Somaiya Vidyavihar University
K J Somaiya School of Engineering
Batch: Roll No.:
Experiment / assignment / tutorial No. 5
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD
Signature of the Staff In-charge with date
Title: Queries based on Joins, and Views
Objective: To be able to use SQL JOIN clause to extract data from 2 (or more) tables,
we need a relationship between certain columns in these tables.
Expected Outcome of Experiment:
CO 3 : Use SQL for Relational database creation, maintenance and query processing
CO 4 : Applying normalization to design database
Books/ Journals/ Websites referred:
1. Dr. P.S. Deshpande, SQL and PL/SQL for Oracle [Link] book, Dreamtech Press
2. [Link]
3. Korth, Slberchatz, Sudarshan : “Database Systems Concept”, 5th Edition , McGraw
Hill
4. Elmasri and Navathe,”Fundamentals of database Systems”, 4th Edition,PEARSON
Education.
Resources used: Postgresql
Theory
Join is a combination of a Cartesian product followed by a selection process. A Join
operation pairs two tuples from different relations, if and only if a given join condition
is satisfied. Or JOINS are used to retrieve data from multiple tables. A JOIN is
performed whenever two or more tables are joined in a SQL statement.
There are different types of Joins:
● The CROSS JOIN
● The INNER JOIN
● The LEFT OUTER JOIN
● The RIGHT OUTER JOIN
● The FULL OUTER JOIN
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Somaiya Vidyavihar University
K J Somaiya School of Engineering
A CROSS JOIN matches every row of the first table with every row of the second
table. If the input tables have x and y columns, respectively, the resulting table will
have x+y columns. Because CROSS JOINs have the potential to generate extremely
large tables, care must be taken to use them only when appropriate.
Ex. SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY CROSS JOIN
DEPARTMENT;
A INNER JOIN creates a new result table by combining column values of two tables
(table1 and table2) based upon the join-predicate. The query compares each row of
table1 with each row of table2 to find all pairs of rows, which satisfy the join-predicate.
When the join-predicate is satisfied, column values for each matched pair of rows of
table1 and table2 are combined into a result row.
Ex. SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN
DEPARTMENT ON [Link] = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
The OUTER JOIN is an extension of the INNER JOIN. SQL standard defines three
types of OUTER JOINs: LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL and PostgreSQL supports all of
these.
In case of LEFT OUTER JOIN, an inner join is performed first. Then, for each row in
table T1 that does not satisfy the join condition with any row in table T2, a joined row
is added with null values in columns of T2. Thus, the joined table always has at least
one row for each row in T1.
Ex. SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN
DEPARTMENT ON [Link] = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
The RIGHT OUTER JOIN
First, an inner join is performed. Then, for each row in table T2 that does not satisfy the
join condition with any row in table T1, a joined row is added with null values in
columns of T1. This is the converse of a left join; the result table will always have a
row for each row in T2.
Ex. SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY RIGHT OUTER JOIN
DEPARTMENT ON [Link] = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
The FULL OUTER JOIN
First, an inner join is performed. Then, for each row in table T1 that does not satisfy the
join condition with any row in table T2, a joined row is added with null values in
columns of T2. In addition, for each row of T2 that does not satisfy the join condition
with any row in T1, a joined row with null values in the columns of T1 is added.
SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY FULL OUTER JOIN
DEPARTMENT ON [Link] = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
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Somaiya Vidyavihar University
K J Somaiya School of Engineering
Views are pseudo-tables. That is, they are not real tables; nevertheless appear as
ordinary tables to SELECT. A view can represent a subset of a real table, selecting
certain columns or certain rows from an ordinary table. A view can even represent
joined tables. Because views are assigned separate permissions, you can use them to
restrict table access so that the users see only specific rows or columns of a table.
A view can contain all rows of a table or selected rows from one or more tables. A view
can be created from one or many tables, which depends on the written PostgreSQL
query to create a view.
Views, which are kind of virtual tables, allow users to do the following
−
● Structure data in a way that users or classes of users find natural or intuitive.
● Restrict access to the data such that a user can only see limited data instead of
complete table.
● Summarize data from various tables, which can be used to generate reports.
Since views are not ordinary tables, you may not be able to execute a DELETE,
INSERT, or UPDATE statement on a view. However, you can create a RULE to
correct this problem of using DELETE, INSERT or UPDATE on a view.
Syntax
CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2.....
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition];
Ex
CREATE VIEW COMPANY_VIEW AS
SELECT ID, NAME, AGE
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FROM COMPANY;
Dropping Views
Syntax: DROP VIEW view_name;
Implementation Screenshots (Already allocated Problem Statement , Query (wrt.
Table all variety of joins implementation as well as view )and Screenshots of
Results):
Conclusion:
Post Lab Questions:
1. What is a view?
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Somaiya Vidyavihar University
K J Somaiya School of Engineering
a) A view is a special stored procedure executed when certain event
occurs
b) A view is a virtual table which results of executing a pre-compiled
query
c) A view is a database diagram
d) None of the Mentioned
2. What type of join is needed when you wish to include rows that do
not have matching values?
A. Equi-join
B. Natural join
C. Outer join
D. All of the mentioned
3. Write SQL query including join operator to get following output:
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Somaiya Vidyavihar University
K J Somaiya School of Engineering
Input Tables:
Output Table:
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