NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CENTURY XX Civil Engineering

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

TECHNOLOGY AREA
Civil Engineering Degree

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CENTURY XX CIVIL ENGINEERING

TOPOGRAPHY 1

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERING

SIGLA:CIV – 2213
TEACHER: ING. JUAN JOSÉ SEJAS REYES
AUXILIARY: MARCELO PANTOJA
UNIVERSITY: LISBETH TICONA ANDRADE
GROUP: 2
JULY 9

LLALLAGUA - POTOSÍ - BOLIVIA

2021

Content Page.

1. PROJECT NAME. ..................................................................................... 3

2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE PROJECT. ................................................... 3

3. BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................... 3

4. CONCEPT AND/OR DEFINITION ............................................................................... 5

5. OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................. 8

5.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE. ............................................................................... 8

6. WORK ACCURACY .................................................................................... 8

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERING

7. WORK METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 8

8. FIELD WORK PROCEDURE ................................................... 12

9. CLEAN DATA. ................................................................................................13

10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. .........................................................20

10.1 CONCLUSION- ......................................................................................20

10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS. ..........................................................................20

11. BIBLIOGRAPHIES. ................................................................................................... 20

12. CLEAR PLANS. ........................................................................................... ..20

………………………………………………………………………………….2

SURVEYING WITH A COMPASS AND TAPE

1. PROJECT NAME.
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY WITH COMPASS AND TAPE IN THE AREA OF
TECHNOLOGY

2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE PROJECT.

The project is located in:
DEPARTMENT: Potosí
PROVINCE: Rafael Bustillos
MUNICIPAL SECTION: 3rd Municipal Section
MUNICIPALITY: Llallagua
POPULATION: Llallagua

3. BACKGROUND.
Before the invention of the theodolite, the compass represented for engineers,
surveyors and topographers the only practical way to measure directions and angles
horizontals.

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERING

Despite the sophisticated instruments that currently exist, the use of

compass in approximate and continuous surveys being a valuable device for the
geologists, and forestry technicians among others.
A compass essentially consists of a magnetized steel needle, mounted on
a pivot located at the center of a graduated rim or circle. The needle points to the
Magnetic north.
The Brunton compass is widely used by geologists. It can be used as an instrument
held in hand or resting on a support or tripod.
As in the case of lifting with a tape, an area of land can be lifted.
by means of a compass and tape.
This practice consists of the lifting of an open polygon of which
requires measuring its horizontal distances and its bearings (directions) for the
orientation of the axes of the polygonal.
It is the instrument used to determine the magnetic north of the Earth, and
therefore, for the determination of any direction in relation to this. In its
The basic form consists of a magnetized needle held at its central point and
with the possibility of turning on a rose of directions.
The compass can have many uses, but all derived from the fact that its
The magnetic needle always points to the North. In orientation, its use is limited to.
simpler, to guide the map correctly, identify our position, and
give us a travel direction or route to a landmark.
At this point, it is important to remember that the magnetic north or pole and the north
the geographical do not match exactly, the latter being to the right of the former,
Therefore, we must take this variation into account when calculating a very heading
I need. The compass can be used with or without a map, although with it the possibilities
orientation increases considerably.
As we know, maps are oriented to the North and the compass always indicates it.
Magnetic north, what we need to do is match the north of the compass with the
from the map and for that we place the compass on the map and turn both until
the needle should be parallel to the North of the map. Once oriented, it will not be difficult to identify
our location locating on the map those elements of the landscape that
appear before our sight.
To make it easier, the compass is the instrument that has all the directions or
horizontal bearings of the nautical rose. Many types of compasses are made, but
anyone will have three fundamental elements:
The magnetized needle: invented by the Chinese in the
year 150, it is usually made of steel and is mounted
freely in limbo, pointing at one of its tips
always to the magnetic North, always the South, unless
that the compass is used near metal objects or
electricity sources, which can modify their
behavior.

The limbo or graduated sphere: circle where it rotates

compass needle. The usual system of
Graduation is the sexagesimal that divides the circle.
in 360 degrees. The limbo can be fixed, moving
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE 20TH CENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERING

only the needle, or float, being in solidarity the limbo and

the needle.

The box or chassis: it is the structure where the components are housed.

two previous elements and the rest of the elements if

the would have been. Varily, its design depends
of the type of compass.

In addition to these elements, some more complete compasses also have

magnetic needle, the limbo and the box, a clickometer with which one can locate the north
real with just spinning the same several times due to each click setting a
difference of three degrees, a scale ruler that is used to create maps
topographical and on which the scales in meters are marked, hair of
a device that is used to focus on distant objects and obtain their position
in degrees, azimuth slot that contains the azimuth hair and is where it is visualized
the object intended to focus.

• With the simplest compasses to determine a course between the point where
we are and the point where we want to go, we will take three steps:

We place the compass on the map with one of the longer edges of the compass or
a line of address connecting the two points.

We turn the gimbal until the North-South lines inside are parallel to the
lines
North-South of the map. The North arrow of the compass must be parallel and point to the North
of the map, otherwise the course would be contrary.

We raised the compass from the map and kept it in hand, level.
horizontally.
We spun around until the North of the magnetic needle matched
with the North arrow of the compass. The direction to follow (course) will be indicated to us.
by the direction arrow.
To take the tectonic data from geological maps in the field, a compass is used.
There are two types of compasses for taking measurements: the Brunton type compass.
(generally for measurements with the azimuth) and the Freiberger type compass
(generally for measurements with the direction of tilt).

4. CONCEPT AND/OR DEFINITION

It is a magnetized needle that responds to the Earth's magnetic field. It measures
horizontal angles with respect to the magnetic line in which we find ourselves.
It doesn't matter where you are on the planet, you can place a compass in your hand and it
point to the North Pole. But what makes a compass work?
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CENTURY XX CIVIL ENGINEERING

A compass is an extremely simple device. A magnetic compass

It consists of a small, lightweight magnet balanced on a low-friction axis. The
A magnet is commonly referred to as a needle. One end of the needle is sometimes.
marked as "N", for north or colored in some way to indicate that
That point is the north. It's all there is in a compass.
The reason why a compass works is more interesting. It turns out that it can
to think that the earth has a giant magnetic bar buried inside.
the north end of the compass points towards the north pole.
The analogy of the 'large magnetic bar buried in the center' serves to explain why
that the earth has a magnetic field, but obviously that is not what it really
it happens. So
What is really happening? No one really knows, but currently there is a
theory that could be useful. As seen on the right, it is thought that the
the center of the earth is made up of molten iron (red). Anyway, due to
Due to the great pressure at the center, the temperatures are very high and it is impossible for the
material transforms into a solid. The transmission caused by the heart
radius from the center, plus the rotation of the earth, causes the liquid iron to move in
a rotating pattern. It is believed that those rotational forces in the iron layer
liquid creates weak magnetic forces around the axis of rotation. It
You can notice that because the Earth's magnetic field is so weak
A compass is nothing more than a detector to determine the small
magnetic field produced by a wire.
Types of Compasses
To take the tectonic data from plans
Geological fieldwork uses the compass. There exist
two types of compasses for taking measurements:
Brunton Type: For measurementsof course y
manteo (measurements of the 'half-circle' type and
american
Freiberger type: For measurements of circle
complete
Inclination direction/ Leeway
Magnetism is the manifestation of phenomena that occur at the level of the
atomic structure of materials and that are linked to electrical phenomena.
When a conductor moves within a magnetic field, a ...
eclectic current. Just as magnetism produces electricity, it
You can achieve the reverse process. The earth manifests itself as a huge magnet.
The magnetic poles nearly coincide with the geographic ones. Hence, it is possible
use a small needle-shaped permanent magnet, called a compass, which allows us to
It is used to determine the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. It is used to find
approximately the geographic direction
north-south. Thus, it is necessary to take into account

account, in the use of a compass and a

map, the slight difference that exists between
the north that its needle marks us
magnetic) and the north that indicates us the
map
This is what is known as magnetic variation and that we should keep in mind.
to make the exact calculations of the course.
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERING

PARTS OF THE COMPASS

HOW TO USE THE COMPASS

First of all, and for greater accuracy, remember this
rules:
Stand in front of the object whose direction you are taking.
keep the compass level (it should be parallel to the ground, if it is
if you have it) keeping it this way, the needle will move freely.
Hold the compass directly in front of you, not at an angle.
To align the magnetic needle and the orientation arrow, hold the
compass close enough, so that you see the sphere looking down, not
glancing. This way you'll be able to position the needle exactly over the arrow of
orientation, with its ends aligned.
Magnetic Declination and Inclination
THE MAGNETIC INCLINATION IN A SPECIFIC PLACE is the angle that
shape
the tangent plane to the Earth that passes through the point considered and the defined line
by a magnetized needle that floats freely in space (note that the
What this needle is doing is pointing to the DIRECTION of the magnetic field.
terrestrial at that point).
The angle between true north and magnetic north is called
magnetic declination, has a different value for each point on Earth
Y variable. Connecting points of equal magnetic declination highlights a line.
isogonic. These lines are not fixed as the declination has variations in
periods of 300 years. One year and one day called respectively variation
monthly or annual and daily.

It should be understood that magnetic declination is the divergence.

between the magnetic and true meridians, and it can be to the east or to the west
depending on the geographical situation of each place; annually according to
Statistics vary by about 11 minutes and daily it fluctuates by about 8 minutes.
The compass needle does not remain horizontal.
due to the attraction exerted by the poles
about her. The needle tries to tilt its tip
north in the northern hemisphere and its southernmost point
in the southern hemisphere. The angle that it makes the

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY TWENTIETH CENTURY Civil Engineering

A needle with the horizontal is called magnetic inclination. To maintain the needle
Counterweights are used horizontally.

AZIMUT.
In figure 2, it is shown: Azimuth of PA = 40º
Azimuth of PB = 150º
PC azimuth = 220º
PD azimuth = 315º
The azimuth of a line is a horizontal angle that is measured in the
sense
del

movement of the clock hands, with respect to the north.

The azimuth can be true, magnetic, and arbitrary.
according to the north it refers to. Its interval of
variation is from 0 to 360 º.
The azimuths range from 0° to 360° and it is not necessary to indicate the quadrant.
that occupies the observed line.
COURSE
The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle (<90°) that it forms with a
reference meridian, generally taken as a North-South line that
It can be defined by the geographical N or the magnetic N (if not available
Information about neither of the two is usually worked with a meridian, or line.
from arbitrary North).

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CONDITIONS THAT A COMPASS MUST MEET

The line of the North-South Zeros must coincide with the vertical plane of
the visual defined by the Pínulas.
If this is not met, the lines whose bearings are measured will remain
disoriented, although sometimes it is intentionally disoriented to eliminate the
declension.
The line that connects the two tips of the needle must pass through the axis of rotation, that is,
The needle itself must be a straight line.

USES OF THE COMPASS

. It is used for secondary surveys, preliminary recognitions,
to take measurements in configuration work, for polygons
supported by other more precise uprisings.
. Polygonal Surveys with Compass and Tape.
. The best procedure consists of measuring, in each and every one of the
vertices, direct and inverse bearings of the sides that converge there,
Well, thus, by the difference of directions, the value is calculated at each point.
interior angle, correctly, even if there is some local attraction. With
this is achieved to obtain the interior angles of a polygon, true despite
that there are local attractions, if they exist, only produce
disorientation of the lines.

objectives
5.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE.
Conduct a planimetric survey with tape and compass.

5.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE.

. Achieving a good understanding of this science, as it will be very important.
usefulness for the subsequent lifts.

. Use the tape and the compass correctly.

. Process the information and bring it to a plane resulting in

represented the surface of the land.

. Facilitate measurements of bearings and azimuths in line orientation

or axes.

6. WORK ACCURACY
In angle measurements, the precision is relatively small, reaching in the
best case scenario at 0.5 degrees or 30 minutes, even under favorable conditions of
support and installation.

Using a theodolite-compass (type Wild T-0) the accuracy increases considerably.

As indicated, its use is limited, that is, from the Brunton type hand compass, to
preliminary measurement for recognition, or in the measurement of details that do not
requires a lot of precision. The compasses that measure azimuths have the graduation
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CENTURY XX CIVIL ENGINEERING

sexagesimal counterclockwise. The compasses that measure bearings

they have the letters 'E' 'W' inverted in their logical position; this is due to the movement
relative to the magnetic needle regarding the box that always points North
Magnetic; furthermore, with this needle the reading is performed.

7. WORK METHODOLOGY
There are three types of tectonic data notations:
a. Full circle: inclination/bank direction (e.g. 320/65)
The easiest and most efficient type of notation. Only two numbers allow for the
description of any plan. The first number (example: 320/...) is the address of
dip direction, the azimuthal value in degrees towards which the plane is inclined.
A plane sloping north then has 0° towards the east = 90°; towards the south
180º; to the west = 270º. So the first number (the inclination direction)
it can reach up to 360º.
The dip is always the small angle between the horizontal and the geological plane.
It can never be greater than 90º. This type of notation is easy and quick for
having only two numbers. It is highly recommended to use this type of notation. There is no
so many mistakes thanks to an easy and unique definition. Be careful: some use
Manteo - Angle of Inclination:
b) Semi-circle: Heading/roll dir. (e.g. 50/65NW)
This type of measurement is hardly used today, but it exists.
still: The first number (example 50) is the course in a
azimuthal form, it could be a number between 0º and 180º.
There is always a direction in this segment. The second
the number is the mantling. The letters finally define the direction of
inclination. This is necessary because the direction is
bidirectional and there are always two possibilities towards
where the plane is tilted.
C) American type: N direction E/W; bearing dir. (e.g. N50E; 65NW)
The most commonly used notation in Chile is the American style.
N means the beginning (zero point) of the data (for plans)
Geological lines can always use N; for lineations.
it is also needed "S"). The first number (for example: 50)
it means the course from N. There are two possibilities towards
And how this is towards W as west. The course in this type of
notation is never greater than 90º. Then in the example
we have 50º to the east. After the ';' comes the maneuver
as it is known, and finally the direction of inclination in letters. The
The problem with this notation is the large number of letters and numbers to define the
plan. Also, in the N....W quadrant, it runs counterclockwise, in the N...E quadrant in
the direction of the clock, this also complicates this rule a bit. The use of this type of
notation always needs attention and it would be better to verify the data taken or
transferred (especially in the afternoon).
The three types of tectonic notations mathematically define the orientation of a
geological plane. To define a plane, a fixed line is used, which marks the orientation.
On the plane: The first possibility is the course, the other is the direction of inclination.

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The Heading is the horizontal line of a plane and marks towards two opposite directions.
Horizontal planes then have no direction (or rather an infinite amount of
courses).
Original definition: The heading is the line or alignment that results from the intersection of
interest plan with the horizontal or vertical plane.
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
It is the angle formed between the Astronomical North direction and the Magnetic North.
place of the ladle, has its declination that can be towards the East or towards the West,
as the North end of the magnetic needle deviates.
The meridian of a place on Earth follows the astronomical North-South direction.
Magnetic declination at a location can be obtained by determining the direction.
astronomical and the magnetic of a line; it can also be obtained from tables of
geographical positions, the declination of various places and populations remains; or
through isogon curves plans.
The declination undergoes variations that are classified as: Secular, Annual, Daily, and
Irregular, the first three are variations that suffer over time, and that's why it is
important when using magnetic orientation, note the date and time when it is used.
he/she did the orientation.

Irregular variations cannot be determined, as they are due to

local attractions, magnetic storms and they can be very large variations.
SURVEYING WITH COMPASS
Definition: They are generally handheld devices. They can be supported on a tripod or on a.
cane, or on any stick.
The letters (E) and (W) on the cover are reversed due to the relative movement of the
needle relative to the box. The pinnules are used to direct the visual, to which it will be
measure the course.

Handheld Reflection Compass.

With the mirror, one can see the needle and the circular level while directing the view.
or with the mirror the targeted point. The tube level, which moves with a crank
exterior, in combination with the graduation present in the bottom of the box and with the
mirror, used to measure vertical angles and slopes.
Compasses made for use in the Northern Hemisphere come with a counterweight in the
south point to counteract the magnetic attraction in the vertical direction. This helps
to identify the North and South points.
To read the direct course of a line, the North of the box is directed towards the other end of
the line, and the course is read with the North tip of the needle.

The compass, like other measuring devices, must meet certain

conditions for producing correct results.
Conditions that a compass must meet.
The line of zeros North-South must coincide in the vertical plane of the defined view.
for the pinules.
If this is not fulfilled, the lines whose courses are measured will become disoriented,
Although sometimes it gets disoriented on purpose to eliminate the declension.

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The line that connects the 2 tips of the needle must pass through the axis of rotation, that is,
The needle itself must be a straight line.

It is checked by observing if the difference in readings between the 2 points is 180°.

any position of the needle.
It is corrected by straightening the needle.

The axis of rotation must coincide with the geometric center of the graduation.
It is checked by observing if the difference in readings of the 2 points is 180° in any.
position and in others not. The defect consists of the pivot point of the needle being
deviated. It is corrected by straightening the pivot appropriately, in the normal direction to
the needle position that shows the maximum difference at 180°.
CORRECTION METHOD.
Angular closure error. When measuring the internal angles of a polygonal.
closed it is possible to carry out an angular closure control, given that the sum of the
The interior angles of a polygon is equal to 180° x (n - 2). The angular closure error is
equal to the difference of 180 (n – 2) minus the sum of the interior angles.
e = 180° ( n – 2) – Saint
The angular closure error must be less than or equal to the tolerance. By tolerance it is
understand the maximum allowed error (emax). The tolerance depends on the instruments.
that are used and the lifting methods that are applied. If it is about
imprecise measurements: emax = a.n; where a is the instrument's approximation
of measurement and n the quantity of measurements. On the other hand, if it is about surveys
precise: emax = a.? n If instead of measuring the internal angles, the angles are measured
external, the sum must be equal to 180° x (n + 2).
This control is carried out in the field, in such a way that if the error is greater than the
tolerance (gross error) can measure again, until obtaining a
closing error less than tolerance.
Once the angular closure error is obtained to be less than or equal to the tolerance, proceed.
to compensate for the angles. One way to compensate the angles is equally.
To obtain the angular correction c, the error is divided by the number of vertices.
C=e/n
b. Graphic representation.
After compensating the angles and averaging the measurements of the distances of the
sides can represent the polygon. Once the work scale is established, one
represents the first station and the first side, in an arbitrary manner or marking its
azimuth. A graduated circle and a scale ruler are used. Station is represented by
station until reaching the last vertex that should coincide with the first (if the
polygonal is closed). Since there are always errors in measurements, this coincidence
it does not occur. One arrives at a point A' close to A. The segment AA’ is the error of
closing of the polygon. If this segment is smaller than the tolerance, proceed to
compensate the polygon.
If there are gross errors in the measurement, some sides or angles are remeasured.
There are some methods to detect gross errors. Firstly, they must be
control the sides that are parallel to the closing error (AA'). To detect errors
angular grooves, the angles are reviewed whose arcs can overlap with the
closing error, that is, segment AA’. First, the graph is reviewed, then the
calculations and finally, if the error does not appear, the measurement is repeated on the ground.
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c. Graphic correction.
If the closing error is smaller than the tolerance, graphical compensation is performed.
the polygonal.
The segment AA' is divided by the number of vertices. Lines parallel to the segment are drawn.
AA' at each vertex. Vertex B moves one division in the direction of
AA’. Then vertex C moves two divisions in the same direction and so on.
successively until reaching the last vertex, which shifts n times, until
to match with time.

8. FIELDWORK PROCEDURE
It begins with the recognition phase that allows us to locate the different
surface points, it is recommended to make a sketch which will allow us to locate
the points and the details making our work easier.
For the lifting, it must start from a point. anyone on the ground,
we will nail a
stake which will serve as a guide, then we will locate a second point at a distance
to measure with the tape, then a student must be at point two with the pull
to identify the point, another will be at point one with the compass and will proceed.
to read the angle from the north.
The way to read the compass will be: align the sight with the stake, look through
the mirror the pull in the middle of the pin and also using the spherical level of the
compass, these steps will be repeated until the polygon is closed. From the points of the
polygonal we will set out to find the details of the construction.
Already at the office work using the compass method that is, for each
A point must have two distances so that when graphing with a compass.

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they are cut and located at the point on the plane. For this reason, at times the
points are accumulated until reaching a rather large number
Errors can be found both in the measurements of angles and in the
Measurements with the tape measure. The angles will need to be corrected.

After obtaining all the distances in the field sheet, it is passed

to the drawing board and starts to capture the surface on the plan.
Once the correction is obtained, it is added or subtracted according to the sign of the error, to each one of
the angles.

9. CLEAN DATA.
FIELD RECORD

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Work class: POLYGONAL SURVEYING

COMPASS - LOVE
POTOSI
BUSTILLO
Operator:
June 12, 2021
GROUPO: 2
LLALLAGUA Instrument: BRUNTUN COMPASS
[Link] DISTANCE AZIMUTH course
HORIZONTAL OBSERVATIONS

A B 23,22 157021 S 22°39' E

B A 336015 N 23°45' W
B C 27.03 264014 S 84°14' W
C B 85050 N 85°50' E
C D 31.03 287010 S 72°50' W
D C 107055 S 72 degrees 5 minutes
E
D E 23.25 54015 N 54°15' E
E D 232048 S 52°48' W
E F 20.02 27059 N 27°59' E
F E 206003 S 26°3' W
F G 22.71 98054 S 81°6' E
G F 277022 N 82°38' W
G A 14,16 191051 S 11°51' W
A G 11026 N 11 °26' E

FINDING THE INTERIOR ANGLES:

∡A=360 degrees−(The¿
¿ A−G− The A −B )¿

∡A=360−(157°21' −11°26' )=214°5'

Angle B=The B −A − As B−C

∡B=336°15' −264 degrees 14 minutes=72 degrees 1 minute

∡ C =360°−( TheC− D− The C−B )
∡ C =360°−(287 degrees 10 minutes−85°50')=158°40'
Angle D= As D−C − As D −E

∡D=107°55' −54 degrees 15 minutes=53°40'

Angle E= The E− D− As E −F

'
Angle E=232°48 −27°59'=204°49'

∡F= AsF −E −The F −G

∡F=206°03' −98°54'=107°9'
∡ G = TheG− F −AzG− A
'
∡ G =277°22' −191 degrees 51=85°31 '

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CHECKED IF THE INNER ANGLES ARE CORRECT

∑ ∡ ∫ .=180 ° (−2)
∑ ∡∫ =¿
. 214°5' +72°1' + 158°40' +53°40' +204°49' +107°9' +85°31' =895°55' 00' '¿

∑ ∡ ∫ .=180 ° (translatedText−2)
895°55' 00''=180°(7−2)
895°55' 00' '≠900°00'000'
e=900°00' 00'' −895°55'
e=4 d e g r e e s 5 m i n u t e s 0 s e c o n d s
4 degrees 5 minutes 0 seconds
C= =0 ° 3 5 ' 0 0 ' '
7
CORRECTING THE ANGLES
station angle angles
n interior correction int. correct.
A 114°5' 0°35'0'' 114°40'
B 72 degrees 1 0minute
degrees 35 minutes
72 degrees
0 seconds
36 minutes
C 158°40' 0 degrees 35 minutes
159°15'0 seconds
D 53°40' 0 degrees 35 minutes
54 degrees
0 seconds
15 minutes
E 204°49' 0°35'0'' 205°24'
F 107°9' 0 degrees 35 minutes
107°44'0 seconds
G 85°31' 0°35'0'' 86°6'
900 degrees 00 minutes 00 seconds

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Finding the Directions:

Rb A−G = TheA −G=N11°26' E

Rb A− B=∡∈t−Rb A−G −180°

Rb A− B=214°40' −11°26' −180°=S 2 2 ° 3 ' E

RbB −A =360°− The B− A

RbB −A =360°−336°15' =N23°45' W

Rb A−G = TheB−C −180°
RbB −A =264 degrees 14 minutes−180°=84°14'
RbC−B =As C−B =85°50'
RbC−D =360°− AzC−D
RbC−D =360°−287 degrees 10 minutes=72°50'
Rb D−C =180°− As D−C
Rb D−C =180°−107 degrees 55 minutes=72 degrees 05 minutes
Rb D−E = AsD− E=54°15'
Rb E−D = The E−D −180°

Rb E−D =232°48' −180°=52°48'

Rb E−F = As E−F =27°59'
RbF −E = As F− E−180°
RbF −E =206°03'−180°=26°3'
RbF −G=180°− AsF −G
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY TWENTIETH CENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERING

RbF −G=180°−98 degrees 54 minutes=81°6'

RbG− F=360 degrees−The G− F
RbG− F=360°−277 degrees 22 minutes=82 degrees 38 minutes
RbG− A = AsG −F −180°

RbG− A =191°51' −180°=11°51'

CORRECTING AZIMUTHS AND BEARINGS:

To correct the courses, one must start at the initial course, the complement of
starting azimuth, in this case it will begin at heading AB ( A−G ). Rb
As can be seen in the field log, the initial heading was 23.°49' (SE)
the corrected horizontal angle A = 214°40and the course AG = 11026.
If we subtract the angle from the two directions, we get a result that does not reach 1800.

214°40- 23°49’ - 11026`.= 179025`

It can be noticed that 0 is missing.°35'00' to reach 1800, as the interior angle already
it is corrected and cannot be modified, the course is to be changed, whether it is the
course AF, or course AB.
In this case, we will correct the AG course, which was 11026`, we will subtract 0.°35'00"
remaining 10051`
214°40- 23°49’ - 10051` = 180000`
It will be corrected successively, until returning to the course of
start.
LET'S START WITH THE AZIMUTHS:

As A −B=100 51+145 degrees 20 minutes=156°11'

As B−C = TheA −B +horizontal angle ±180
' '
( )
As B−C =156°11+ 360°−72°36±180°=263 degrees 35 minutes

TheC− D= As B−C+( 360°−angle.∫. ±180°

)
'
)
AsC− D=263 degrees 35 minutes+ ( 360°−159°15±180°=284°20'

The D− E= AzC−D +( 360°−ang.−540°

∫ )
'
( 20 minutes+) 360°−54°15−540°=50°5'
The D− E=284 degrees

As E−F = The D −E +( 360°−ang. .∫±180°

)
'
)
As E−F =50°5'+ ( 360°−205°24±180°=24°41'

The F .G = As E− F +( 360°−ang. .∫±180°

)
' '
This F .G =24°41=+ (360°−107°44±180°=96
) degrees 57 minutes

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TheG −A = The+
G
F. (
360°−ang. ∫ )
. ±180°
' '
)
AsG −A =96°57+ ( 360 degrees−86°6±180°=190°51'
The A −G=10°51'
As B− A=336°11'
TheC− B=83°35'

As D−C =104°20'
As E− D=230 degrees 5 minutes
The F− E=204°41'
AsG −F =276°57'
CALCULATING THE DIRECTIONS:

Rb A−G = As A −G=N10°51' E
Rb A− B=S 2 3 ° 4 9 ' E
RbB −A =N23°49' W
RbB −C=The B −C −180 degrees=S 8 3 ° 3 5 ' W
RbC−B =As C−B =N83°35' E
RbC−D =360°− AsC−D
RbC−D =360 degrees−284 degrees 20 minutes=N 7 5 ° 4 0 ' W
Rb D−C =180°− The D−C
Rb D−C =180°−104°20'=S 7 5 ° 4 0 ' E
Rb D−E = The D− E=N50°5' E
Rb E−D = As E−D −180°

Rb E−D =230 degrees 5' −180°=S 5 0 ° 5 ' W

Rb E−F = Az E−F =N24°41' E
RbF −E = As F− E−180°
RbF −E =204°41'−180°=S 2 4 ° 4 1 ' W
RbF −G=180°− AzF−G
RbF −G=180°−96 degrees 57 minutes=S 8 3 ° 3 ' E
RbG− F=360°−As G− F
RbG− F=360°−276 degrees 57 minutes=N83°3' W

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RbG− A = AzG −F −180°

RbG− A =190°51' −180°=S 1 0 ° 5 1 ' W

REGISTRATION

CALCULATING THE PROJECTIONS:

ProjectionS=23.22∗cos28°49'
ProjectionS=21.24
Projection E=23.22∗sin 23°49'
Projection E=9.37

ProjectionS=27.03∗cos83°35'

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ProjectionS=3.02
ProjectionW=27.03∗sin 83°35'
ProjectionW=26.86X

Projection N=31.03∗cos75 degrees 40 minutes

Projection N=7.68
ProjectionW=March 31st∗sin 75°40'
ProjectionW=30.06 X

Projection N=23.25∗cos 50° 5'

Projection N=14.92
Projection E=23.25∗sin 50°5'
Projection E=17.83X

Projection N=20.02∗cosine of 24 degrees and 41 minutes

Projection N=18.19
Projection E=20.02∗sin 24°41'
Projection E=8.36
X

Projections=22.71∗cos83°3'
Projections=2.75
Projection E=22.71∗sin 83°3'
Projection E=22.54
X

ProjectionS=14.16∗cos10°5'
Projections=13.94
ProjectionW=14.16∗sin 10°5'
ProjectionW=2.48 X

COMPENSATION OF THE POLYGON (COMPASS METHOD)

∑ N− ∑
S=Error ∑ 40.79− ∑
40.95=−0.16

∑ E− ∑
W=Error ∑ 58.10− ∑
59.40=−1.3

∑ long=161.42(m)
Error
CORRECTION (Y) and (X) = ∗long partial
∑ long

0.16
Correction Side AB C Y=
( 161.42 )∗23.32=0.02¿
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1.3
CX=
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.19¿

0.16
CORRECTION SIDE BC: C Y=
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.03¿

1.3
CX=
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.22¿

0.16
CORRECTION SIDE CD: C Y=
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.03¿

1.3
CX=
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.25¿

0.16
CORRECTION SIDE OF: C=
Y
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.02¿

1.3
CX=
( 161.42 )∗23.32=0.19¿
0.16
CORRECTION SIDE EF: C=
Y
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.02¿

1.3
CX=
( 161.42 )∗23.32=0.16¿
0.16
CORRECTION SIDE FG: C=
Y
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.02¿

1.3
CX=
( 161.42 )∗23.32=0.18¿
0.16
CORRECTION SIDE GH: C=
Y
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.01¿ X

1.3
CX=
( 161.42 )
∗23.32=0.11¿

A−B Y=21.24−0.02=21.22S
A−B X =9.37−0.19=9.56E

B−C Y=3.02−0.03=2.8S
B−CX =26.86−0.22=26.64W

C−D Y=7.68+0.03=7.71N

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C−D X =30.06−0.25=29.81W

D−E Y=14.92+ 0.02=14.94N

D−E X =17.83+ 0.19=18.02E

E−FY=18.19+ 0.02=18.21N
E−F X =8.36+ 0.16=8.52E

F−GY=2.75−0.02=2.73S
F−G X =22.54+0.18=22.72E

G− A Y=13.94−0.01=13.93S
G− A X =2.48−0.11=2.37W

Corrected projections

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

10.1 CONCLUSION.
This report presented the use and applications of the compass, which with
the help of the teacher and with experience through its use, will facilitate certain
activities after the course of our training in fieldwork such as
measurements and topographic surveys.
The use of this instrument allows us to have better accuracy in the result of
our measurements and thus reduce the degree of error.
It was possible to understand how to use the compass and make the corresponding readings.

This report presents the topographic survey using a tape measure and
compass which fulfills the main objective of this work.

RECOMMENDATIONS.
The compass, like other measuring devices, must meet certain
conditions for producing correct results.
The conditions that the compass should meet; the north-south ridge line
it must match the vertical plane of the view defined by the pins, if this
the lines whose directions are measured will become disoriented do not comply,
although sometimes it gets disoriented on purpose to eliminate the declination.
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It is reviewed by observing if the difference in readings of the two points is 180°.

in some positions and in some not. The defect consists in that the pivot point
If the needle has deviated, it is corrected by straightening the pivot.
conveniently in the normal sense to the position of the needle that indicates the
maximum difference to 180°.
The adjustments that the compass requires should preferably be made in
workshop to prevent that
the needle is demagnetized. The needle must remain tight when not in use.
so it doesn't get hit
11. BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
Domínguez F. 1963 General and Applied Topography. Editorial Dossat, S. A. Madrid
Valdez Doménech Francisco. 1991 topography CEAC editions
Topographic surveys by Luis E. Gil Leon

12. CLEAN PLANS.

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