Chapter 3(1): Equivalent Networks
Hyouk Ryeol Choi
Professor,
School of Mechanical Engineering
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Resistors in Series
• Principle of voltage division
• The ratio of the voltages across any two series
resistances equals the ratio of those resistances
• Applies to any two resistances in series
• Equivalent resistance equals sum of all
resistances for resistors in series
Series Resistance Circuit
• Assuming a current direction 𝑖 as shown in the
figure, starting at node A, and following a
clockwise direction yields:
𝑣𝑠 − 𝑣1 − 𝑣2 = 0
𝑣1 = 𝑖𝑅1 , 𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑅2
𝑣𝑠
𝑖= → 𝑅e𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
• In series circuits, the equivalent resistance is:
𝑁
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑖
𝑖=1
Voltage Divider
• In series circuits,
𝑅1
𝑣1 = 𝑣
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) 𝑠
𝑅2
𝑣2 = 𝑣
(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) 𝑠
Class Discussion
• Improper Application of Voltage Divider
• Your car has a 14 V battery that powers some circuits
in the car at lower voltage levels. Is it appropriate to
use a simple voltage divider to create a lower voltage
level for a circuit that requires significant currents?
Series Resistors
• Voltage divider
• In general,
𝑅𝑖 𝑅𝑖
𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑁 𝑣
𝑅𝑒𝑞 σ𝑗=1 𝑅𝑗 𝑠
Ex 2.2: Wheatstone Bridge
• Known: vs=12V, vab=12mV, R1=R2=R3=1k
• Find: Rx
• Vad=
• Vbd=
• Vab = Vad-Vbd=
Wheatstone Bridge Circuits(2)
𝑅2 𝑅𝑥
𝑣𝑎𝑑 = 𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑏𝑑 = 𝑣𝑠
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑥
𝑅2 𝑅𝑥
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = 𝑣𝑎𝑑 − 𝑣𝑏𝑑 = 𝑣𝑠 ( − )
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑥
1000 𝑅𝑥
0.012 = 12( − )
1000 + 1000 1000 + 𝑅𝑥
𝑅𝑥 = 996Ω
Resistance Strain Gauges
𝐿
𝑅=𝜌
𝐴
Δ𝑅/𝑅
𝐺𝐹(𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) =
Δ𝐿/𝐿
Δ𝐿
𝜀= Δ𝑅 = 𝑅 GF 𝜀
𝐿
Maximum strain: 0.4-0.5%
Δ𝐿
= 0.004 ~ 0.005
𝐿
For 120 Ohm gauge: 0.96-1.2 Ohm
Wheatstone Bridge/Force Measurements
F c
ia ib
R1 R3
+
R2 , R3 bonded vS va vb
to bottom surface –
R2 R4
Beam cross section h
w
d
Wheatstone Bridge/Force Measurements
Cantilever beam strain
𝑅1 = 𝑅4 = 𝑅0 + Δ𝑅 6𝐿𝐹
𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅0 − Δ𝑅 𝜀=
𝑤ℎ2 𝑌
𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑠 𝑅4 𝑣𝑠 𝑅2
𝑖𝑎 = 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑖𝑏 𝑅4 − 𝑖𝑎 𝑅2 = −
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑣𝑠 𝑅0 + Δ𝑅 𝑅0 − Δ𝑅
𝑖𝑏 = = 𝑣𝑠 − 𝑣𝑠
𝑅3 + 𝑅4 𝑅0 + Δ𝑅 + 𝑅0 − Δ𝑅 𝑅0 + Δ𝑅 + 𝑅0 − Δ𝑅
Δ𝑅
= 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣𝑠 𝐺𝐹𝜀
𝑅0
Calibration constant
6𝐿𝐹 6𝑣𝑠 𝐺𝐹𝐿
𝑣0 = 𝑣𝑠 𝐺𝐹𝜀 = 𝑣𝑠 𝐺𝐹 = 𝐹 = 𝑘𝐹
𝑤ℎ2 𝑌 𝑤ℎ2 𝑌
Resistors in Parallel
• Principle of current division
• The ratio of the currents through any two resistances
in parallel equals the inverse ratio of those
resistances
Parallel Resistance Circuit
• Since each resistor experiences the same voltage Vs from KVL,
Ohm’s Law gives
𝑣𝑆 𝑣𝑆
𝑖1 = , 𝑖2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2
• Applying KCL at node A gives
𝑖 − 𝑖1 − 𝑖2 = 0
• In general, total resistance is smaller than any of the individual
resistance
𝑣𝑠 𝑣𝑠 1 1 𝑣𝑠 1 1 1
𝑖= + = 𝑣𝑠 ( + ) = = +
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 2 1 2 𝑒𝑞
𝑁
𝑁 1
1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1/
= 𝑅𝑖
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅𝑖 𝑖=1
𝑖=1
Current Divider
• A circuit containing two resistors in parallel.
𝑅2
𝑖1 = 𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅1
𝑖2 = 𝑖
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
Current Divider(in general)
𝑖𝑛 1/𝑅𝑛
=
𝑖𝑠 1/𝑅1 + 1/𝑅2 +⋅⋅⋅ +1/𝑅𝑛 +⋅⋅⋅ +1/𝑅𝑁
Ex 2.3:
• Determine current i1
• Is= 4A, R1=10 Ω, R2=2Ω, R3 =20Ω
Ex 2.4 Resistor in Series and Parallel
• Known: vs, R1, R2, R3
• Find: v, i
Summary of Series and Parallel
Connections
• Equivalent resistance of two or more resistors in
series is greater than the largest individual
resistor.
• Also the equivalent resistance of two or more
resistor in parallel is less than the smallest
individual resistor
Wye-Delta Transformation
Wye-Delta Transformation
𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅2 ||(𝑅1 + 𝑅3 )
𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅𝑧 = 𝑅1 ||(𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = 𝑅𝑦 + 𝑅𝑧 = 𝑅3 ||(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑦 + 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑧 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑧
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅1 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑅𝑦
𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑦 + 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑧 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑧
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑅2 =
𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅𝑧
𝑅𝑧 = 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑦 + 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑧 + 𝑅𝑦 𝑅𝑧
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑥
Ex 2.6 Equivalent Resistance Between
Two Nodes
Thank You !!!
