Ton Duc Thang University

Faculty of Information Technology

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
LAB 2: ARRAY, ARRAYS CLASS, STRING CLASS
I. Objective
In this second tutorial, you will:
• Practice with an array in Java.
• Understand how to program with Arrays class.
• Have basic knowledge about the object, how to create the object in Java, and practice it with the
sample class defined by Java.
• Understand how to program with String class.

II. Array
Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of
the same type.
To declare an array, you can use this statement:
dataType[] arrayName;

You can also place the brackets after the array's name:
dataType arrayName[];

But we encourage you should use the first form to declare an array.
There are two basic ways to initialize an array. You can use the new operator or use the braces to list
the values:
dataType[] arrayName = new dataType[arraySize];
dataType[] arrayName = {value0, value1, ..., valueK};

Example:
public class MyProgram {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int[] b = new int[3];
b[0] = 1;
b[1] = 2;
b[2] = 3;

for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

[Link](a[i] + " ");
}
[Link]();
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
sum = sum + b[i];
}

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[Link]("sum = " + sum);

}
}

Another way, you can use this statement to create an anonymous array:
new dataType[] {value0, value1, ..., valueK};

Example:
public class MyProgram {
public static int sum(int[] arr) {
int result = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
result += arr[i];
}
return result;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("sum = " + sum(new int[] {2,4,6,8}));
}
}
We have a special for loop in the above sample called enhanced for loop. The enhanced for loop is
mainly used to traverse a collection of elements including arrays. The syntax is as follows.
Example:
public class MyProgram {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9};
for (int x : a) {
[Link](x);
}
int sum = 0;
for (int x : a) {
sum = sum + x;
}
[Link]("sum = " + sum);
}
}

III. Arrays Class

This class contains various static methods for manipulating arrays. Many of the methods have unique
specifications for each of the primitive types (boolean, byte, char, short, int, long, float, double).
Though only the methods for the primitive types are specifically discussed, many of the methods also
support an array of elements of type Object and generic types. You can read more about this class here.
To simplify the presentations of these methods, ptype will be used as a placeholder for a primitive type.
The following, we will introduce some typical methods of this

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1. static ptype[ ] copyOf(ptype[ ] original, int newLength)

Copies the specified array of primitive types, truncating or padding (if needed) so the copy has the
specified length. If padding is necessary, the numeric types will pad with zero, char will pad with null,
and boolean will pad with false.
Example:

int[] org = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

int[] copy = [Link](org, 3); //copy = [1, 2, 3];

2. static ptype[ ] copyOfRange(ptype[ ] original, int beginIndex, int endIndex)

Copies the range beginIndex to endIndex-1 of the specified array into a new array. The
index beginIndex must lie between zero and [Link] inclusively. As long as there are
values to copy, the value at original[beginIndex] is placed into the first element of the new array,
with subsequent elements in the original array placed into subsequent elements in the new array. Note
that beginIndex must be less than or equal to endIndex. The length of the returned array will
be endIndex - beginIndex.
Example:

int[] org = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

int[] copy = [Link](org, 1, 6); //copy = [2, 3, 4, 5, 0];

3. String toString(ptype[ ] a)
Return the string representation of the contents of the specified array, the resulting string consists of a
list of the array's elements, separated by a comma and a space, enclosed in square brackets ("[ ]"). It
returns "null" if the array is null.
Example:

int[] org = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

String copy = [Link](org, 3);
[Link](copy); // [1, 2, 3]

4. static void sort(ptype[ ] a)

Sorts the specified array into ascending numerical order. This method is not defined for boolean.
Example:

int intArr[] = {10, 20, 15, 22, 35};

[Link](intArr);
[Link](intArr); // [10, 15, 20, 22, 35]

5. static ptype binarySearch(ptype[ ]a, ptype key)

Searches the array for the key value using the binary search algorithm. The array must be sorted before
making this call. If it is not sorted, the results are undefined. If the array contains duplicate elements

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with the key value, there is no guarantee which element will be found. For floating point types, this
method considers all NaN values to be equivalent and equal. The method is not defined for boolean.
Example:

int intArr[] = {10, 20, 15, 22, 35};

[Link](intArr);
int index = [Link](intArr, 22);
[Link](index); //3

Students can use the functionality provided by the Arrays class for array processing after the midterm
exam. During the midterm exam, students are not permitted to use these methods. All array-related
problems must be solved manually.

IV. Classes and objects in Java

Java is an Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) language. Everything you work in Java is through
classes and objects. In this lab, we only learn how to create an object from the available class in Java,
we will learn about this topic more carefully in Lab 4.
BigDecimal is a class, which is defined in [Link] package. This class provides operations for
arithmetic, scale manipulation, rounding, comparison, hashing, and format conversion. Besides that,
the BigDecimal class gives its user complete control over rounding behaviour. You can read more about
this class here.
Object is an instance of a Class.
Example:

import [Link];

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
BigDecimal num = new BigDecimal(1);
BigDecimal num1 = new BigDecimal(4);
BigDecimal x = num;
// BigDecimal y;
[Link](num);
[Link](num1);
[Link](x);
// [Link](y);
}
}

Output:

1
4
1

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With the above example, the variables: num, num1, x, and y were created from the BigDecimal class. In
other words, the variables: num, num1, x, and y are the pointers to the objects. However, variable y hasn't
been initialized. Therefore, the value of that variable will be undermined until an object is created and
assigned to it. If you try using an uninitialized variable, you will get a compiler error.
The format of code when you want to create an object from the class is:
ClassName instanceName = new ClassConstructor([paramater1, parameter2, …])
Let's observe another example:

import [Link];

public class Test1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
BigDecimal x = new BigDecimal(4);
BigDecimal y = new BigDecimal(4);

[Link](x == y);
[Link]([Link](y));
}
}

Output:

false
true

With objects, we don’t use the operator "==" to compare values, because this operator will compare the
addresses and there are the pointers so they have different addresses. BigDecimal supports the method
called equals to compare the value of two BigDecimal objects.
Next, we will learn how to invoke the non-static method and static method from a class. To invoke a
static method, you do not need to create an object. Instead, you can invoke directly from the class name.
Contrarily, with the non-static method, you need to create an object to invoke it.
Example:

import [Link];

class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BigDecimal x = new BigDecimal(-4);

//abs() is a non-static method of the BigDecimal class

BigDecimal y = [Link]();

//valueOf() is a static method of the BigDecimal class

BigDecimal z = [Link](20.22);

[Link](y);

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[Link](z);
}
}

Output:

4
20.22

V. String class
Java provides a class named String in the package [Link] to support non-mutable strings. A non-
mutable string cannot be changed once it has been created. Instances of the String class can be
combined to form new strings, and numerous methods are provided for examining String objects. A
String variable contains a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes. You can read more
about this class here.
Create a String object by string literal and by new keyword:

String greeting = "Hello"; // by string literal

String greeting1 = new String("Hello"); // by new keyword

1. int length()
A String in Java is an object, which contains methods that can perform certain operations on strings. For
example, the length of a string can be found with the length() method:

String greeting = "Hello";

[Link]("The length of the greeting string is: " + [Link]());
// The length of the greeting string is: 5

2. char charAt(int index)

You can reference the individual characters in a string by using the method charAt() with the same
index that you would use for an array.

String greeting = "Hello";

[Link]([Link](1)); // e

3. int compareTo(String anotherString)

You should not use the “==” operator to test whether two strings are equal. Using the “==” operator
determines only whether the references to the strings are the same; it does not compare the contents of
the String instances. You can compare strings by using the compareTo() method. Not only can you
determine whether two strings are equal, but you can determine which of two strings comes before the
other according to the Unicode value of the character in the strings.

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"Star".compareTo("star"); // returns negative

"abc".compareTo("abc"); // returns zero
"d".compareTo("abc"); // returns positive

4. String concat(String str)

You can use the concat() method to concatenate two strings. You can also concatenate two strings to
form another string by using the “+” operator.

"Hello".concat(" Wolrd");

String greeting = "Hello";

greeting += " Wolrd";

Besides adding two strings together, you can also concatenate a string and a value of a primitive type
together by using the + operator.

String string = "PI = " + 3.14;

// PI = 3.14

5. String substring(int begin) / String substring(int begin, int end)

Using substring() to access part of a string.

String title = "J Perfect's Diary";

[Link]([Link](2)); // Perfect's Diary
[Link]([Link](2, 9)); // Perfect

6. int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex)

Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the
specified index.
7. String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
Returns a string that is obtained by replacing all characters oldChar in the string with newChar.
8. boolean equals(String str)
The method compares the two given strings based on the content of the string. If any character is not
matched, it returns false. If all characters are matched, it returns true.
You can’t use “==” to compare two String, because with “==” you compare object references, not
the content of the string.
9. String[] split(String regex)
The method splits this string against a given regular expression and returns a String array.
10. String trim()
Returns a string that has all leading and trailing spaces in the original string removed.
11. char[] toCharArray()

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Converts this string to a new character array.

12. String toUpperCase() / String toLowerCase()
Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case / lower case.

IV. Exercises
a) Array (Do not use the Arrays class in the following exercises)
1. Write a function public static int findMax(int[] arr) to find the maximum value
of an array.
2. Write a function to sum all even numbers of an array.
3. Write a function to count how many prime numbers are in an array.
4. Write a function public static int find(int[] arr, int k) to find the index of an
element k in an array, if the element doesn’t exist in an array return -1. (the first element index
is 0)
5. Write a function public static void square(int[] arr) to square all elements of an
array.
6. Write a function public static int[] divisibleNumbers(int[] arr, int k) to
find the elements divisible by k in an array. (Hint: Count how many possible elements and create
a new array with a length equal to the number counted. After that, put all possible elements into
the new array. Ex: arr = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] with k = 2 → [2,4,6]).
7. Write a function to find the third largest element in an array.
8. Write a function to remove the first specific element from an array and return true, if the element
does not exist in an array return false.
9. Write a function to insert an element at a specific position into an array. (After insertion you
can replace the last element with the element before)
(Ex: arr = [1,2,4,3] insert 5 at position 2 returns [1,2,5,4])
10. Write a function to find the duplicate values of an array of integer values.
(Ex: arr = [1,3,1,3,2,4] returns [1,3])
11. Write a function to remove the duplicate values of an array of integer values.
(Ex: arr = [1,3,1,3,2,4] returns [1,3,2,4])
b) Class and Object
1. In the main method, create an array of five BigDecimal objects with arbitrary values.
2. Write a function public static BigDecimal findMax(BigDecimal[] arr) to find
the maximum value of a BigDecimal object array.
3. Call the findMax function with the BigDecimal array above and print the result to the screen.

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c) String
1. Write a Java program that receives the full name of a person and writes functions to:
• Return the first name and last name, except the middle name.
(Ex: Nguyen Van Chien → Nguyen Chien)
• Return the middle name. (Ex: Nguyen Thi Thu Thao → Thi Thu)
• Capitalize the full name. (Ex: nguyen van chien → Nguyen Van Chien)
• Uppercase all vowels and lowercase all consonants. (Ex: Nguyen Van Chien → ngUyEn
vAn chIEn)
2. Write a Java program that receives a string and writes functions to:
• Find the length of a string.
• Count the number of words in a string.
• Find the longest word in a string.
• Count the number of occurrences of a character in a string.
• Check if a string is a palindrome or not.
-- END --

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