Understanding Complex Waves and Fourier Series
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ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Complex Waves and Fourier Series
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ScribdTranslationsCOMPLEX WAVES
Most of the sounds produced in nature do not follow the
forms of the sine or cosine functions, but are made up of a
combination or superposition of waves of various frequencies and amplitudes. A
These types of waves are called complex waves.
TYPES OF COMPLEX WAVES
Periodic Complex Waves. There are periodic complex waves in
whose waveforms can produce identical repetitions,
that is, keeping the shapes, periods, and amplitudes constant.
Complex Non-Periodic Waves. There are complex waves without
identical repetitions. The shape of the wave varies in amplitude and in
duration at each moment in time. They cannot be represented as
the sum of sinusoidal waves, but its utility is very valuable in the
acoustic analysis of speech.
Quasiperiodic Waves. There are complex waves in which
graphic representations show sections that maintain a certain
similar without being completely identical.
THE FOURIER THEOREM
Any periodic complex wave can be represented as the sum of waves.
simple. It is equivalent to saying that we can build a complex wave.
periodic through the successive summation of simple waves. This is what is
known as the Fourier Theorem.
How could a square wave be constructed from the sum of waves?
sine waves?
In order to build this complex signal, it is necessary to select signals.
simple sinusoids and sum them to achieve this signal. Next,
will show the technique to follow:
First of all, it will be necessary to find sinusoidal waves that
they have adequate amplitude, frequency, and phases.
SIGN 1
SIGNAL 2
SIGNAL 3
SIGN 4
As we add more terms (sine waves) we
we get closer to the shape of the square wave. The square wave is a
complex wave that can be described as the sum of sinusoidal waves.
(Fourier's Theorem)
The first sine wave has a frequency of 200Hz. and receives the
first frequency name component or "Frequency"
Fundamental, abbreviated F0 The fundamental frequency
provides the characteristic tone that we perceive when
we hear the complex periodic sound.
The rest of the sinusoidal waves that we have added successively
to build the square wave is called harmonics or
overtones. Overtones by definition can only occur as
integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
In the case of the square wave that we have analyzed in detail, we have
next:
The Fundamental Frequency F0 . =200 Hz.
Then the harmonics can only occur at the frequencies that are
integer multiples of 200 Hz, that is, 400 Hz, 600 Hz, 800 Hz, 1000 Hz
Hz, etc. However, the square wave is a special case in which
the harmonics occur at frequencies that are even multiples of
F0 .
If we carefully observe the figure that represents the waveform
square, we can note that the harmonics that are even multiples of
F0 (2 F0 , 4 F0 , 6 ,...)
F0 have an amplitude equivalent to zero and,
therefore, they do not contribute at all to the shape of the square wave.
To construct the square wave, only the harmonics that are needed are
odd multiples of F0 , that is, 3 F0 , 5 F0 7 . , F...0 , etc.
F0 = 200 Hz.
Fundamental Frequency = 3 x 200 = 600 Hz.
Second Harmonic = 5 x 200 = 1000Hz.
Fundamental Frequency or First Harmonic F0 = 200 Hz.
Second Harmonic = 2 x F0 (does not contribute to the waveform)
Third Harmonic = 3 x 200 = 600 Hz.
Fourth Harmonic = 4 x F0 (does not contribute to the waveform)
Fifth Harmonic = 5 x 200 = 1000 Hz.
Sixth Harmonic = 6 x F0 (does not contribute to the waveform)
ii. In addition to having the harmonics with the correct frequencies, it must
to have the right amplitudes, otherwise it will never happen.
We will achieve building the periodic complex wave that we are looking for.
In the case of the square wave, the amplitude ratio between the
Harmonics that contribute to its construction should be as follows:
The third harmonic must have an amplitude equivalent to 1/3 of the
amplitude of the fundamental frequency.
The seventh harmonic must have an amplitude equivalent to 1/7 of the
amplitude of the fundamental frequency.
The square wave can be mathematically summarized by the
next general expression: sin(200) + 1/3sin(600) + 1/5sin(1000) +
1/7sin(1400) + ...
The numbers 200, 600, etc., represent the frequency of each wave.
sinusoidal.
The numbers 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, etc., represent the relationships of
amplitude.
FOURIER SERIES
The Fourier series of a periodic function f(x) with period T, also
known as a signal, defined over a length interval T is given by:
Partial sums
For the Fourier series of a periodic function f(x) defined in a
interval of length T the k-th partial sum, represented by Sk (x)
is given by:
Conditions of convergence
Let f (x) be a periodic function defined over an interval of length T
continues, except possibly at a finite number of points where it has
finite discontinuities and has a continuous derivative except at
finite number of points where it has finite discontinuities.
Then, the Fourier series for f(x) converges to f(x) at every point of
continuity and at the points of discontinuity the Fourier series converges to
Where f (x+) represents the limit from the right at x and f (x−) represents the
limit from the left to x.
Compact form of the Fourier series The Fourier series:
It can be written in compact form:
Where
It is more convenient calculate:
FOURIER COMPLEX SERIES
The complex Fourier series of a periodic function f(x) defined on the
the length interval T is given by the formula:
Where
