas ruled the region between
the Narmada and Godavari rivers. The
kingdom was annexed by the Khalji
rulers.
The Chalukyas were also known as
Later Chalukyas. They built many
temples at Aihole, Badami and
Pattadakal.
The Kakatiya kingdom lay between the
Godavari and Krishna rivers. The
Kakatiyas were tolerant rulers. They
patronized Sanskrit and Telugu.
The Hoysalas ruled the region
covered by present-day Karnataka.
The kingdom was annexed by the
Delhi Sultans.
5. Yes, I agree with the statement.
Muhammad Ghori decided to invade
India not just for its fabled wealth but
also to build an empire. Thus, his
conquest of Punjab and his victory
(a) in the Second Battle of Tarain
against Prithviraj Chauhan, and (b)
against Raja Jaichandra in the Battle of
Chandwar in 1194, provided Ghori the
much-needed base to carve an empire
in India. Further, before Muhammad
Ghori returned to his homeland, he
made his trusted generals in charge of
the lands he had conquered. This laid
the foundation of Delhi Sultanate in
India.
6. The statement reflects the importance
given to irrigation facilities in the Chola
kingdom. Increased and improved
irrigation facilities helped the kings to
bring new areas under cultivation.

3. The Sultanate Period

Khalji managed to control competition in capital to Daulatabad because
market and provided goods at cheaper ◆
he felt that he would be able to
rates. Divide the class into groups of four control his empire better from
and ask each group to imagine itself as Daulatabad which was centrally
shopkeepers of Sarai Adl and write a joint located.
petition to Ala-ud-din Khalji, expressing (i) ◆
Daulatabad being the centre of the
frustration at not being able to make any empire, would be safe from attacks
profit (ii) on being constantly monitored by the
by imperial officers and (iii) the
subsequent harassment they are
subjected to.
DEBATE
Organize a debate in the class on ‘This
House believes that Muhammad-bin
Tughluq’s decision to shift the capital was
not a prudent move.’ Divide the class into
two groups—one group would speak for
the motion and the other group would
speak against the motion.

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

A. 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. b
B. Invasion of Timur—4
Conquest of the forts of Chittor and
Ranthambore—2
Deposition of Raziya—1
Shift of capital to
Daulatabad—3 First Battle
of Panipat—6
Accession of Mubarak Shah Sayyid—5
C. 1. Balban 3. Timur 5. Ibrahim, Babur.
2. kharaj. 4. qazi
D. 1. Raziya Sultan was nominated by
her father, Iltutmish to become the
sultan of Delhi. She ruled Delhi
from 1236 to 1240.
The nobles were opposed to Raziya
as they did not want to take orders
from a woman. They also resented
the fact that she did not consult
them before taking decisions.
2. Sijdah and paibos or zaminbos were
the two Persian customs introduced
by Balban.
People opposed the customs introduced
by Balban because they believed
Companion 7
Integrated Social Science

that such customs should be done

only before god.
3. Dagh was the practice of branding
horses to prevent the substitution of
good horses by inferior ones.
Chehra was a full description of
each soldier.
‘Dagh’ and ‘chehra’ were
introduced by Ala-ud-din
Khalji.
4. Muhammad-bin Tughluq shifted his
 Mongols. (Accept any one of these.) royal treasury. This was a well-
5. The court of the Delhi Sultans was conceived scheme to meet the
very ceremonial. It was because of the worldwide shortage of silver. However,
following reasons. Muhammad-bin Tughluq took no steps
◆
Sijdah and paibos were performed to
before the sultan.
◆
The sultan sat on a throne built on a
raised platform. Princes, ministers,
heads of different departments,
ambassadors from foreign countries
and other officials were assigned
fixed places to stand.
◆
Scribes recorded the orders of the
sultan. (Accept any two of these.)
E. 1. The literary sources for the Sultanate
period include accounts of travellers
and court chroniclers. Both Ibn Batuta
and Marco Polo were foreign travellers
who wrote about
the conditions in India during the
period of their stay. Chroniclers like
Zia-ud-din
Barani, Shams-i Siraj Afif and Minhaj-us
Siraj have given a detailed account of
the court proceedings and the lives of
the sultans.
Archaeological sources such as coins,
inscriptions and monuments also tell us
a lot about this period.
2. Iltutmish succeeded Qutb-ud-din
Aibak. Iltutmish is called the real
founder of the Sultanate. This is
because of the following reasons.
◆
He quelled many internal rebellions.
◆
He secured the north-west
frontiers of the Sultanate against
possible Mongol invasions.
◆
He expanded the empire up to
Bengal in the east.
3. Ala-ud-din Khalji introduced the market
control policy, under which he lowered
the prices of all essential commodities,
so that he could pay low salaries to his
soldiers and maintain a large army on
limited resources.
Ala-ud-din Khalji enforced this policy by
appointing special officers who
Integrated Social Science

kept a check on the shopkeepers,

and
◆
by awarding severe punishments to
those shopkeepers who cheated the
Companion 7

people.
4. Muhammad-bin Tughluq minted coins
of brass and copper for day-to-day
use. These coins were equal in value
as the pure silver coins, and could be
exchanged for silver coins from the
 prevent the illegal minting of brass the army proceeded towards Tibet,
and copper coins. A large number of where it suffered heavy casualties.
forged coins came into circulation. The 7. To capture Khurasan, Muhammad-
treasury became empty as forged bin Tughluq raised a huge army and
coins were exchanged for silver coins. spent a
Thus this well-conceived scheme failed
due to poor execution.
5. a. Ala-ud-din Khalji is being referred to
in the above paragraph.
b. Ala-ud-din Khalji introduced stringent
measures to prevent the nobles from
conspiring and revolting against the
sultan.
c. Accept any relevant response.
6. By issuing coins in the name of the
Caliph, Muhammad-bin Tughluq sought
to legitimize his rule. He tried to
suggest that he ruled according to the
wishes of the Caliph. It also helped him
to highlight the ‘Islamic’ character of
his rule.

TIME TO DO
F. 1. Muhammad-bin Tughluq succeeded his
father in 1325.
2. Muhammad-bin Tughluq
conducted five experiments which
failed.
3. He increased the taxes in the doab
region. It was an ill-timed move as
the doab was facing a famine at that
time. While many peasants
abandoned their land, some also
revolted. The sultan had to withdraw
his orders.
4. He shifted the capital from Delhi to
Devagiri in 1327. He ordered the
entire population
of Delhi to move to Daulatabad. But
the sultan realized that it was not
feasible to keep a watch on the
northern frontiers from Daulatabad.
So he ordered a re-shift of the capital.
5. He introduced the token currency in
1327 to meet the worldwide
shortage of silver during that period.
The sultan minted coins
of copper and brass for everyday use.
These coins had the same value as
pure silver coins. However,
Muhammad-bin Tughluq failed to
prevent the illegal minting of coins.
Soon the kingdom was flooded with
forged coins. The treasury became
empty as forged coins were
exchanged for silver coins.
6. He launched the Qarachil expedition to
secure the northern frontiers of the
Sultanate. After annexing the region,
 lot of money on weapons and other and annexing
war supplies. The soldiers were also parts of his territories.
paid a year’s salary in advance. 3. Malik Sarwar was the governor of Jaunpur
However, the expedition was
withdrawn and the soldiers were
disbanded.
9. Thus it can be concluded that though
the sultan had grand plans and ideas,
all of them failed due to poor
execution.

MORE ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

for Lessons 1 – 3
◆
Mount Abu ◆ Kanchi
◆
Mathura, Kanauj ◆ Tanjore
◆
Elephanta ◆ Agra

4. The Regional Kingdoms—2

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
A GAME
Divide the class into two or three teams. The
teacher can ask the following riddles.
1. I founded the Blue City of India. I built
the Mehrangarh Fort. I am
A. Maharaja Jodha.
2. We were the feudatories of the
Kakatiyas of Warangal. We established
the kingdom of Vijayanagar. We are
A. Harihara and Bukka Rai.
3. I was the greatest ruler of the
Vijayanagar Empire. I established
trading links with the Portuguese, the
English and the Dutch. I am
A. Krishnadeva Raya.
4. I was a powerful ruler of the Bahmani
Kingdom. I am a learned man and a good
poet. I am
A. Firoz Shah Bahmani.
5. I was a Persian by birth. I managed the
affairs of the Bahmani Kingdom for 18
years. I am
A. Mahmud Gawan.

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

A. 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. d
B. 1. The latter half of the reign of the Delhi
Sultans witnessed the rise of regional
kingdoms. These regional kingdoms
were once the provinces of the
Sultanate. When the sultans became
weak, these provinces became
independent.
2. Rana Sanga was the greatest ruler of
Mewar. Rana Sanga made Mewar
stronger by defeating the ruler of Malwa
 during the reign of Firoz Shah Marwar and Mewar were the main
Tughluq. When Timur invaded India Rajput kingdoms of this period. The
in 1398, Malik Sarwar took former was ruled by the Rathor Rajputs
advantage of the politically and the latter by the Sisodia Rajputs.
chaotic situation, declared his Maharaja Jodha and Maharaja Maldeva
independence, were the powerful rulers of Marwar.
and started the Sharqi Dynasty. Rana Kumbha and Rana Sanga were the
4. Harihara and Bukka were the powerful rulers of Mewar.
feudatories of the Kakatiyas of Administrative divisions in the Vijayanagar
Warangal. They rebelled against
Muhammad-bin Tughluq and
declared their independence. They
built Vijayanagar or the City of
Victory and ruled it for nearly 41
years. A large part of South India was
under their control.
5. The Bahmani Kingdom was split
into five independent sultanates.
This was because the later Bahmani
rulers were too weak to control their
kingdom. The governors in the
provinces took advantage of this and
declared their independence.
C. 1. Zain-ul-Abidin, also known as
Budshah, was popularly called the
‘Akbar of Kashmir’.
Zain-ul-Abidin was popularly called so
because, like Akbar, he practised
religious tolerance and patronized
education and learning. He also
encouraged agriculture. He promoted
the development of new arts and
crafts.
2. Vijayanagar, under Krishnadeva
Raya, was one of the most powerful
regional kingdoms. Krishnadeva
Raya extended his control over the
whole of South India. He defeated
the Bahmani sultan and the king of
Odisha, and annexed the Raichur
Doab. Krishnadeva Raya encouraged
trade and commerce, and
agriculture. During his reign,
Vijayanagar traded with the
Portuguese, the English and the
Dutch. He constructed many tanks,
dams and canals for irrigation.
3. Both Firoz Shah Bahmani and
Mahmud Gawan were patrons of
learning. They encouraged learned
Companion 7
Integrated Social Science

men and scholars of different

languages to migrate to the Bahmani
court. Mahmud, in particular,
encouraged the growth of Urdu. He
built a madrasah at Bidar. Many
students from different parts of India
and abroad came to this madrasah to
study.
4. Rajput kingdoms of the period—
 Empire—The Vijayanagar Empire was 2. a 4. a 6. c 8. a
divided into numerous administrative
divisions. The kingdom was divided
into ‘mandalams’ or provinces. Each
mandalam had a governor as its chief
administrative officer. The
mandalams were further divided into
districts called ‘nadus’, that had
numerous sub-districts called ‘sthalas’.
Each sthala consisted of many ‘gramas’
or villages.
5. a. ‘The land has plenty of rice and
Indian- corn, grains, beans and
other kind of crops. Of the grains
there is a great quantity, because,
besides being used as food for
men, it is also used for horses . . .
and this country has also much
wheat . . .’
b. The peasants irrigated their fields
by constructing artificial lakes.
6. Sadar-i-Jahan does not exist in
our present-day government.
In our present-day government
◆
Mr Narendra Modi is wazir,
◆
Mr Arun Jaitley is amir-i-jumla, and
◆
Mrs Sushma Swaraj is wazir-i-ashraf.

5. The Great Mughals

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES
A GAME
You can play a game called ‘Magnet’ in
class. In this game, you will say the name of
any Mughal Emperor, for example Babur,
and then each child will add something to it.
For example,
Babur—Farghana—Ibrahim Lodi—First
Battle of Panipat—cavalry and efficient
artillery— Rana Sanga—Battle of Khanua
—clash with the Afghans at Ghaghara—
Babur became the
master of northern India—a brilliant
general—an accomplished poet—wrote
Tuzuk-i Baburi— succeeded by Humayun.
Once the mapping is over, the next child
will start with any Mughal Emperor, for
Integrated Social Science

instance Humayun in the above case.

RESEARCH
Ask the learners to go to the library and find
out more about the valour of Rana Pratap of
Companion 7

Mewar, who refused to accept Akbar’s

suzerainty and thus, waged a long war
against the Mughals.

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

A. 1. b 3. c 5. d 7. b
B. 1. Ibrahim Lodi 4. kotwal
2. Shahjahanabad 5. Akbar
3. Aurangzeb
C. Across Down
1. SIKHS 2. KHURRAM
3. HUMAYUN 4. JAZIYA
5. PANIPAT 6. RUPIA
8. HALDIGHATI 7. ZAT
D. 1. In Tuzuk-i Baburi, Babur has described
the physical features, climate,
animals, birds, flowers, fruits, the life
of the people and the places that he
visited. He has also written about his
life in detail.
2. After ascending the throne, Humayun
faced the following difficulties.
◆
There was no proper
system of administration.
◆
His brothers were not happy with
their share of territories and
protested against this.
◆
There was a threat of invasion
from the Rajputs, from Bahadur
Shah of Gujarat, and from Sher
Shah, the ruler of the Afghans.
(Accept any two of these.)
3. Sher Shah encouraged trade by
adopting the following measures.
◆
He introduced a new currency, a
silver coin called the ‘rupia’.
◆
He reduced custom duties on goods.
◆
He built a network of roads
connecting all parts of his empire.
4. Akbar undertook certain steps to
gain the loyalty of the Rajputs.
◆
He respected the sentiments of
the Rajputs and treated even
those Rajput chiefs, whom he had
defeated, with respect. Akbar
allowed most Rajput rulers to
continue their rule. He did not
interfere in the internal affairs of the
Rajput kingdoms.
◆
He married into Rajput families
and gave his Rajput wives complete
religious freedom.
◆
He gave high posts to deserving
Rajput chiefs. (Accept any two of
these.)
5. Jahangir, like Akbar, maintained friendly
relations with Rajputs, married into
Rajput families and awarded high posts
to deserving Rajput chiefs. Thus,
Jahangir continued with Akbar’s policy
of tolerance.
E. 1. Babur was the first Mughal Emperor. He
 defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First ◆
pursuing the policy of peace with all.
Battle of Panipat in 1526 and captured Zat and sawar—Zat and sawar were ranks in
Delhi and Agra. He also defeated Rana the mansabdari system. The zat rank
Sanga of Mewar in the Battle of determined the number of soldiers under
Khanua in 1527.
In 1529 Babur defeated the Afghan
chiefs at Ghaghara. These three
battles secured Babur’s position in
northern India.
2. Shah Jahan’s reign witnessed many
revolts, chief among which was the
revolt of the Bundela Rajputs. Shah
Jahan crushed
the revolt easily. There was a revolt in
the Deccan too. Shah Jahan invaded the
Deccan and annexed Ahmadnagar in
1633. Golconda and Bijapur signed a
peace treaty with
Shah Jahan. He also sent his army to
Balkh and Badakshan in Central Asia.
However, this campaign failed. He
could not recover Kandahar from the
ruler of Persia.
3. At the centre, the king was the head of
both civil and military administration. He
was assisted by many officers such as
wazir, diwan, mir bakshi, khan-i-saman,
sadar-i- sadur and the qazi. The Mughal
Empire was divided into provinces or
subas, each headed by a subadar. Each
suba was divided into districts or
sarkars, and the sarkars were divided
into many parganas. A pargana
comprised many villages. The kotwal
looked after town administration.
4. Earlier land was measured with a rope.
However, the rope shrunk when it was
dry, and would stretch when it was wet.
This changed the measurements. So,
Raja Todar Mal had to introduce a new
measuring device for land measurement.
The new measuring device introduced
by Raja Todar Mal was a rod made of
bamboo joined together by iron rings.
It helped in accurate measurement of
land.
5. Din-i-Ilahi—Din-i-Ilahi, also called
Tauhid- i-Ilahi, was a religious path
suggested by Akbar. It was a code of
moral conduct reflecting Akbar’s
secular ideas and his
desire to achieve peace, tolerance and
unity in his empire. Some features of
Din-i-Ilahi were
◆
belief in one god,
◆
worship of the sun, fire and other
sources of light,
◆
non-killing of animals, and
 a mansabdar. The sawar rank Emperor. The Emperor realizes his
determined the number of mistake and apologizes to the labourers.
horses the mansabdar had to The Emperor requests them to stay
maintain. The zat and sawar back for two more years and
ranks of a mansabdar promises them rich rewards at the
determined his salary. end of the project.
6. At the time of Humayun’s death,
the Mughal Empire was at a ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES
nascent stage. Had the news of A. 1. a 3. c 5. b 7. a
Humayun’s death been leaked 2. b 4. d 6. d 8. c
out before Akbar could reach B. 1. 5 3. 2 5. 9 7. 8 9. 6
Delhi, it would 2. 3 4. 7 6. 10 8. 1 10. 4
have given local rulers an
C. 1. secular 4. Agra.
opportunity to raise the banner
of revolt and cause unrest. This
would have weakened the
authority of the Mughals
considerably. Accept this or any
other relevant response.
7. a. Emperor Akbar is being
referred to in the above
paragraph.
b. Emperor Akbar built the Ibadat
Khana at Fatehpur Sikri to
further his interest in learning
about different religions.
c. Din-i-Ilahi, also called Tauhid-i-
Ilahi, was the religious path
suggested by Emperor Akbar. It
was a code of moral conduct
reflecting Akbar’s secular ideas
and his desire to achieve peace,
tolerance and unity in the
empire.

6. Monumental Architecture

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
ROLE-PLAY
Ask the learners to enact a five-minute
skit. They can base their skit on the
following points. They can also come up
with their variation of the skit.
◆
A tired labourer has been working
continuously for the past 20 years
on the Taj Mahal.
◆
He has not seen his family during this
period.
◆
He is denied an audience with
Ustad Isa Khan Effendi and Ustad
Ahmad Lahori.
◆
He then revolts. Soon other
labourers also join the revolt. They
Companion 7
Integrated Social Sc

want to know when would they be

able to go home and meet their
families.
◆
The guards take the rebellious
labourer and his followers to the
 nce
2. garbhagriha. 5. Taj Mahal in which precious and semi-precious
3. Ibrahim Shah Sharqi. stones are embedded in marble.
D. 1. False 3. True 5. False Shah Jahan introduced this technique.
2. True 4. True
E. 1. Both religious and secular monuments
were built during the medieval period.
Religious monuments included temples
and mosques, while secular monuments
included forts, palaces, tombs, tanks and
wells.
2. The different parts of a South Indian
temple are gopuram, garbhagriha,
mandapa and shikhara.
◆
A ‘gopuram’ is the gateway of the
temple.
◆
‘Garbhagriha’ is the main shrine
where images of gods and
goddesses are kept.
◆
The ‘mandapa’ is an audience hall
where people gather for prayers.
◆
On top of the main shrine is a tall
structure or tower called ‘shikhara’.
(Accept any two of these.)
3. The Qutb Minar is considered to be a
masterpiece of Indo-Islamic
architecture. Qutb Minar is 72.5 metres
high and has 378
stairs. It is largely built of red
sandstone.
Calligraphic inscriptions and carvings
decorate the monument. It is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site.
4. Mughal monuments are grander and
more magnificent than those of the
earlier period because political stability
enabled the Mughal emperors to pay
attention to architecture. Second, the
Mughals had more funds at their
disposal to spend on monuments.
5. Some distinguishing features of
Mughal architecture are as follows.
◆
Arch and dome, specially full
domes became common.
◆
The chahar bagh pattern was
introduced.
◆
Some tombs and mosques have
minarets.
Red sandstone and white marble
Integrated Social Science

were used.
◆
Most structures were decorated
with geometrical designs.
◆
Quranic verses were also
Companion 7

engraved on some.
◆
Jalis or trellis work was also used.
(Accept any two of these.)
6. Pietra-dura is a technique of decoration
 Accept any relevant response for the
third part of the question.
7. Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula built the Bara
Imambara. Bara Imambara was built to
provide work to the famine-stricken
people of Lucknow.
F. 1. The kings in medieval India built
monuments for the following reasons.
◆
They wanted to impress others with
their power, position and wealth.
◆
They wanted to celebrate their
victories in wars.
◆
They wanted to demonstrate their
devotion to god.
◆
They wanted to make themselves
famous for posterity.
◆
They wanted to earn the goodwill
of the people.
2. The Chola temples were built in the
dravidian style of architecture. They
have huge decorated gateways called
‘gopurams’. The ‘garbhagriha’ is the
main shrine where images of deities are
kept. ‘Mandapa’ is the prayer hall and it
is generally in front of the garbhagriha.
Directly above the garbhagriha is a tall
tower called ‘shikhara’. It is visible from
afar. In addition to the above-mentioned
features, temples also played an
important role in the Chola economy.
They participated in inland and
overseas trade.
3. The Turks and the Afghans introduced
new architectural styles. When these
styles and techniques were fused with
the existing Indian styles, they gave
birth to the
Indo-Islamic style of architecture.
The Indo-Islamic style of architecture was
characterized by the use of the arch and
the dome. Minarets were also a
characteristic feature of some
monuments. For decoration, floral and
geometric designs, verses from
the holy Quran, and motifs such as
swastika, lotus and bell were used.
4. The regional kingdoms made a lasting
contribution to architecture. The
monuments constructed by the regional
kingdoms include the following.
◆
GUJARAT—Jami Masjid, Sidi
Sayyid Mosque
◆
MALWA—Jama Masjid, Hindola
Mahal, Asharfi Mahal, Jahaz
Mahal, Hushang Shah’s Tomb
◆
BENGAL—Adina Masjid, Dakhil Darwaza
◆
JAUNPUR—Atala Masjid
 ◆
RAJPUT KINGDOMS—Mehrangarh H. a. The Taj Mahal earned the maximum
Fort, Chittor Fort, Victory Tower revenue in 2009.
◆
VIJAYANAGAR—Vittalaswami Temple, b. No, the Taj Mahal did not see a steady
Virupaksha Temple, Hazara Rama increase in revenue in the last three
Temple years.
◆
BAHMANI—Jama Masjid, Jami c. Increased revenue signifies that the
Masjid, Mahmud Gawan’s monument is popular and by virtue of being
Madrasah, Mahmud Gawan’s popular, it gets more footfall.
Tomb
◆
QUTB SHAHIS—Golconda Fort,
Mecca Masjid, Char Minar
◆
ADIL SHAHIS—Ibrahim Rauza, Gol
Gumbaz
5. Mughal architecture reached perfection
under Shah Jahan. The monuments he
constructed were more uniform and
symmetrical than those of his
predecessors. Other differences include
the following.
◆
Under Shah Jahan, white marble
came to be used on a much larger
scale. Under Akbar and Jahangir, red
sandstone was the popular building
material.
◆
The use of domes and minarets
became more common under Shah
Jahan, than in the earlier period.
◆
The interior of monuments had
arches, curved roofs and multiple
columns.
◆
Calligraphic verses from the holy
Quran, floral motifs, and precious
and
semi-precious stones decorated the
walls of most monuments.
6. It was necessary for kings to earn the
goodwill of the people because they
wanted to be accepted by the people. An
unpopular king made it easier for local
governors to rally the support of the
people and overthrow that ruler. Thus,
goodwill measures helped the king to
maintain peace and harmony in his
empire. (Accept this or any other
relevant response.)
7. The opulent monuments constructed
by Shah Jahan point to a thriving
economy, whereby Shah Jahan had
sufficient funds at his disposal to
spend on monuments. During
Aurangzeb’s rule, the economy
started declining on account of
continuous
wars. Thus, Aurangzeb could not divert
funds towards building opulent
monuments.

TIME TO DO
 HALF-YEARLY TEST PAPER Molucca, which was controlled by the
A. 1. a 3. c 5. d kingdom of Sri Vijaya. The merchants of
7. b Sri Vijaya did not allow Indian merchants
2. c 4. a 6. d 8. a to sail through this region. Some of
these Indian merchants were from the
B. 1. Zia-ud-din Barani’s Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
Chola Kingdom. They appealed to
helps us to know about the history of
Rajendra Chola for help. He sent his fleet
Delhi Sultans.
and defeated the Sri Vijaya king.
2. Vishnuvardhan was the most
powerful ruler of the Hoysala
dynasty.
3. Raziya Sultan ruled Delhi between
1236 and 1240.
4. The local self-government was not a
hallmark of the Vijayanagar Empire.
5. Rana Sanga of Mewar was
defeated by Babur in Khanua.
6. Iltutmish added three storeys to Qutb
Minar.
C. 1. A chronicle is a record of the rule
of the kings and the life at the
court. Most kings had chroniclers
who wrote in detail about the rule of
those rulers. Thus, chronicles tell us
about the kings and events that
happened during their reign in the
medieval period.
2. The Chandellas ruled the land
between the Yamuna and
Narmada rivers.
The Chandellas built many temples
in Khajuraho.
3. Malik Kafur was the trusted
general of Ala-ud-din Khalji.
By defeating the Yadavas, Kakatiyas,
Hoysalas and the Pandyas, Malik
Kafur contributed to the expansion
of the Khalji Empire.
4. Sher Shah was a secular ruler. He
followed a policy of religious
tolerance. He respected all
religions and looked after the
welfare of his subjects. He is often
regarded as the forerunner of
Akbar.
5. Here are the names of some
monuments constructed by the
Qutb Shahis and the Adil Shahis.
◆
Qutb Shahis—Golconda Fort,
Companion 7
Integrated Social Science

Mecca Masjid, Char Minar

◆
Adil Shahis—Ibrahim Rauza, Gol
Gumbaz
D. 1. Rajendra Chola’s most daring
campaign was in South-east Asia.
Indian merchants traded with
various parts of South-east Asia
and southern China. Their ships had
to pass through the Straits of
 2. The sultan was all powerful. He had Given below are keywords associated with the
to keep the nobility and the ulema in commercial towns that flourished in medieval
check. Muhammad-bin Tughluq tried India. Ask the learners to name the commercial
to curb the power of the ulemas, towns that the keywords are associated with.
while Firoz Shah
Tughluq was lenient with them. The
Tughluq sultans also tried to legitimize
their rule by seeking approval from the
Caliph. Thus when the ulemas termed
Muhammad-bin Tughluq’s rule un-
Islamic, he issued coins in the name of
the Caliph to suggest that Muhammad-
bin Tughluq ruled according to the
wishes of the Caliph.
3. Mahmud Gawan was well-versed in
mathematics and literature. He also
encouraged the growth of Urdu and
built a magnificent madrasah in
Bidar. The
madrasah had a library which housed
over three thousand manuscripts.
Students
from across the world came to study in
the madrasah. Thus we can say that
Mahmud Gawan was a patron of
learning.
4. Akbar adopted numerous measures to
show his secular spirit. He abolished the
pilgrim tax and jaziya. Akbar also
stopped the practice of forcibly
converting prisoners of war to Islam. He
gave grants for building temples and
got holy books of the Hindus translated
into Persian. He also participated in
the Hindu festivals such as Holi, Diwali
and Raksha Bandhan.
5. The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan
in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz
Mahal. Designed by Ustad Isa Khan
Effendi and Ustad Ahmad Lahori, it was
built over 22 years by over 20,000
labourers. Constructed entirely of white
marble, it has a huge dome and four
minarets. The walls are decorated with
precious and semi-precious stones.
Marble screens, well-proportioned
chhattris and pietra-dura inlay work add
to the beauty of the monument.
E. 1. Kanauj 5. Khandesh
2. Madurai 6. Gulbarga and
Integrated Social Science

Bidar
3. Devagiri 7. Ajmer
4. Jaunpur 8. Agra
Companion 7

7. Towns, Traders and Craftsmen

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
BRAINSTORMING
1. Kalamkari textiles the Vijayanagar Empire. Its rich markets
A. Masulipatnam provided cotton and spice to European
2. Cotton and spices merchants. Trade links
A. Hampi
3. English trading post, 1612
A. Surat
4. Chintz
A. Masulipatnam
5. Vijayanagar Empire
A. Hampi
6. Cotton textiles
A. Surat

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

A. 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. c
B. 1. Abdur Razzaq 4. Hyderabad
2. Akbar 5. Portuguese
3. Delhi.
C. 1. Towns were classified on the basis of
the different functions that they
performed. Places where kings held
their courts often
developed into capital towns. These
towns
then became centres of administration.
2. Specialized crafts were concentrated
in different places. Kings and nobles
required luxury goods. In this way,
craft towns came into existence.
3. Commercial and trading towns
developed either as a result of the
products found in that region or
because of their nearness to ports or
major trade routes.
Commercial and trading towns were of
two types—inland trading towns and
port towns.
4. The banjaras were a trading group.
They travelled from one place to
another buying and selling goods.
They also played an important role in
transporting goods.
D. 1. Many towns, such as Tanjore, Tirupati,
Somnath, Kanchipuram, Madurai and
Mathura, flourished because of their
temples. The temples in these towns
performed a wide range of functions.
They attracted a large number of people
such as priests, garland makers,
weavers, sculptors, shopkeepers,
traders, musicians and dancers. Soon
population increased and towns with
temples flourished.
2. Hampi was one of the most important
towns of medieval period. Due to its
strategic location, it was the capital of
 between Hampi and other countries society did not follow the caste rules laid
such as Persia, Arabia, Burma and down by the Brahmans. Thus, in a tribal
China increased its importance further. society, people were not divided into high
Hampi also had many beautiful and low castes.
temples. 2. The nomadic tribal groups moved from
3. Masulipatnam was also known as one place to another in search of food.
Machilipatnam. They
Masulipatnam is famous for its
kalamkari work. The word ‘kalam’
means pen and ‘kari’ means work. It
refers to a method of painting natural
and vegetable dyes on cotton or silk
fabric with a bamboo pen. The
craftsmen of Masulipatnam produced
beautiful kalamkari prints and exported
them to as far as the Safavid Empire in
Persia.
4. Pilgrimage towns—Benaras (present-day
Varanasi), Allahabad, Mathura and
Vrindavan were some pilgrimage towns.
The dargahs of famous Sufi saints such
as Khwaja Hazrat Nizam-ud-din Auliya in
Delhi and Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chishti in
Ajmer attracted a large number of
devotees. Many of these devotees
settled at these places, and the places
then slowly developed into towns.
Surat—Surat was a port and an
important commercial town during the
medieval period. It was famous for its
fine cotton textiles with ‘zari’ borders,
which it regularly exported to markets
in West Asia and Europe. In the
seventeenth century, many European
powers set up trading posts in Surat to
control its trade. The importance of
Surat also lay in the fact that ships
carrying Haj pilgrims set sail from there.
5. Yes, political stability led to economic
prosperity in medieval India. This is
because trade and commerce flourish
only when there is political stability.
(Accept this or any other relevant
response.)
6. Hampi was a well-fortified town
because of its strategic location.
Further, being an important centre of
cotton and spice trade,
the rulers found it all the more
important to protect it. (Accept this or
any other relevant response.)

8. Tribal Communities
A. 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. b 5. c
B. 1. c 2. a 3. d 4. e 5. b
C. 1. A caste-based society was different
from
a tribal society because a tribal
 exchanged milk, honey, ghee and and sold animals such as horses and
other products with settled cattle to people in the towns.
agriculturists for grains and various Life in an Ahom village —The village
other things. community was very powerful among
3. With time, the tribal societies the Ahoms. It gave land to cultivators
shunned their isolation and according to their needs. People
began to lead a settled life. They cultivated rice as the main food crop.
also adopted better methods of The houses in the village were built of
agriculture. Many tribal customs, bamboo. People worshipped tribal
gods and ceremonies became gods.
part of the existing culture.
4. The Ahoms were a tribal
community. They established
their kingdom in the region of
present-day Assam.
The original homeland of Ahoms may
have been China.
D. 1. We know very little about the tribal
societies of the medieval period
because the tribal people
◆
kept no written records,
◆
did not allow outsiders into their
territories,
◆
were cut-off from the outside
world as they lived in remote and
isolated areas. As a result,
outsiders hardly had any contact
with them.
2. Some tribal groups prominent in the
medieval period include the Baluchis
in the North-west,
Khokhars and Ghakkars in Punjab,
Bhils and Kolis in western India,
Gonds in Central India, Cheros,
Mundas, Santhals, Khasis, Nagas
and Ahoms in eastern India, and
the Todas, Koragas, Maravars,
Badagas and Vetars in southern
India.
The tribals were engaged in
agriculture, herding, hunting-
gathering and trading. There were
some who travelled from one place
to another, selling goods or
entertaining people with tribal songs
and folk tales.
3. Rani Durgavati—Rani Durgavati
ruled over Garh Katanga, which
was one of the most powerful
Companion 7
Integrated Social Science

Gond kingdoms. She refused to

become a Mughal vassal and died
fighting the army of Emperor
Akbar.
Banjaras—Banjaras were nomadic
travellers. They travelled in big
groups with their families. They
transported grains from
towns to villages. They also reared
 4. Garh Katanga was rich in elephants. khanqahs.
Thus Akbar wanted to make Rani D. 1. The bhakti saints taught
Durgavati his vassal as it would have
given him access to elephants. Further,
Garh Katanga was one of the most
powerful kingdoms in Central India. Its
independent existence would have been
a threat to the Mughal Empire.
5. It is an open-ended question. Accept
any relevant response.

9. Religious Beliefs

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
RESEARCH AND PRESENTATION
Divide the class into groups of four and ask
them to research on Mirabai. They can include
the following points to make their research
interesting.
◆
Early life
◆
Her devotion to Krishna
◆
Famous bhajans composed by Mirabai
Each group will make a three-minute
presentation to the class.

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

A. 1. a 3. d 5. c
2. c 4. b 6. d
B. 1. e 3. b 5. d
2. f 4. c 6. a
C. 1. The alvars and nayanars were saint-
poets who popularized the Bhakti
Movement in South India in the eighth
century. They preached the path of
surrendering oneself to god. They
travelled from one place to another
singing hymns in praise of different
gods.
2. Ramanuja considered bhakti to be
more important than knowledge.
Shankaracharya, on the other hand,
believed that knowledge alone could
lead to salvation.
3. Guru Nanak stressed on three principles
that formed the essence of life. They
were
Integrated Social Science

◆
‘Naam Japo’ or meditate.
◆
‘Kirt Karo’ or work hard and earn
your bread by honest means.
‘Vand Chhako’ or share your earnings
Companion 7

with people who are less fortunate

than you.
4. The Sufi saints formed many orders.
Such orders were called silsilahs such as
the Chishti and Suhrawardi silsilahs. The
sufi saints lived in a khanqah. Music and
dance sessions called sama were held in
 ◆
selfless love and devotion, and Khwaja Hazrat Nizam-ud-din
◆
equality of all human beings, Auliya. Khwaja Hazrat Nizam-ud-din
◆
helpfulness and sharing the pain of others Auliya was referred to
◆
the importance of guru and
devotional music.
The Sufi saints taught
◆
love and devotion,
◆
importance of leading a simple life,
◆
importance of pir and devotional music.
The teachings of the bhakti and Sufi saints
were similar in many ways. Both stressed
on love and devotion, helping others,
following
the teachings of a guru and on expressing
one’s love for god through devotional
music.
2. Sant Kabir’s philosophy was based
on the ideal of unity of god. He said
that
though people call god by different names,
god essentially is one. Kabir was against
worshipping idols, performing rituals,
bathing in holy waters, going on
pilgrimages, following superstitious beliefs
and killing animals. For him, purity of
character and leading a simple life
devoted to bhakti was the path to reach
god. He believed that a guru showed the
correct path. Kabir also spoke against
caste differences and strove for Hindu-
Muslim unity.
3. Guru Nanak emphasized the worship of one
god and preached true devotion to god
as the way to salvation. He said that a guru
can show people the path of bhakti. He
stressed on honesty, helpfulness and
equality. He spoke against caste and class
differences. He asked his followers to
follow three principles. They were as
follows.
◆
‘Naam Japo’ or meditate.
◆
‘Kirt Karo’ or work hard and earn
your bread by honest means.
◆
‘Vand Chhako’ or share your earnings
with people who are less fortunate than
you.
4. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu—Chaitanya
Mahaprabhu popularized Krishna-bhakti in
Bengal. He composed many hymns in
praise of Lord Krishna. For him, music was
the most important means of expressing
bhakti.
Chishti silsilah—Chishti silsilah was very
popular in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries. Khwaja Muin-ud-din Chishti was
one of the first great saints of this silsilah.
Other famous Chishti saints were Khwaja
Qutb-ud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki, Baba Farid
 as ‘Mehboob-i-Ilahi’ or Beloved of God. D. 1. Modern Indo-Aryan languages started
5. The bhakti and Sufi saints emphasized emerging in the ninth and tenth
on Hindu-Muslim unity. This is best centuries. Odia, Bengali, Marathi, Hindi
visible during Akbar’s reign because he and related languages are some
adopted numerous measures to promote examples of modern Indo-Aryan
this unity. Some of the measures were languages.
as follows.
◆
Akbar treated religion as an
individual’s private affair. Thus, he
gave his subjects the freedom to
worship as they liked.
◆
He abolished jaziya and pilgrim tax.
◆
He celebrated Hindu festivals such as
Holi, Diwali and Raksha Bandhan.
6. a. Sant Kabir has emphasized that
true love and devotion can lead a
person to
salvation. Selfless love and devotion
were an important part of the Bhakti
Movement.
b. Yes, I agree with what Sant Kabir says.
The second part of the question is
open-ended. Accept any relevant
response.

TIME TO DO
F. 1. The Bhakti Movement became popular
in South India from the eighth century
onwards.
2. It was popularized by the alvar and
nayanar saints. They came from
different castes and followed different
professions.
3. They preached the path of
surrendering oneself to god.
4. In course of time, Bhakti Movement
spread to other parts of India.
5. The saints preached their
message in regional languages.
6. Important Bhakti saints of Maharashtra
were Namdev, Tukaram, Jnaneshwar
and Eknath.

10. The Flowering of Regional

Cultures
A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. d
B. Across Down
4. NAVRATNAS 1. KOTA
6. GHALIB 2. KAMBAN
9. KIRTANA 3. QAWWALI
10. KALHANA 5. JAHANGIR
7. BAHZAD
8. KATHAK
C. 1. Cheras 4. Firoz Shah Tughluq
2. Somadeva 5. Mughal
3. Kangra or Pahari
 2. Urdu was known as the camp (Jahangir’s memoirs) and Abdul Hamid
language. This was because Lahori’s Padshahnamah are some
Urdu emerged in the camps of notable works in Persian. Many Persian
soldiers. Soldiers came from all dictionaries were also compiled in this
parts of the country and spoke different period.
languages. Urdu emerged as a link 3. Mughal paintings were generally
language which was spoken and miniature paintings. The miniatures
understood by all. were done on paper or cloth. The
3. Mewar, Jodhpur, Bundi, Bikaner, painting style was a fusion of Indian
Kota and Kishangarh were the and Persian traditions. The
main centres of the Rajasthani
style of painting.
The Rajasthani style of painting
flourished between late fourteenth
and late eighteenth centuries.
4. The word ‘Kathak’ is derived from
the word ‘katha’ which means
story.
Kathakars were a caste of
storytellers attached to temples.
They used gestures and songs to tell
stories in praise of God.
5. Some distinctive feature of the
temples of Bengal are as
follows.
◆
Brick and terracotta are
used on a large-scale.
◆
Temples are four-roofed
structures with four triangular
roofs moving up to converge
at a point.
◆
The terracotta tiles at the outer
walls depict scenes from the
epics. (Accept any two of these.)
E. 1. Hindi was widely spoken in the
medieval period. Braj and Awadhi
were the two popular dialects.
Chandbardai’s Prithviraj- Raso is
considered one of the earliest works
in Hindi literature. Tulsidas and
Surdas wrote Ramcharitamanas and
Sur Sagar respectively. Raskhan’s
Prem Vatika and Bihari’s Satsai are
notable works in Hindi. Malik
Muhammad Jayasi’s Padmavat is an
important literary work in Awadhi.
2. The Turks introduced Persian in
India. Soon it became the court
Companion 7
Integrated Social Science

language and administrative

records were maintained in
Persian. Amir Khusrau wrote in
Persian. The Ramayana, the
Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita and
the Upanishads came to be
translated in Persian. Books in
Arabic and Turkish were translated
into Persian. Akbarnama (Akbar’s
biography), Tuzuk-i- Jahangiri
 painters used bright colours. The exchequer was in a dismal state. This
themes of the paintings included was due to the lavish architectural
scenes from royal court, battles, royal activities of his predecessors. Further,
hunts, nature, daily life of the royal the protracted campaign in Deccan
household, mythology, portraits had taken its toll on the Mughal
and episodes from Hindu epics and treasury. Therefore,
Persian classics.
4. The rulers of Jaunpur and Gwalior
were patrons of music. Ghunyal-ul-
Munyas and Sangeet Siromani were
two musical
works compiled in Jaunpur. Sultan
Husain Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur
composed many new ragas. Raja Man
Singh Tomar of Gwalior wrote an
important musical work, Man Kautuhal
(curiosities of Raja Man). A distinctive
style of music also developed in
Kashmir. Music also prospered in the
regional kingdoms of Gujarat and
Malwa.
5. Music during the Mughal period—Music
flourished in the Mughal period. Abul
Fazl says that there were 36 musicians
in the court of Akbar, some of whom
were women. Mian Tansen was the
most famous musician in Akbar’s court.
He composed many new ragas. Jahangir
and Shah Jahan also
had musicians in their court. It was
during Aurangzeb’s reign that singing
was banned in the Mughal court.
However, several books on classical
music were written in Persian during his
reign.
Literature and painting in medieval
Bengal—Many Sanskrit classics were
translated into Bengali. Sultan
Alauddin Husain got the Ramayana and
the Mahabharata translated into
Bengali. The famous poet, Maladhar
Basu translated the Bhagavat Purana
into Bengali. He also compiled Sri-
Krishna-Vijaya. Folk music, especially
baul singing, prospered in Bengal.
Chaitanya popularized kirtanas that
were sung in chorus and accompanied
by instrumental music.
6. There can be two answers to this
question.
Integrated Social Science

Historians differ in their opinion

about the decline of music during
the reign of Aurangzeb. Some feel
that Aurangzeb
banned singing in court as he
Companion 7

considered it un-Islamic.
However, there are others who feel
that by the time Aurangzeb
succeeded the throne, the state
 maintaining court musicians was, and capturing forts. To administer his
perhaps, not economically viable. Thus, kingdom, he had the ‘ashtapradhan’ to
there were strong economic reasons advise him. He also collected many
that prompted Aurangzeb to ban taxes, with which he put together a
singing in court. (Accept any one of large army. Shivaji even built a navy.
these.)

11. Political Formations in

the Eighteenth Century
A. 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. b
B. 1. Muhammad Shah 3. Purandhar,
Shivaji.
2. misls. 4. Ashtapradhan
C. 1. Abdullah Khan Baraha and Husain Ali
Khan Baraha were the king-makers.
Abdullah Khan Baraha and Husain Ali
Khan Baraha were called so because
they chose who was to be made the
ruler.
2. Kangha is a symbol of cleanliness.
When we comb our hair we take out the
broken strands of hair, similarly we
should comb out evil thoughts from our
mind. Kara reminds a
person to stop when he raises his hand to
do anything wrong.
3. Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan
modernized the army. They
introduced new and better weapons
and set up a modern arsenal. Tipu
even tried to build a modern navy.
4. According to the Treaty of Purandhar,
Shivaji
agreed to
◆
accept the overlordship of
Aurangzeb and pay him an annual
tribute,
◆
surrender 23 forts and
◆
meet Aurangzeb in the Mughal
court at Agra. (Accept any two of
these.)
5. Under Balaji Baji Rao, the Maratha
power was at its greatest.
It is because during Balaji Baji Rao’s
reign the Maratha armies reached
Punjab and Rajasthan in the north, and
Bengal and Odisha in the east. The
kingdoms of Mysore (now Mysuru) and
Hyderabad were forced to cede
territories and pay tribute.
D. 1. Shivaji established and strengthened
the Maratha Empire. To begin with, he
put together a small army and with its
help captured many forts. Later,
Shivaji defeated Bijapur. All along, he
fought against the Mughals and
succeeded in conquering territories
2. The term ‘Peshwa’ means Chief recaptured their territories.
Minister. After Shivaji’s death, the Akbar’s Rajput policy strengthened the empire,
Peshwas became powerful and whereas Aurangzeb’s act weakened it.
controlled the Maratha Empire from (Accept this or any other relevant response.)
1713 to 1761.
Balaji Vishwanath captured territories
from the Mughals. He also got the right
to collect taxes from six provinces in
the Deccan. Baji Rao I conquered
Malwa, southern Gujarat and parts of
Bundelkhand. He defeated
the Nizam of Hyderabad. He also
captured Salsette and Bassein from the
Portuguese. Balaji Baji Rao forced the
kingdoms of Mysore (now Mysuru) and
Hyderabad to cede territories and pay
tribute.
3. Sawai Raja Jai Singh—Sawai Raja Jai
Singh was the king of Amber. He was a
patron of learning and encouraged the
learning of science. He was particularly
interested in astronomy and set up
many astronomical observatories. He
also founded the city of Jaipur.
Sikh misls—The misls were political
groups among the Sikhs. There were
12 misls in all. Each controlled a
specific area and had a leader.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who later
established a powerful kingdom in
Punjab, was the leader of the
Sukerchakia misl.
The ashtapradhan—The ashtapradhan
was a council of eight ministers under
Shivaji. The eight ministers were as
follows.
◆
Peshwa—head of the council and
incharge of general administration
◆
Senapati—commander-in-chief of the
army
◆
Nyayadhish—incharge of justice
◆
Amatya or Majumdar—incharge of
finance
◆
Pant Sachiv—general secretary
◆
Sumanta—incharge of foreign affairs
◆
Mantri—head of intelligence
◆
Dandadhyaksha—incharge of
religious matters
4. When Akbar did not humiliate the
Rajput kings and made them equal
partners, it helped him build a strong
and vast empire as he had managed
to gain the confidence of his subjects.
He ruled with a policy of tolerance and
mutual co-existence. When Aurangzeb
humiliated Shivaji, it resulted
in wars as Shivaji renewed hostilities
with the Mughals, raided and
 TIME TO DO and on expressing one’s love for god
E. 1. Awadh 4. Agra through devotional music. (Accept any
2. Bengal 5. Poona (now Pune). three of these.)
3. Jaipur 4. Ghunyal-ul-Munyas and Sangeet Siromani
were two musical works compiled in
ANNUAL TEST PAPER Jaunpur. Sultan Husain Shah Sharqi of
A. 1. c 3. c 5. b Jaunpur composed many new ragas.
7. a 5. Guru Gobind Singh organized the Sikhs
2. b 4. d 6. c 8. into a military group called Khalsa or
b ‘the pure’. He inspired his soldiers to
B. 1. The Tomars of Delhi, the fight against the Mughals through the
Chauhans of Rajasthan, the slogan ‘Waheguru ji ka Khalsa, Waheguru ji
Solankis of Gujarat, the ki Fateh’.
Paramaras of Malwa, the
Gahadavalas of Kanauj and the
Chandellas of Bundelkhand.
(Accept any two of these.)
2. The main port of the kingdom
of Golconda was
Masulipatnam.
3. Tribal societies are more equal in
nature.
4. Kabir’s followers were called
Kabirpanthis.
5. Lahjat-i-Sikandar Shahi was
written during the reign of
Sikandar Lodi.
6. Nadir Shah invaded India in 1739.
C. 1. After ascending the throne,
Humayun faced the following
difficulties.
◆
There was no proper
system of
administration.
◆
His brothers were not happy
with their share of territories
and protested against this.
◆
There was a threat of
invasion from the Rajputs,
from Bahadur Shah of
Gujarat, and from Sher
Shah, the ruler of the
Afghans. (Accept any two of
these.)
2. Accounts of foreign travellers
such as Duarte Barbosa and
Ralph Fitch help us to know about
the towns that flourished in
medieval India. Mughal official
documents on land grants and
land revenue assessment also tell
us about old and new towns.
3. The teachings of the bhakti and
Companion 7
Integrated Social

sufi saints were similar in many

ways. Both stressed on love and
devotion, helping others,
following the teachings of a guru
 D. 1. Ala-ud-din Khalji introduced many 4. Painting reached perfection under the
reforms in the army. Some of them Mughals. Mughal paintings were
were as follows. generally miniature paintings. The
◆
He paid his soldiers in cash. miniatures were done on paper or cloth.
◆
He branded (dagh) horses to The painting style was a fusion of
prevent the substitution of good Indian and Persian traditions. The
horses by inferior ones. painters used bright colours. The
◆
A full description (chehra) for each paintings had themes such as scenes
soldier was kept. from the royal court, battles, royal
◆
Spies were posted in different parts hunts, nature, daily life of the royal
of the empire to keep the sultan household, mythology, portraits and
informed of all developments. episodes from Hindu epics and Persian
classics.
2. After the death of her husband, Rani
Durgavati began to rule Garh Katanga 5. Shivaji had a council of eight ministers
as the regent of her minor son. Akbar called the ‘ashtapradhan’ to advise him.
offered her the choice to become the These eight ministers included the
vassal of the Mughals. But Rani following.
Durgavati refused to acknowledge ◆
Peshwa—head of the council and
Akbar’s overlordship. So in 1565, the incharge of general administration,
Mughals attacked Garh Katanga. ◆
Senapati—commander-in-chief of the
Further, one of the reasons why the army
Mughals attacked Garh Katanga was ◆
Nyayadhish—incharge of justice
that the kingdom was very rich. ◆
Amatya or Majumdar—incharge of
3. Guru Nanak emphasized the worship of finance
one god and preached true devotion to ◆
Pant Sachiv—general secretary
god as the way to salvation. He said ◆
Sumanta—incharge of foreign affairs
that a guru can lead people on to the ◆
Mantri—head of intelligence
path of bhakti. He stressed on ◆
Dandadhyaksha—incharge of
honesty, helpfulness and equality. He religious matters
spoke against caste and class
Shivaji collected two-fifths of the
differences. He asked his followers to
produce as land tax. He also
follow three principles which were
collected chauth and sardeshmukhi
◆
‘Naam Japo’ or meditate. from territories that were
◆
‘Kirt Karo’ or work hard and earn not directly under his control. In
your bread by honest means. addition to infantry and the cavalry,
◆
‘Vand Chhako’ or share your earnings Shivaji also had a navy to guard the
with people who are less fortunate coast.
than you. E. 1. Agra 5. Kashi (now Varanasi)
2. Delhi 6. Golconda
3. Hampi 7. Lucknow
4. Surat 8. Panipat
◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆
tegrated Social Science
ompanion 7