UNIT-IV

1. Introduction to GUI Programming

✅ What is GUI?

GUI (Graphical User Interface) allows users to interact with applications using graphical
elements like:

 Buttons
 Textboxes
 Labels
 Menus
 Windows

✅ Real-Time Examples:

 Calculator
 Login Forms
 Notepad
 Paint Application
 Web Browsers (Google Chrome, Firefox)

✅ Why GUI?

 Easier for end-users (compared to command-line)

 Visually appealing
 Reduces the need to memorize commands

2. GUI Libraries in Python

Library Description Best For

Tkinter Built-in, simple and easy to learn Beginners, small projects
PyQt Powerful, based on Qt framework Complex, commercial-grade software
Kivy Supports multi-touch, mobile development Android/iOS cross-platform apps
wxPython Native look and feel for desktop apps Traditional desktop applications

For this course, we will use Tkinter, as it's simple and comes pre-installed with Python.

3. Getting Started with Tkinter

✅ Basic Tkinter Code Structure:

import tkinter as tk

root = [Link]() # Create main window

[Link]("My Window") # Set title
[Link]("300x200") # Set width x height

[Link]() # Display the GUI

✅ Key Functions:

 Tk() - Initializes the main GUI window

 title() - Sets window title
 geometry("WxH") - Sets size (Width x Height)
 mainloop() - Keeps the GUI running until user closes it

4. Common Tkinter Widgets (GUI Elements)

Widget Purpose
Label Display text or images
Button Create clickable buttons
Entry Single-line text input
Text Multi-line text input
Checkbutton Checkbox for multiple options
Select only one from many
Radiobutton
options
Listbox Show list of items
Scale Slider for selecting a value
Spinbox Input from fixed set of values
Container to group other
Frame
widgets

✅ Example: Using Multiple Widgets

import tkinter as tk

root = [Link]()
[Link]("Widgets Example")

[Link](root, text="Name").pack()
[Link](root).pack()
[Link](root, text="Gender").pack()
[Link](root, text="Male", value=1).pack()
[Link](root, text="Female", value=2).pack()

[Link](root, text="Submit").pack()

[Link]()

5. Layout Management in Tkinter

✅ What is Layout Management?

It controls how widgets are arranged in the window. Tkinter supports:

 pack() – Auto positions vertically/horizontally

 grid() – Positions widgets in a grid of rows/columns
 place() – Positions widgets using x, y coordinates

🧩 Using pack() Layout

import tkinter as tk

root = [Link]()

[Link](root, text="Top").pack()
[Link](root, text="Bottom").pack(side="bottom")
[Link](root, text="Left").pack(side="left")
[Link](root, text="Right").pack(side="right")

[Link]()

✅ pack() Parameters:

 side='top'/'bottom'/'left'/'right'
 fill='x' or 'y' – expands widget
 expand=True – takes extra space

🧩 Using grid() Layout

import tkinter as tk
root = [Link]()

[Link](root, text="Username").grid(row=0, column=0)

[Link](root).grid(row=0, column=1)

[Link](root, text="Password").grid(row=1, column=0)

[Link](root).grid(row=1, column=1)

[Link](root, text="Login").grid(row=2, column=1)

[Link]()

✅ grid() Parameters:

 row, column – position in grid

 rowspan, columnspan – span across rows/cols
 sticky="e/w/n/s" – alignment inside grid cell

🧩 Using place() Layout

import tkinter as tk

root = [Link]()
[Link]("300x200")

[Link](root, text="Hello at (50,40)").place(x=50, y=40)

[Link]()

✅ place() Parameters:

 x, y – exact coordinates
 Good for precise positioning

1. Main-Window-Style Programs

✅ What is a Main-Window-Style Program?

A Main-Window-Style Program is a GUI application that contains:

 A primary window (main window)

 Menu bar (File, Edit, etc.)
  Toolbar
 Status bar
 Central content area

These are typical in applications like:

 Text editors (Notepad, Word)

 Web browsers (Chrome, Firefox)
 IDEs (VS Code, PyCharm)

2. Creating a Main Window in Tkinter

✅ Steps:

1. Import tkinter
2. Create the main window using Tk()
3. Add components: Menu, widgets, status bar, etc.
4. Call mainloop() to keep it running

✅ Example: Basic Main Window

import tkinter as tk

# Create main window

root = [Link]()
[Link]("Main Window")
[Link]("400x300")

# Add a label
label = [Link](root, text="Welcome to Main Window!", font=("Arial", 14))
[Link](pady=20)

# Run the window

[Link]()

✅ Adding Menu Bar to Main Window

import tkinter as tk

def open_file():
print("Open clicked")
root = [Link]()
[Link]("Main Window with Menu")
[Link]("400x300")

# Create a menu bar

menu_bar = [Link](root)

# Create a File menu

file_menu = [Link](menu_bar, tearoff=0)
file_menu.add_command(label="Open", command=open_file)
file_menu.add_command(label="Exit", command=[Link])

# Add File menu to the menu bar

menu_bar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file_menu)

# Set menu to the window

[Link](menu=menu_bar)

[Link]()

3. Creating a Custom Dialog

✅ What is a Dialog?

A Dialog Box is a pop-up window used to:

 Show information
 Get input
 Confirm actions (Yes/No)

Types:

 Predefined dialogs (like messagebox, filedialog)

 Custom dialogs (built by creating a new Toplevel window)

✅ Example: Custom Dialog Using Toplevel

import tkinter as tk

def open_dialog():
dialog = [Link](root)
[Link]("Custom Dialog")
 [Link]("250x150")

[Link](dialog, text="This is a dialog").pack(pady=10)

[Link](dialog, text="Close", command=[Link]).pack(pady=10)

root = [Link]()
[Link]("Main Window")
[Link]("400x300")

[Link](root, text="Open Dialog", command=open_dialog).pack(pady=50)

[Link]()

✅ Summary of Key Concepts

Concept Description
Tk() Creates main application window
Toplevel() Creates a new pop-up dialog window
Menu Used to build a menu bar
Label, Button Common widgets in main or dialog windows
mainloop() Starts the GUI event loop

✅ Real-Time Use Cases

Feature Real-Time Example

Main Window Notepad main editor area
Menu Bar File, Edit menus in WordPad
Custom Dialog "Save before exit?" prompt

PACK: from tkinter import *

w = Tk()
[Link]("Pack Window")
[Link]("400x300")

l = Label(w, text="NAME", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")

[Link](side=TOP)

l1 = Label(w, text="AGE", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")

[Link](side=RIGHT)

l2 = Label(w, text="ROLLNO", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")

[Link](side=LEFT)

l3 = Label(w, text="FREE", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")

[Link](side=BOTTOM)

[Link]()

REAL TIME: from tkinter import *

# Function to be called when login button is clicked

def login1():
username = entry_user.get()
password = entry_pass.get()
if username == "admin" and password == "1234":
result_label.config(text="Login Successful!", fg="green")
else:
result_label.config(text="Login Failed. Try again.", fg="red")

# Main window
w = Tk()
[Link]("Login Form")
[Link]("300x200")

# Username label and entry

label_user = Label(w, text="Username:")
label_user.pack(pady=5)

entry_user = Entry(w)
entry_user.pack(pady=5)

# Password label and entry

label_pass = Label(w, text="Password:")
label_pass.pack(pady=5)

entry_pass = Entry(w, show="*")

entry_pass.pack(pady=5)

# Login button
btn_login = Button(w, text="Login", command=login1, bg="blue", fg="white")
btn_login.pack(pady=10)

# Result message label

result_label = Label(w, text="")
result_label.pack(pady=5)

# Run the window

[Link]()

grid: from tkinter import *

# Create main window
w = Tk()
[Link]("Grid Layout with Sticky")
[Link]("400x300")

# NAME Label - Aligned to Left (West)

l = Label(w, text="NAME", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")
[Link](row=0, column=0, sticky=W, padx=10, pady=5)

# AGE Label - Aligned to Right (East)

l1 = Label(w, text="AGE", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")
[Link](row=1, column=1, sticky=E, padx=10, pady=5)

# ROLLNO Label - Aligned to Top (North)

l2 = Label(w, text="ROLLNO", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")
[Link](row=2, column=2, sticky=N, padx=10, pady=5)

# FREE Label - Aligned to Bottom (South)

l3 = Label(w, text="FREE", width=20, height=3, bg="green", fg="yellow")
[Link](row=3, column=3, sticky=S, padx=10, pady=5)

# Run the main event loop

[Link]()

Real time(calculater):
from tkinter import *

# Function to handle button clicks

def click(btn_text):
current = [Link]()
[Link](0, END)
[Link](0, current + btn_text)

# Function to clear the entry

def clear():
[Link](0, END)

# Function to evaluate the expression

def evaluate():
try:
result = str(eval([Link]()))
[Link](0, END)
[Link](0, result)
except:
[Link](0, END)
[Link](0, "Error")

# Main window
root = Tk()
[Link]("Calculator")
[Link]("280x350")

# Entry box for input/output

entry = Entry(root, width=25, font=('Arial', 18), borderwidth=2, relief=RIDGE, justify='right')
[Link](row=0, column=0, columnspan=4, padx=10, pady=10)

# Button layout
buttons = [
('7', 1, 0), ('8', 1, 1), ('9', 1, 2), ('/', 1, 3),
('4', 2, 0), ('5', 2, 1), ('6', 2, 2), ('*', 2, 3),
('1', 3, 0), ('2', 3, 1), ('3', 3, 2), ('-', 3, 3),
('0', 4, 0), ('.', 4, 1), ('=', 4, 2), ('+', 4, 3)
]

# Create and place buttons

for (text, row, col) in buttons:
action = evaluate if text == '=' else lambda t=text: click(t)
Button(root, text=text, width=5, height=2, font=('Arial', 14),
command=action).grid(row=row, column=col, padx=5, pady=5)

# Clear button
Button(root, text='C', width=22, height=2, font=('Arial', 14),
command=clear).grid(row=5, column=0, columnspan=4, padx=5, pady=10)

# Run the app

[Link]()

real time example two: from tkinter import *

# Function to display entered details

def submit():
name = entry_name.get()
age = entry_age.get()
 course = entry_course.get()

result_label.config(
text=f"Name: {name}\nAge: {age}\nCourse: {course}", fg="blue"
)

# Create main window

w = Tk()
[Link]("Student Details Form")
[Link]("300x250")

# Labels and Entry fields

Label(w, text="Student Name:").grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=5, sticky=E)
entry_name = Entry(w)
entry_name.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=10, pady=5)

Label(w, text="Age:").grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=5, sticky=E)

entry_age = Entry(w)
entry_age.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=5)

Label(w, text="Course:").grid(row=2, column=0, padx=10, pady=5, sticky=E)

entry_course = Entry(w)
entry_course.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=10, pady=5)

# Submit Button
Button(w, text="Submit", command=submit).grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=10)

# Label to show result

result_label = Label(w, text="", font=("Arial", 10))
result_label.grid(row=4, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=5)

# Start the GUI

[Link]()

place:
from tkinter import *

# Main window
w = Tk()
[Link]("Place Geometry Simple Example")
[Link]("300x200")

# Label for name

Label(w, text="Name:").place(x=30, y=30)
# Entry for name
Entry(w).place(x=100, y=30)

# Label for age

Label(w, text="Age:").place(x=30, y=70)

# Entry for age

Entry(w).place(x=100, y=70)

# Label for course

Label(w, text="Course:").place(x=30, y=110)

# Entry for course

Entry(w).place(x=100, y=110)

# Run the GUI

[Link]()

Real time: from tkinter import *

# Function to display name
def display_name():
name = entry_name.get()
label_result.config(text="Hello, " + name)

# Main window
w = Tk()
[Link]("Student Name Display")
[Link]("300x200")

# Label and Entry

Label(w, text="Enter your name:").place(x=30, y=30)
entry_name = Entry(w)
entry_name.place(x=140, y=30)

# Button to show name

Button(w, text="Submit", command=display_name).place(x=110, y=70)

# Label to display result

label_result = Label(w, text="")
label_result.place(x=90, y=110)

# Run GUI
[Link]()