Thin Executioner
Featured on [Link]
( 4.8/5.0 ★ | 358 downloads )
-- Click the link to download --
[Link]
539780316078658&type=15&murl=http%3A%2F%[Link]%2Fsearch%2
Fbooks%2Fisbn%2F9780316078658
Thin Executioner
ISBN: 9780316078658
Category: Media > Books
File Fomat: PDF, EPUB, DOC...
File Details: 11.7 MB
Language: English
Website: [Link]
Short description: Fast &-Good condition with a solid cover and clean
pages. Shows normal signs of use such as light wear or a few marks
highlighting but overall a well-maintained copy ready to enjoy.
Supplemental items like CDs or access codes may not be included.
DOWNLOAD: [Link]
offerid=1494105.26539780316078658&type=15&murl=http%3A%2F%2F
[Link]%2Fsearch%2Fbooks%2Fisbn%2F9780316078658
Thin Executioner
• Click the link: [Link]
8&type=15&murl=http%3A%2F%[Link]%2Fsearch%2Fbooks%2Fisbn%2F9780316078658 to do
latest version of Thin Executioner in multiple formats such as PDF, EPUB, and more.
• Don’t miss the chance to explore our extensive collection of high-quality resources, books, and guides on
our website. Visit us regularly to stay updated with new titles and gain access to even more valuable
materials.
.
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Horse in
History
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at [Link]. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: The Horse in History
Author: Basil Tozer
Release date: October 1, 2017 [eBook #55658]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Turgut Dincer, Christian Boissonnas and
the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
[Link]
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HORSE IN
HISTORY ***
THE HORSE IN HISTORY
THE KNIGHT, DEATH AND THE DEVIL
From an engraving by Albert Dürer
THE
HORSE IN HISTORY
BY
BASIL TOZER
AUTHOR OF
“PRACTICAL HINTS ON RIDING TO HOUNDS” ETC.
WITH TWENTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS
METHUEN & CO.
36 ESSEX STREET W.C.
LONDON
First Published in 1908
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
FTER directly helping on the progress of the world and the
development of civilisation almost from the time when,
according to Nehring's interesting studies, the wild and primitive
horses of the great Drift began to exhibit distinct differences in
make, shape and individual characteristics, the horse has reached
the limit of its tether.
For with the dawn of the twentieth century, and the sudden
innovation of horseless traffic, any further influence that it might
have exercised upon the advancement of the human race comes
rapidly to a close.
That the horse's reign is over—though it is sincerely to be hoped
that horses will be with us still for many years—the statistics issued
recently by our Board of Agriculture in a measure prove. For in those
statistics it is stated that the number of horses in the United
Kingdom decreased during last year alone by no less than 12,312,
and later statistics show that the decrease still continues.
In the following pages, therefore, the writer has striven to trace
the progress of the horse from very early times down to the present
day mainly from the standpoint of the effect its development had
upon the advancement of the human race. For this reason though a
selected number of the most famous horses that lived in the
centuries before Christ, and between the time of Christ and the
period of the Norman Conquest, and that have lived within the last
nine centuries, have been mentioned, the horses of romance and
mythology have for the most part been passed over.
Every effort has been made to obtain information that is strictly
accurate, a task of no small difficulty owing to the mass of
contradictory evidence with which the writer has found himself
confronted in the course of his researches. To the best of his ability
he has winnowed the actual facts from the mass of fiction that he
has come upon in the writings of some of the earlier historians, and
to some extent in records, manuscripts and private letters of more
recent times to which he has had access.
B. J. T.
Boodle's Club, 1908.
CONTENTS
PART I
FROM VERY EARLY TIMES TO THE CONQUEST
CHAPTER I
Page
Rameses; early Egyptian chariots—Horses of Babylon and
of Libya—Erichthonius; horse of Job; horses of Solomon
—Early circus riding—Dancing horses of the Sybarites;
the Crotonians' stratagem—Homer's “Iliad”; Menesthus;
early wagering—Patroclus; Achilles; Euphorbus;
Hyperenor—Horses and chariots of the Thracians—
Ancient Greeks and horsemanship; decline in the
popularity of war chariots; inauguration of cavalry—
Xenophon on horsemanship—White horses 1
CHAPTER II
Increasing interest in horses—Herodotus; Thucydides; war
chariots of the Persians—Horses represented on coinage
—Wooden horse of Troy—The Parthenon frieze; Greek
art—Plato; white horses—The procession of Xerxes;
horses and men sacrificed—The horse of Darius—Horse
racing introduced among the Romans—Xenophon and
Simo—Early horseshoes, bits and bitting; ancient
methods of mounting 23
CHAPTER III
Xenophon disliked the “American” seat—Cavalry organised
by the Athenians—Cost of horses twenty-three centuries
ago—Aristophanes; Aristotle; Athenians' fondness for
horse racing—Alexander the Great; Bucephalus—Story
of Bucephalus; his death—Famous painters of horses:
Apelles, Pauson, Micon—Mythical flesh-eating horses of
Diomed—Hannibal's cavalry of 12,000 horse—Coins—
Posidonius; horses of the Parthians, Iberians and
Celtiberians 45
CHAPTER IV
Virgil on the points of a horse—Cæsar's invasion—Abolition
of war chariots—Precursor of the horseshoe—Nero's
2000 mules shod with silver; Poppæa's shod with gold—
The Ossianic and Cuchulainn epic cycles; Cuchulainn's
horses—The Iceni on Newmarket Heath; early horse
racing in Britain—Horses immolated by the Romans;
white horses as prognosticators—Caligula's horse,
Incitatus; Celer, the horse of Verus; the horse of
Belisarius 67
CHAPTER V
Mahomet encourages horse-breeding—Procopius; a 86
misstatement—Early allusion to horse races—Figures of
horses cut on cliffs—Roland and his horse, Veillantiff—
Orelia, Roderick's charger—Trebizond, Alfana; Odin's
mythical horse, Sleipnir—Horse fighting in Iceland—
Some horses of mythology: Pegasus, Selene, Xanthos,
Balios, Cyllaros, Arion, Reksh—Arab pedigrees traced
through dams—Influence of the horse upon history—
Courage of Julius Cæsar's horses
PART II
FROM THE CONQUEST TO THE STUART PERIOD
CHAPTER I
The Conqueror's cavalry—Horse fairs and races at
Smithfield—King John's foolish fad—The Persians and
their horses—Relics of Irish art; what they indicate—
Simon de Montfort the first master of foxhounds—The
king's right to commandeer horses—Sir Eustace de
Hecche; Battle of Falkirk—Marco Polo and white horses;
curious superstitions—Edward III. and Richard II.
encourage horse breeding—Battle of Crecy 107
CHAPTER II
Richard II.'s horse, Roan Barbary—Thoroughbred English
horses characteristic of the nation—Chaucer;
Cambuscan's wooden horse—Don Quixote's Aligero
Clavileno—Horse race between the Prince of Wales and
Lord Arundel—The Chevalier Bayard; his horse, Carman
—The Earl of Warwick's horse, Black Saladin—Joan of
Arc—King Richard's horse, White Surrey—Charles VIII.
of France's horse, Savoy—Dame Julyana Berners—
Wolsey's horsemanship—Queen Elizabeth's stud 127
CHAPTER III
Inauguration and development of the Royal Stud—
Exportation of horses declared by Henry VIII. to be
illegal—Sale of horses to Scotsmen pronounced to be an
act of felony—Riding matches become popular—
Ferdinand of Arragon's gift of horses to Henry VIII.—
Henry's love of hunting—King Henry stakes the bells of
St Paul's on a throw of the dice—Some horses of
romance—Horse-breeding industry crippled in Scotland 148
CHAPTER IV
North America without horses when Columbus landed—
Scarcity of horses at the Conquest of Mexico—Francisco
Pizarro; his cavaliers terrify the Indians—Emperor
Charles V. sends horses to King Edward VI.—David
Hume, “a man remarkable for piety, probity, candour
and integrity”; his practices in connection with horse
racing—Queen Elizabeth fond of racing; condition of the
Turf during her reign—Stallions fed on eggs and oysters
—Lord Herbert of Cherbury's antagonistic attitude
towards the Turf—Some horses in Shakespeare's plays—
Performing horse and its owner publicly burnt to death
—Horses trained by cruelty 168
CHAPTER V
King Henry VIII. and Queen Elizabeth passionately fond of 187
hunting—John Selwyn's remarkable feat in the hunting
field; the monument at Walton-on-Thames—Don
Quixote and his steed, Rosinante; Peter of Provence's
wooden horse, Babieca; Clavileno and the Cid's horse—
Mary Queen of Scots' favourite horses—Queen
Elizabeth's retinue of 2400 horses—Arundel, Aquiline,
Brigadore—The horses of Anatolia and Syria—Sir Robert
Carey's historic ride from London to Edinburgh in sixty
hours—The horses of Napoleon I.
PART III
FROM THE STUART PERIOD TO THE PRESENT DAY
CHAPTER I
Arrival of the Markham Arabian, the first Arab imported into
England—Newmarket village founded by James I.—
Decline of the “great horse”—The Royal Studs—James I.
organises a race meeting on the frozen River Ouse—
Superstitious beliefs concerning horses—James I. meets
with a grotesque riding mishap—Prosperity of the Turf—
Riding match between Lord Haddington and Lord
Sheffield—The Turf vigorously denounced as “an evil
likely to imperil the whole country's prosperity” 202
CHAPTER II
First races of importance run at Newmarket—Races in Hyde
Park—The Helmsley Turk and the Morocco Barb—Racing
introduced into Holland—Importation of Spanish
stallions into England—Prince Charles's riding master,
the Duke of Newcastle—Increasing cost of horses—
Marshal de Bassompierre; his loss through gambling,
£500,000 in a year; Sir John Fenwick—Sir Edward
Harwood's pessimism—Cromwell's Ironsides—Armour
discarded—The opposition to stage coaches; Mr
Cressett's theory; Charles II. favours their adoption 222
CHAPTER III
The Commonwealth's “ordinance to prohibit horse racing”—
Revival of racing under Charles II.—The King a finished
horseman—The figure of Britannia—The Royal Mares—
Formation of the thoroughbred stud—Thomas
Shadwell's cynical description of life at Newmarket—
Spread of horse racing in Ireland—Jockeys at
Newmarket entertained by Charles II.—Sir Robert Carr;
the Duke of Monmouth's connection with the Turf—
Annual charge for horses of the Royal household,
£16,640—Newmarket under the régime of the Merry
Monarch; the Duke of Buckingham 242
CHAPTER IV
Arrival of the Byerley Turk—Roman Catholics forbidden to
own a horse worth over £5—Henry Hyde, Earl of
Clarendon, on the manners of the age—King William
III.'s death due to a riding accident—The Duke of
Cumberland's breeding establishment in Queen Anne's
reign—Arrival of the Darley Arabian—The Godolphin
Arabian—Royal Ascot inaugurated by Queen Anne
—“Docking” and “cropping” condemned by Queen
Anne; attempt to suppress these practices—The story of
Eclipse—Some horses of romance—Copenhagen and
Marengo 261
CHAPTER V
A retrospective summary—The beginning of the end—
Superstition of the horseshoe—The Bedouins and their
horses—Some classic thoroughbreds of modern times—
Horses hypnotised—The Derby and the Oaks—Horse
racing in Mongolia—Conclusion 281
Index 295
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece
The Knight, Death, and the Devil
From an engraving by Albert Dürer.
Combat between Amazons and Attic heroes. Fourth 19
century, B.C.
From a Greek vase in the British Museum.
Greek coins showing horses in the early centuries
before Christ 27
1. The Emperor Trajan, showing Roman style of riding
2. The Emperor Theodosius, showing saddle
3. A Parthian horseman, showing Parthian style of
riding bareback
4. Sarmatian horse and warrior, meant to represent
horse and rider in armour made of plates of bone or
of horse-hoof 33
A portion of the Parthenon Frieze, executed by
Phidias about the year 440 B.C. 39
Roman soldier about to adjust “stocking” used in
place of shoes
From Richard Berenger's “The History and Art of
Horsemanship.” 44
Roman soldier about to mount on off side
From Richard Berenger's “The History and Art of
Horsemanship.” 44
A Mauritanian horseman, showing how the
Mauritanians and Humidians rode without saddle
or bridle
From Richard Berenger's “The History and Art of
Horsemanship.” 44
Alexander the Great on horseback, about 338 B.C.
The figure is believed to represent Bucephalus
From a bronze in the British Museum. 55
Persians fighting with elephants against the Romans,
about the time of Pyrrhus, 280 B.C. This picture
has been wrongly attributed to Raphael
From an engraving. 62
Caligula on horseback. About 37 A.D.
From a figure in the British Museum. 79
Bayeux tapestry supposed to represent the Battle of
Hastings, 1066 110
Statue of Colleoni by Verrocchio in Venice
From a photo by R. Anderson, Rome. 203
Van Dyck's famous picture of Charles I. on horseback
in the National Gallery, London
From a photo by Franz Hanfstængl. 225
Oliver Cromwell on horseback
After the painting by Van Dyck. 233
Horses of the Cavaliers, seventeenth century. From a
painting in the possession of his Majesty King
Edward VII.
From a photograph by Franz Hanfstængl. 243
The Duke of Schonberg on a typical charger of the
early seventeenth century
After the painting by Sir G. Kneller. 257
Flying Childers, bred by Mr Leonard Childers in 1715,
is said to have been “the fastest horse that has
ever lived”
From a photograph by A. Rischgitz. 269
Mr O'Kelly's Eclipse, the most famous thoroughbred
stallion ever foaled, 1764
After the painting by G. Stubbs. 273
Napoleon at Wagram
From the famous painting by Vernet at Versailles.
From a photo by Neurdein frères. 279
Wellington's famous horse, Copenhagen
From an engraving (Photo by A. Rischgitz). 280
Flying Dutchman, foaled 1846
From a life-size painting by Herring. By kind permission of
the Earl of Rosebery.
From a photograph by W. E. Gray. 285
SOME WORKS CONSULTED
F the many volumes the writer has consulted whilst engaged in
compiling this book, the following are among the more
important. The list is arranged alphabetically, according to the
authors' names. To the authors or editors, as the case may be, and
to the publishers of these works, the writer here begs to
acknowledge his very deep indebtedness for the assistance he has
derived from consulting the volumes named.
Arrian (F.)—“The Anabasis of Alexander.”
Aureggio (E.)—“Les Chevaux du Nord de l'Afrique.”
Azara (F. de)—“The Natural History of the Quadrupeds of
Paraguay and the River La Plata.”
Berenger (R.)—“The History and Art of Horsemanship.”
Blount (T.)—“Antient Tenures.”
Blunt (W. S.) “Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates.”
Bousson (M. A. E.)—“Etude de la Représentation du Cheval.”
Charras (J. B. A.) “Histoire de la Campagne de 1815.”
Chomel (C.)—“Histoire du Cheval dans l'antiquité et son rôle dans
la civilization.”
Church (A. J.)—“Roman Life in the Days of Cicero.”
Cook (T. A.)—“The History of the Turf,” and “Eclipse and O'Kelly.”
Darwin (C. R.)—“Variation of Animals and Plants.”
Erman (A.)—“Life in Ancient Egypt.”
Ewart (J. C.)—“The Multiple Origin of Horses and Ponies”; “A
Critical Period in the Development of the Horse”; and “The
Penicuik Experiments on Breeding between Horses and
Zebras.”
Fitzwygram (Sir F. W. J.)—“Horses and Stables.”
Flower (Sir W. H.)—“The Horse.”
Gast (E.)—“Le Cheval Normand et ses Origines.”
Gilbey (Sir W.)—“Horses Past and Present,” and “The Great Horse,
or War Horse.”
Greenwell (W.)—“British Barrows.”
Haddon (A. C.)—“The Study of Man.”
Hall (H.)—“The Horses of the British Empire.”
Hayes (M. H.)—“Points on the Horse.”
Holm (A.)—“The History of Greece.”
Hore (J. P.)—“History of Newmarket.”
Hume (D.)—“Imperial History of England.”
Hume (D.)—“The History of the House of Douglas.”
Jonson (B.)—“The Alchemist.”
Jowett (B.)—“Thucydides.”
Lodge (E.)—“Illustrations of British History.”
Mayne (C.)—“Odes of Pindar.”
Mitchell (T.)—“The Comedies of Aristophanes.”
Montfaucon (B. de)—“Antiquities.”
Morgan (H.)—“The Art of Horsemanship.”
Murray (D).—“Life of Joan of Arc.”
Newcastle (Duke of)—“Observations on Horses.”
Petrie (F.)—“History of Egypt.”
Pietrement (C. A.)—“Les Chevaux dans les Temps Historiques et
pré-Historiques.”
Plutarch—“Life of Alexander the Great.”
Prescott (W. H.)—“The Conquest of Mexico.”
Reyce (R).—“Breviary of Suffolk.”
Ridgeway (W.)—“The Origin and Influence of the Domestic Horse,”
and “The Early Age of Greece.”
Ruskin (J.)—“The Queen of the Air.”
Schlieben (A.)—“The Horse in Antiquity.”
Sidney (S.)—“The Book of the Horse.”
Sotherby (W.)—“Georgics of Virgil.”
Southey (R.)—“Iliad of Homer.”
Street (F.)—“The History of the Shire Horse.”
Strutt (J.)—“Sports and Pastimes of the People of England.”
Tasso (T.)—“Jerusalem Delivered.”
Taunton (T.)—“Famous Horses.”
Trimmer (Mrs M.)—“Natural History.”
Tweedie (Mrs Alec.)—“Hyde Park: Its History and Romance.”
Tweedie (W.)—“The Arabian Horse.”
Upton (Capt. R. D.)—“Newmarket and Arabia.”
Vaux (Baron C. M. de)—“A Cheval. Etude des Races Françaises et
Etrangères.”
White (C.)—“History of the Turf.”
Witt (C.)—“The Trojan War.”
Yule (Sir H.)—“Marco Polo.”
Standard classics consulted have for the most part been omitted
from this list. The writer wishes in addition to thank his friend, Dr
William Barry, the distinguished classical scholar, for the trouble he
has taken in helping to revise some of the earlier of the proof
sheets; Professor William Ridgeway, of Cambridge, the famous
historian and archæologist, for letters containing advice that has
proved of use; Mr Theodore Andrea Cook, the most trustworthy
authority we have upon the history of the Turf and the modern
thoroughbred, for letters of introduction, etc.; and the Directors of
the British Museum and the Directors of the National Gallery for
allowing photographs to be taken for reproduction. For the sake of
convenience the centuries b.c. are alluded to in the same way that
centuries a.d. are alluded to, that is, one century in advance. Thus
550 B.C. is spoken of as the fourth century B.C.; 250 a.d. as the
third century A.D., and so on.
THE HORSE IN HISTORY
PART I
FROM VERY EARLY TIMES TO THE CONQUEST
CHAPTER I
Rameses; early Egyptian chariots—Horses of Babylon and of Libya—Erichthonius;
horse of Job; horses of Solomon—Early circus riding—Dancing horses of the
Sybarites; the Crotonians' stratagem—Homer's “Iliad”; Menesthus; early wagering
—Patroclus; Achilles; Euphorbus; Hyperenor—Horses and chariots of the Thracians
—Ancient Greeks and horsemanship; decline in the popularity of war chariots;
inauguration of cavalry—Xenophon on horsemanship—White horses
HOUGH according to the more trustworthy of our naturalists
hoofed animals do not occur until the Tertiary Period in the
history of mammals, there can be no doubt that from an epoch
almost “so far back that the memory of man runneth not to the
contrary,” in the literal meaning of that legal phrase, the horse has
played a prominent part in the development of the human race.
Reference is made incidentally to “the horses of Abraham” by the
author of a historical novel published recently; but then even the
most pains-taking of writers of fiction is apt to err in minute points,
and can one blame him when the lands over which he travels, and
the subjects of which he treats, are so numerous and vary so
widely? For we know from Genesis—also from certain other later
sources that may be depended upon for accuracy—that though the
prophet had creatures of divers kinds bestowed upon him, yet the
horse probably is one of the few animals he did not receive.
Many of the important and famous victories won by Rameses—
Sesostris as the Greeks termed him—and by other monarchs of the
eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties, most likely would have proved
crushing defeats but for the assistance they obtained from horses.
As it happened, however, Rameses—whom recent writers declare to
have been a very barefaced “boomster”—succeeded with the help of
his horses in marching triumphant through many of the outlying
territories in Africa as well as in Asia.
We have it on the authority of Professor Flinders Petrie and other
distinguished historians that Aahmes I.—a king of the seventeenth
dynasty who drove out the Hyksos—reigned from 1587 to 1562 B.C.,
and chariots do not appear to have been used in Egypt prior to his
accession.
Indeed, as Professor Owen himself has pointed out, horses are not
found represented on any of the monuments of the very early
Egyptians, so that apparently the Egyptians of the eighteenth
dynasty, whose monuments probably are the first to show horses
and chariots, must have been the first to turn their attention
seriously to the employment of horses for useful purposes.
And yet from further statements made in Genesis it seems certain
that a native Egyptian king who flourished somewhere about the
time of Jacob—that is to say between 1800 and 1700 B.C.—owned
many horses and chariots. The Egyptians apparently did not mount
horses until a very late period in their history, and even the chariots
they constructed were, until many years had passed, used only in
time of war. The lower classes, if one may call them so, used only
the ass, a beast that must have been popular amongst the Egyptians
for centuries before horses were even heard of in Egypt.
From Genesis we gather too that Pharaoh made Joseph drive in
his second chariot; but the Egyptians who bought corn from Joseph
and gave horses in exchange for it belonged probably to the well-to-
do class that in time of war was compelled to provide the king with
almost as many horses and chariots as he needed, or at any rate as
many as he asked for.
In the records of Babylonia it is stated that horses were first
employed in the great city about the year 1500 B.C. The Libyans,
however, must have broken horses to harness some centuries before
this, and indeed learnt to ride them with some skill, for it is proved
beyond all doubt that the women of Libya rode horses astride at any
rate so far back as the seventeenth century B.C., and that in
addition to this horses were at about that time being driven in pairs
by the Libyans, to whom even the four-horse chariot cannot have
been quite unknown.
It has not been proved, from what I have been able to ascertain,
that in Neolithic times horses were already tamed, but some remains
of horses discovered at Walthamstow, in Essex, are said to date back
approximately to that period and to indicate for that reason that
horses were domesticated in the Neolithic Age.
Evidence does exist, however, that in the Neolithic and Bronze
Ages horses of a type that closely resembled that of the horses of
the Palæolithic Age were to be found in several parts of Europe. The
Trojans, as most of us know, bred horses very largely indeed, so
much so that we read of King Erichthonius, who in the thirteenth
century B.C. was in his heyday, that he became “richest of mortal
men” and the possessor of “three thousand mares which pastured
along the marsh meadow, rejoicing in their tender foals,” a
statement that indirectly recalls the fine lines in Longfellow's “The
Minnisink”:
“They buried the dark chief—they freed
Beside the grave his battle steed;
And swift an arrow cleaves its way
To his stern heart! One piercing neigh
Arose,—and on the dead man's plain
The rider grasps his steed again.”
Erichthonius, according to Virgil, was the first to handle a four-in-
hand, for in the third book of his “Georgics” we are told how
“Bold Erichthonius first four coursers yok'd
And urg'd the chariot as the axle smok'd.”
Rather a risky proceeding and one from which we may conclude
that bold Erichthonius would have flouted the axiom promulgated
recently by the more prudent members of a well-known coaching
club that “no team ought to be driven faster than ten miles an hour,
upon an average”!
Though allusions to the horse are made repeatedly in the Bible,
they give us little or no insight as to the horse's influence upon the
nations and their development. The notorious steed of Job that
when among the trumpets exclaimed “Ha! Ha!” and then winded the
battle afar off and fretted itself unduly upon hearing “the thunder of
the captains and the shouting” has been described by several
writers, but no two descriptions appear to tally.
Solomon, according to the “Book of Kings,” must have owned
quite a large stud, for we read that he had horses brought out of
Egypt, and that a chariot came up and went out for six hundred
shekels of silver, a horse for a hundred and fifty, “and so for all the
kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did he bring them
out.” The Hittites, whom Professor Jensen assures us were Indo-
Europeans, are also shown to have had horses when they made
their way into Northern Palestine, probably at some period prior to
1400 B.C., but trustworthy information about the horses and how
the Hittites treated them is not obtainable.
As for the horses in the Mycenean Period—the Bronze Age of
Greece—the monuments of that epoch bear testimony to the esteem
in which they were held. The indigenous people of Greece were
presumably the Pelasgians, and these monuments remain to bear
testimony that such a people once existed.
In a like manner do the gravestones of the Acropolis of Mycenæ
bear indisputable evidence, for upon three of them at least are to be
seen sculptured in low relief a chariot, a pair of horses, and a driver,
