SECTION- B: SHORT QUESTIONS:

1. Define the allotropy with examples?

Ans) Allotropy: The existence of an element in more than one crystalline forms is known as
[Link] forms of the element are called allotropes or allotropic forms.

Example:
1. Diamond: In diamond carbon atoms are bonded together in four-cornered lattice arrangement.

Allotropy of Diamond

2. Graphite: In graphite the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a six-sided lattice

Allotropy of Graphite
 3. Graphene: Graphene contains single sheets of graphite.

Allotropy of Graphene

4. Fullerenes: In fullerence the carbon atoms are bonded together in spheres,cylinders or egg-
shaped formations.

Allotropy of Fullerenes

2. What is Effusion, explain with the examples?

Ans)

Effusion: The Effusion is escaping of gas molecules through a tiny hole into a space with lesser
pressure.

Example 1: Leakage of air through tyre pin hole.

Example 2: Leakage of helium through gas balloons.
3. Define the following:
Boiling Point, Melting Point, Freezing Point

Ans) Boiling Point: The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid become equal to
atmospheric pressure is called boiling point of the liquid.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid starts melting and coexist in equilibrium with liquid
state is called melting point.

Freezing Point: The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid state becomes equal to
the vapour pressure of its solid state is known as Freezing Point of a liquid.

4. What is density, how the density of liquid is affected by temperature and pressure?

Ans) Density: The Density is degree of compactness or closeness of a molecules.

1. Temperature: Liquids are less affected by the temperature as by increasing temperature

liquids increase their volume which decrease density
2. Pressure: Liquids are slightly affected by pressure .Increase in pressure on liquids increases the
density.

5. Explain plasma with the daily life examples?

Ans) Plasma State: It is a state of matter in which an ionized substance becomes highly electrically
conductive to the point that long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behaviour.

Some examples of daily life are as follow:

1. The lightning makes plasma naturally.
2. The plasma lamps and globes are popular in children's toys and room decoration.

6. Justify that atoms of Bose Einstein condensate are super unexcited and super cooled?
Ans) Since this state is obtained near absolute zero where there is no energy therefore atoms of Bose
Einstein condensate are super unexcited and super cooled.

7. How kinetic molecular theory differentiates states of matter?

Ans) The kinetic molecular theory of matter states that: Matter is made up of particles that are
constantly moving. All particles have energy, but the energy varies depending on the temperature the
sample of matter is in. This in turn determines whether the substance exists in the solid, liquid, or
gaseous state.

SECTION- C: DETAILED QUESTIONS:

1. Discuss the property of evaporation in liquids? Which factors affects the evaporation process?
Ans)

Evaporation: The process by which liquid changes to a gas phase is called evaporation.
Example: Clothes dry under the sun due to evaporation.
Factors affecting Evaporation:
1. Surface Area: The evaporation is a surface based process. Greater the surface area greater is
[Link] example water left in bowl evaporate slowly than water left in a large tub.
2. Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with the increase in temperature. Because
temperature increases the kinetic molecular energy which overcome the intermolecular forces
and makes evaporation rapidly. For example clothes dry quickly in a sunny day than a cloudy
day.
3. Intermolecular Forces: The rate of evaporation increases with less intermolecular forces .If
intermolecular forces are stronger evaporation is lesser. For example perfume have lesser
intermolecular forces than water therefore it evaporates quickly.

2. Describe the Boyl's law with example?

Ans) Boyle's Law:

Introduction: This law was proposed by Robert Boyle.

Statement: "The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure, at constant
temperature. "

Mathematical Representation of Boyle's Law:

According to Boyle's law
1
V∝
P
Or
K
P
V=

where K= is the constant

The product of pressure and volume of a fixed mass of a gas is constant at a constant temperature

At initial stage

P 1V 1 = K

At final stage

P 2V 2 = K

Comparing above equations we get

P 1V 1 = P 2V 2
Example:

Graph:

3. Differentiate between amorphous and Crystalline Solids?

Amorphous Solids Crystalline Solids
They don't have definite geometrical shape. They have characteristic geometrical shape.
They melt over a wide range of temperatures. They have sharp melting point.
Amorphous solids are isotropic. Crystalline solids are anisotropic.
Amorphous solids are unsymmetrical. Crystalline solids are symmetrical.
4. Define and explain the Charles' law of gases?

Ans) Charles's Law:

Introduction: This law was proposed by [Link] .

Statement: "the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
if the pressure is kept constant".

Mathematical Representation of Charles's Law:

According to Charles law:

V∝ T

V=

KT
V
=K
T
Where K is proportionality constant. According to Charles law if volume is divided by temperature, the
answer is a constant.

At initial stage
V1
=
K

At final stage
V2
=K
T2
Comparing above equations we get

V1 V2
T1 =T2
Example:
Graph:

5. Describe the process of diffusion in liquids? State the factors which influence it?

Ans) Diffusion: The diffusion is spreading out of the liquid molecules throughout the vessel. The
liquids diffuse less rapidly than gasees.

Example: When few drops of ink are dropped in water filled flask, the molecules move around and
after a while spread in whole of flask.

Factors Affecting Diffusion:

1. Inter molecular forces: Liquids have weaker intermolecular forces than solid due to this
diffuses faster than solid but less rapidly than gases.
2. Size of molecules: diffusion depends upon size of molecules small size molecules diffuse
rapidly than bigger one. For example diffusion is slow in water than alcohol.
3. Shape of molecules: Molecules with irregular shape diffuse slowly while regular shaped
molecules diffuse faster.
4. Temperature: Diffusion increases by increasing in temperature because at high temperature
intermolecular forces become weak.
 6. How boiling point is affected by different factors?
Ans)
Factors Affecting Boiling Point:
1. Atmospheric pressure: The boiling point is directly proportional to atmospheric pressure. For
example working of pressure cooker.
2. Nature of liquid: The boiling point depends upon nature of liquid as polar liquids have high
boiling points then non-polar liquids. For example boiling point of water (polar liquid) is

3. Intermolecular forces: It is directly proportional to boiling point. For example boiling point
greater than ethyle alcohol (nonpolar liquid).

of water is greater than boiling point of acetic acid.

7. Define vapour pressure and justify that it is visible in a close system only?
Ans) Vapour pressure: The pressure exerted by vapours in equilibrium with its pure liquid at a particular
temperature is called Vapour [Link] pressure is maximum add equalibrium.

Yes vapour pressure is visible in a closed system only otherwise, they escape forever, i.e. evaporation.

SECTION- D: NUMERICALS:
1. Convert the following units:
(A)100 oC to K (b) 150 oC to K

(a) 780K to oC (d) 170 K to oC

Ans)

(A)100 oC to K:
K = oC + 273 K =

100 + 273

K = 373

(b) 150 oC to K
K = oC + 273 K =

150 + 273

K = 423
(c) 780K to oC
K = oC + 273

780 = oC + 273
o
C = 780 – 273
o
C = 507

(d) 170 K to oC
K = oC + 273

170 = oC + 273
o
C = 170 – 273
o
C = -103

2. It is desired to increase the volume of a fixed amount of gas from 90.5 to 120 cm3 while holding the
pressure constant. What would be the final temperature if initial temperature is 33 oC.

Ans)
Data:
T1 = 33 oC = 33+273 K = 306 K

V1= 90.5 cm3

V2= 120 cm3

T2 = ?

Solution:
V1 V2
T1 T2
=

V2 × T 1
V1
T2=

120×
T2= 306
90.5

T2= 405.746 K
3. A 78ml sample of gas is heated from 35°C to 80°C at constant pressure. What is the final volume?
Ans)
Data:
T1 = 35 oC = 35+273 K = 308

K T2 = 80 oC = 80+273 K =

353 K V1 = 78ml

V2 = ?

Solution:
By using the equation
V1 V2
T1 T2
=

V 1 T2
V = T
2 1
By putting the values in equation
78 × 353
V2 =
308

V2 = 89.396 ml

4. A gas occupies a volume of 40.0 dm3 at standard temperature (0 oC) and pressure (1 atm), when
pressure is increases up to 3 atm unchanged temperature what would be the new volume?

Ans)
Data:
V1 = 40.0 dm3

P1 = 1 atm

P2 = 3 atm

V2 =?

Solution:
P 1V 1 = P 2V 2

P1 V1
P2
V2 =
V2 = 1
×40
3
40
V2 =

3
V2 = 13.333 dm3

5. The 800 cm3 of a gas is enclosed in a container under a pressure of 750 mm. If the volume is
reduced to 250 cm3 , what will be the pressure?

Ans)
Data:
V1 = 800

cm3 P1 =

750 mm V2 =

250 cm3 P2

=?

Solution:
P 1V 1 = P 2V 2

P1 V1
P2 =
V2
750 ×800
P2 =
250

P2 = 2400 mm.

6. The pressure of a sample gas is 8 atm and the volume is 15 liters. If the pressure is reduced to 6
atm, what is the volume?

Ans)
Data:
V1 = 15 liters

P1 = 8 atm

P2 = 6 atm

V2 =?
Solution:
P 1V 1 = P 2V 2

P1 V1
P2
V2 =

8
V2 = ×15
6
12
V2 =
0
6
V2 = 20 liters