Factors Affecting the Reading Readiness in English among Grade VI-Quezon
Learners of La Trinidad Integrated School
Submitted by:
Lovely Grace B. Lontoc
Shaery Rose R. Tumanda
MAED 101 Refresher Student
Submitted to:
Fe M. Dela Cruz, Ph. D.
MAED 101 Instructor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i
Pages
TITLE PAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1
Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 2
Conceptual Framework 3
Statement of the Problem 4
Hypothesis of the Study 5
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Limitation of the Study 6
Definition of Terms 7
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8
Age and Gender 8
Family Status 9
Parent’s Educational Attainment 10
Access to Reading Materials 11
PHIL-IRI 12
Enhancement Program 14
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15
Research Design 15
Research Locale 16
Population and Participants of the Study 17
Sampling Design 17
Research Instrument 17
Data Gathering Procedure 18
Scoring and Quantification of Data 18
Statistical Treatment 20
REFERENCE 21
CURRICULUM VITAE 22
ii
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Scope
INTRODUCTION
Reading is a foundational skill that significantly influences a learner’s academic
success and lifelong learning. In the context of elementary education, reading readiness
refers to the child’s preparedness to acquire basic reading skills, encompassing
cognitive, linguistic, and socio-emotional development. This readiness becomes even
more critical in Grade VI, where learners are expected to transition from "learning to
read" to "reading to learn."
However, reading readiness in English among learners remains a concern in
many public schools, especially in diverse and multilingual communities such as those
found in La Trinidad Integrated School. There is a considerable number of learners who
are either instructional reader, those who require guided reading and non-readers who
struggle with even the most basic reading tasks. Reading readiness goes beyond the
mere ability to recognize letters or words; it encompasses a range of cognitive,
linguistic, emotional, and environmental factors that prepare a learner to successfully
acquire and develop reading skills. These may include prior language exposure, home
literacy environment, socio-economic status, school resources, and learner motivation.
Understanding the factors that affect reading readiness in English among these
learners is essential in crafting targeted interventions. These factors may include age,
gender, family status, parent’s educational attainment and access to reading materials.
By identifying and analyzing these elements, educators and policymakers can better
1
respond to the needs of diverse learners, particularly those at risk of academic
underachievement.
This study aims to determine the factors that affect the reading readiness in
English among Grade VI-Quezon learners of La Trinidad Integrated School. The
findings will serve as a basis for developing effective instructional strategies and support
systems to enhance reading skills among struggling readers.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored on the theories of emergent literacy and schema, which
explain how learners’ backgrounds and prior experiences affect their reading readiness.
According to Teale and Sulzby’s (1986) theory of emergent literacy, children’s reading
ability develops from their early interactions with language and print, shaped by their
environment and access to educational resources. This implies that factors such as
age, gender, family status, parents’ educational background, and access to education
influence the level of preparedness of learners in acquiring reading skills. Similarly,
Anderson’s (2010) schema theory posits that comprehension is constructed based on
learners’ prior knowledge and experiences, highlighting the role of family and
educational context in supporting reading development.
Guided by Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, age is viewed as a
determinant of cognitive maturity, which affects a learner’s ability to process and
comprehend reading materials (Miller, 2023; McLeod, 2024a). In addition, Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural Theory emphasizes the role of social interaction and environmental
support—such as parental involvement and access to educational resources—in
enhancing literacy development (McLeod, 2024b; McLeod, 2024c). Furthermore, the
2
Reading Readiness Theory posits that a set of prerequisite skills, including vocabulary
knowledge, phonemic awareness, and familiarity with print, must be developed before a
learner can successfully acquire higher-level reading skills (Reading readiness, 2023;
Sipe, 1998). In this study, the independent variables representing the respondents’
profile are believed to influence the dependent variable, which is their PHIL-IRI pre-test
results. The interplay of these variables provides the foundation for designing a
proposed enhancement plan that aims to strengthen learners’ reading readiness in
English.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This conceptual framework of this study is anchored on the Independent
Variable-Dependent Variable and Output Model, which serves as the structural
foundation for investigating the factors affecting the reading readiness in English among
Grade VI-Quezon learners of La Trinidad Integrated School.
The independent variables, which include age, gender, family status, parents’
educational background, and access to education, are assumed to have a direct
influence on the learners’ reading performance. These variables provide the contextual
and demographic background that may either facilitate or hinder literacy development.
The Dependent Variable involves the use of PHIL-IRI pre-test results,
researcher-made questionnaires, and informal interviews to collect relevant data. These
methods provide a comprehensive understanding of the learners’ reading capabilities
and the influencing factors behind their performance.
3
The interaction between the independent and dependent variables leads to the
formulation of an output, which is the proposed enhancement plan. Based on these
findings, the study will propose an enhancement plan—serving as the output—to
support Grade VI learners in improving learners’ reading readiness in English. This
conceptualization ensures that the study is theoretically grounded while also being
oriented toward practical enhancement plan for literacy improvement.
Figure 1. The schematic diagram shows the interplay between the independent and
dependent variables of the study.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE OUTPUT
Respondent’s Profile
Age
Gender
PHIL-IRI Pre-test Results Proposed
Family Status
Enhancement Plan
Parents’ Educational
background
Access to Education
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aimed to determine the factors that affect the reading readiness in
English among Grade VI-Quezon Learners of La Trinidad Integrated School.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
4
1.1 age;
1.2 gender;
1.3 Family status;
1.4 Parents’ educational background; and
1.5 Access to reading materials?
2. What is the level of reading readiness of the respondents based on the PHIL-
IRI results?
3. Is there a factor singly or in combination that affect the level of reading
readiness performance of the respondents?
4. Based on the study’s findings, what enhancement plan may be proposed?
Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant factor singly or combination that affect the level of reading
readiness performance of the respondents.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help fill knowledge gaps in determining the factors of reading
readiness in English among Grade VI-Quezon Learners. The results of this study will be
beneficial to the following:
Learners, they will become more aware of their strengths and areas for improvement in
reading readiness, motivating them to develop their reading skills.
Teachers, this study will serve as a basis in designing instructional strategies and
interventions tailored to the learners’ needs, as reflected in the PHIL-IRI pre-test results.
5
It will also aid them in understanding how demographic and socio-economic variables
influence literacy development.
Parents, this study will highlight the importance of support at home in shaping their
children’s reading abilities. This may encourage them to provide a more supportive
learning environment.
School Administrators, the findings will be useful in developing policies and programs
that address the reading needs of learners, particularly those at risk of falling behind in
English literacy.
Future Researchers, the study will serve as a reference and baseline for further
investigations on reading readiness, literacy development, and the effectiveness of
enhancement plans in improving students’ reading performance.
Overall, this study is expected to contribute not only to the improvement of
learners’ reading skills but also to the formulation of a proposed enhancement plan that
can be adapted and sustained within the school community.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study focuses on determining the factors affecting reading readiness in
English among Grade VI-Quezon learners of La Trinidad Integrated School during the
school year 2025–2026. It covers only the selected variables: age, gender, family
status, parents’ educational background, and access to reading materials.
The locale of the study, La Trinidad Integrated School, is located within Barangay
Bonbon, Butuan City. The school can be reached from the town proper by riding a
6
motorcycle for approximately 10–15 minutes, passing through paved and moderately
inclined roads surrounded by residential and agricultural areas. This detail is provided to
give context to the accessibility of the research site, particularly for data gathering
purposes.
DEFINITION OF TERM
For clarity, the following terms are defined as they are used in this study:
Access to Reading Materials – The availability of books, magazines, newspapers, and
digital reading resources at home or school.
Family Status – The family’s living arrangement and composition (e.g., intact, single-
parent, extended family).
Parents’ Educational Background. Pertains to the highest level of education attained
by the learners’ parents, which may affect the kind of academic support provided at
home.
PHIL-IRI Pre-test. Stands for the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory, a standardized
assessment tool administered to determine learners’ reading levels and identify their
strengths and weaknesses in English literacy.
Reading Readiness – The stage at which a learner is prepared to learn how to read
with comprehension and fluency in English.
7
CHAPTER 2
Review of Literature
Reading readiness is widely regarded as a crucial foundation for literacy and
academic success. It refers to the degree to which a learner is prepared to acquire
reading skills, encompassing cognitive, linguistic, and socio-emotional components.
According to Snow, Burns, and Griffin (1998), reading readiness involves the
development of phonological awareness, vocabulary, and comprehension skills, as well
as exposure to print-rich environments that support early literacy. Without adequate
readiness, learners often face difficulties in transitioning to more complex reading tasks.
Numerous elements pertaining to the demographics of students as well as their
home and school contexts have an impact on their reading readiness. This chapter
includes both domestic and foreign research that looks at how learners' reading
performance is impacted by factors like age, gender, family status, parents' educational
backgrounds, and access to reading materials. To provide a better understanding of the
factors affecting Grade VI students' reading readiness, especially in light of PHIL-IRI
findings, the discussion is arranged by variable.
Age and Gender
The impact of gender and age on reading performance has been repeatedly highlighted
in international studies. According to Duncan et al. (2007), a child's age at school
8
enrollment is a major predictor of their academic success later on, with older students
typically outperforming younger ones on reading-related tasks. Numerous studies have
looked at gender, and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
found that, in the majority of nations, female pupils routinely perform better in reading
than male students (Mullis et al., 2017). Similarly, Logan and Johnston (2010) pointed
out that this performance disparity is influenced by gender differences in reading desire
and engagement, with boys frequently exhibiting lower levels of reading interest.
These conclusions are supported by local research. According to Abadilla (2019),
in Quezon Province, female students outperformed male students in comprehension
tests, while older students showed greater PHIL-IRI performance than their younger
peers. This implies that reading preparation in the Philippine context is greatly
influenced by both gender-linked motivational differences and age-related maturity.
Family Status
Family structure and stability play important roles in literacy development. In a study
conducted across 43 countries, Chiu and McBride-Chang (2015) found that family
variables such as household structure and parental support are major predictors of
reading literacy. Similarly, Jeynes (2015) discovered that students from intact families
had higher reading comprehension scores than those from single-parent households,
owing to greater parental participation and a more constant home environment. •
Nkanor, I., & Ekpo S. (2023) concluded that family factors such as parent’s
marital status and family size have significant influence on the reading comprehension
performance of their children. It was recommended that parents should endeavor to
allocate quality time to educational activities.
9
Similar results were seen in the Philippines. Dela Cruz (2020) researched Grade
IV learners in Nueva Ecija and discovered that students from intact homes had greater
levels of oral reading fluency than their classmates from disrupted households.
According to the study, continuous parental direction and emotional stability at home
provide better confidence and motivation.
Parents Educational Attainment
Parents’ educational attainment has been identified as a strong predictor of
children’s literacy development and reading readiness. Davis-Kean (2005) emphasized
that higher parental education contributes to enriched home learning environments and
elevated academic expectations, which indirectly foster children’s achievement.
Similarly, Dubow, Boxer, and Huesmann (2009) found that parents’ education has long-
term effects on children’s academic and occupational success, mediated by family
interactions and aspirations. Martini and Sénéchal (2012) further reported that parents
with greater educational backgrounds are more likely to engage in literacy-promoting
practices, such as reading aloud and teaching early literacy skills, thereby cultivating
children’s interest in reading.
In the same vein, Foster, Lambert, Abbott-Shim, McCarty, and Franze (2005)
highlighted that parental education interacts with the home learning environment to
enhance emergent literacy and social skills. Collectively, these studies suggest that
parents’ educational attainment plays a pivotal role in shaping the literacy environment,
expectations, and practices that determine children’s reading readiness, particularly as
they prepare for the academic challenges of the upper elementary grades.
10
In the local context, Bautista and Ramos (2021) revealed that pupils in Batangas
City whose parents had attained higher levels of education performed better in PHIL-IRI
tests. The researchers noted that these parents were more capable of providing
academic guidance and fostering a positive home reading environment. This aligns with
the international perspective that parental education enhances both direct and indirect
support for children’s literacy development.
Access to Reading Materials
Access to reading materials plays a fundamental role in shaping learners’ reading
engagement, comprehension, and overall literacy development. The availability of
diverse, high-quality, and age-appropriate books—both at school and at home—has
been found to foster improved reading outcomes and sustained motivation. First Book
(2023) emphasized that classroom access to a wide variety of culturally diverse books
significantly enhances student engagement and learning outcomes. Their study
revealed that students exposed to well-curated and representative classroom libraries
tend to read more and develop a positive attitude toward reading, which in turn
strengthens literacy skills. Similarly, Silinskas et al. (2024) explored the home literacy
environment and found that the number of books at home positively influenced students’
reading development. This access enabled children to engage in independent reading
activities, build reading fluency, and enhance their comprehension, demonstrating that
access at home is as critical as that at school. Sainato and Lee (2024) highlighted that
school libraries with adequate resources and certified librarians significantly improve
literacy outcomes, particularly among students from low-income backgrounds. Their
policy-focused research suggests that equitable access to high-quality reading materials
11
and instructional support is an essential factor in closing literacy gaps. Furthermore, the
American Library Association (2022) reported that broad access to diverse and inclusive
reading materials supports not only academic growth but also students’ emotional well-
being and cultural understanding. Limiting access, according to the report, risks
reducing reading engagement and hindering literacy progress. These studies
collectively indicate that ensuring access to diverse and adequate reading materials—
through classroom libraries, home collections, and school libraries—remains a
cornerstone of effective reading readiness and literacy enhancement.
Local findings support this. Cruzado (2018) found that Grade VI students in La
Union who had more access to books and other printed resources at home and school
fared significantly higher on PHIL-IRI comprehension assessments. In Laguna, Santos
(2020) discovered that regular usage of school libraries was associated with higher
PHIL-IRI scores and increased reading motivation. Similarly, Mendoza (2021)
discovered that students in Pampanga who had access to supplementary materials,
such as storybooks and digital reading apps, demonstrated more involvement in
independent reading and enhanced comprehension abilities. These studies show that,
whether at home or at school, having access to a variety of reading materials gives
important chances for students to practice and enhance their literacy abilities.
PHIL-IRI Dependent Variable
The Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (PHIL-IRI) has been consistently
highlighted as both an assessment tool and a foundation for instructional planning. It
identifies learners’ oral reading, silent reading, and listening comprehension levels,
classifying them into independent, instructional, or frustration categories (Department of
12
Education [DepEd], 2018). Studies emphasize that using PHIL-IRI data only for
assessment is insufficient; the real impact comes when teachers employ results to
design targeted remediation and enrichment programs (Cruz, 2022). For example,
Garcia (2022) found that when oral reading miscues and comprehension gaps were
carefully analyzed, teachers could provide focused drills that led to learners progressing
from frustration to instructional levels. Similarly, Villanueva (2021) reported that strategy-
based silent reading interventions improved independent reading outcomes when
aligned with PHIL-IRI profiles.
Research further shows that environmental and demographic factors—such as
age, gender, parents’ educational attainment, and access to reading materials—affect
reading readiness. Clemente (2020) and Dela Cruz and Serrano (2021) found that
home literacy environments and parental education significantly influence PHIL-IRI
results, while Reyes (2021) highlighted access to books and other reading resources as
a strong predictor of silent reading comprehension. These findings suggest that any
effective enhancement plan should not only focus on classroom instruction but also
consider learner demographics and home literacy support.
In designing an enhancement plan, listening comprehension should also be
prioritized as a bridge skill. Del Rosario (2019) and Santos and Llorin (2020) noted that
targeted listening-to-reading activities, such as teacher read-alouds with guided
questioning, strengthened vocabulary and inferencing skills, which later improved silent
reading comprehension. This implies that PHIL-IRI listening comprehension results can
guide interventions that scaffold weaker readers toward stronger performance in both
oral and silent reading.
13
Taken together, the reviewed studies provide a basis for an enhancement plan
that responds to the specific needs revealed by PHIL-IRI. Learners at the frustration
level may benefit from phonics, vocabulary, and listening-to-reading activities; those at
the instructional level can be supported with guided oral and silent reading sessions;
while independent readers can be challenged through enrichment activities such as
literature circles, advanced comprehension tasks, and digital reading programs.
Furthermore, incorporating home-school partnerships—such as parent literacy
workshops and book-sharing initiatives—addresses external factors like parents’
educational attainment and access to reading materials. By aligning interventions with
PHIL-IRI data and research-based strategies, the enhancement plan becomes a
practical tool for improving the reading readiness of Grade VI learners.
OUTPUT : PROPOSED ENHANCEMENT PLAN
A proposed enhancement plan aims to bridge the gaps identified by assessments
such as PHIL-IRI and support struggling readers. Vaughn and Fletcher (2012) stressed
that structured interventions guided by Response to Intervention (RTI) frameworks
significantly improve reading outcomes. The National Reading Panel (2000) also
identified evidence-based components—such as guided oral reading, vocabulary
development, and comprehension strategies—as key to effective literacy enhancement.
Moreover, a longitudinal UK study (Wood et al., 2024) highlighted that children
not considered “school ready” were twice as likely to become persistently absent in later
grades, showing that enhancement plans not only improve academic skills but also
long-term school engagement. These findings underscore the necessity of designing
reading enhancement programs that are both evidence-based and culturally responsive.
14
CHAPTER 3
Methodology
This chapter reveals the methods of the research to be employed by the
researcher in conducting the study which includes the research design, population of
the study, research instrument and its development, establishing its validity and
reliability, data gathering procedures, and the appropriate statistical treatment of the
data.
Research Design
This research employs the descriptive-causal research design to examine the
factors that affect reading readiness in English of two groups of learners—frustration
readers and instructional readers—among Grade VI-Quezon learners of La Trinidad
Integrated School. The descriptive component of this study will involve identifying the
current level of reading readiness of the two groups, based on the results of their Phil-
IRI assessments and other related reading diagnostic tools. It will describe and compare
the reading behaviors, vocabulary recognition, comprehension levels, and language
decoding skills of learners categorized as either frustration or instructional readers. The
causal component aims to determine factors that affect the reading readiness of the
students (such as word recognition, reading comprehension, and oral fluency) and the
type of reader classification (frustration or independent). This design will be used since
the main purpose of the study is to determine the factor will affect the level of reading
readiness performance of Grade VI-Quezon Learners of La Trinidad Integrated School.
15
Research Locale
The study was conducted at La Trinidad Integrated School, located in Purok 1,
Bonbon, Butuan City. The school can be reached from the town proper by riding a
motorcycle for approximately 10–15 minutes, passing through paved and moderately
inclined roads surrounded by residential and agricultural areas.
Population and Participants of the Study
The respondents of this study were Grade VI-Quezon pupils from La Trinidad
Integrated School during the School Year 2025-2026. The chosen respondents were a
total of 31, of which 17 were male and 14 were female. The selection of respondents
was based on the results of the Phil-IRI assessment, which served as the official
reading diagnostic tool used by the Department of Education to assess learners’ reading
proficiency.
According to the most recent Phil-IRI results:
- 12 pupils were identified as frustration level, and
- 13 pupils were categorized under the instructional level.
Thus, a total of 25 pupils were purposely selected as respondents.
Sampling Design
The study employed purposive sampling since it was primarily designed to
identify students who require targeted support and intervention and have reading
proficiency below grade level. Only their evaluated reading levels were used to drive
16
the selection process in order to guarantee that the information collected was pertinent
to the goals of the study.
Research Instrument
The researcher developed a structured questionnaire to identify and evaluate the
factors that may affect the reading readiness of Grade VI-Quezon learners. The
instrument underwent expert validation by reading specialists and education
professionals to ensure its clarity, relevance, and reliability.
The questionnaire was divided into two parts:
- Part I: Learners’ Profile – This section includes items on the respondents’ age, gender,
family status, and parental educational background.
Part I: Learner’s Profile
(Please answer by writing your information.)
1. Name (Optional): ___________________________________________
2. Age: _______
3. Gender: ☐ Male ☐ Female
4. What is the status of your family?
☐ Complete ☐ Separated ☐ Living w/ Grandparents ☐ Living with Relatives
5. Parent’s Educational Attainment
☐ Elementary Graduate ☐ Secondary Graduate ☐ College Graduate
6. Access to reading materials
☐ Yes ☐ No
17
Part II : Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (PHIL-IRI) Pre-test. The PHIL-IRI, a
standardized tool developed by the Department of Education, will be used to assess the
learners’ reading proficiency in English. It consists of graded passages with
comprehension questions, measuring both oral and silent reading performance. Scores
will be categorized into three levels: Independent (97%–100% accuracy), Instructional
(90%–96% accuracy), and Frustration (below 89% accuracy).
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher will first seek permission from the principal of La Trinidad
Integrated School to administer the research instruments.
The first phase will involve the conduct of the PHIL-IRI pre-test, which will be
administered following the guidelines set by the Department of Education. Learners will
read graded passages and answer comprehension questions. Their performance will be
scored and classified into Independent, Instructional, or Frustration levels
The second phase will involve the administration of the researcher-made
questionnaire to collect respondents’ demographic and socio-economic data. The
questionnaire will be distributed and explained to ensure clarity, and assistance will be
provided as needed..
All gathered data will then be compiled, tallied, and encoded for statistical
analysis.
Scoring and Quantification of Data
The data to be gathered in this study will be quantified and scored using both
categorical and scale-based measures. The independent variables, which include the
respondents’ profile, will be treated as follows:
18
Age. The actual age of the respondents will be recorded in years and
categorized.
Gender. The learners’ gender will be classified as either male or female and
coded numerically for statistical treatment ( 1 = Male, 2 = Female).
Family Status. The respondents’ family status will be categorized as intact,
single-parent, or extended, and coded numerically ( 1 = Complete, 2 =
Separated, 3 = Living with Grandparents, 4= Living with Relatives ).
Parents’ Educational Background. The highest educational attainment of both
father and mother will be classified into categories such as elementary graduate,
high school graduate, college level/graduate, and postgraduate, with
corresponding codes ( 1 = Elementary Graduate , 2 = High School Graduate, 3 =
College Graduate ).
Access to Education. This will be assessed based on learners’ school
attendance, availability of learning materials, and distance from school.
Responses will be coded using ordinal scales (1 = Yes, 2 = No ).
For the dependent variable, the PHIL-IRI Pre-test Results will be used as the
primary measure of learners’ reading readiness. The PHIL-IRI categorizes reading
performance into three levels:
Independent Level – The learner can read and comprehend text with 97%–100%
accuracy.
Instructional Level – The learner can read with teacher assistance, with 90%–
96% accuracy.
19
Frustration Level – The learner demonstrates difficulty in reading with less than
89% accuracy.
The scores will be tallied and presented in frequency and percentage distribution to
show the overall reading readiness of the respondents. Furthermore, the quantitative
data gathered will be subjected to descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages,
and weighted mean) to summarize learners’ profiles and reading performance.
Statistical Treatment
The data gathered from the respondents’ profile and PHIL-IRI pre-test results will
be organized, quantified, and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. The following
methods will be employed:
Frequency and Distribution. The profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender,
family status, parents’ educational attainment, and access to reading materials will be
analyzed using frequency counts and percentages in order to describe the distribution
of responses.
Weighted Mean. To determine the level of reading readiness based on the PHIL-IRI
results of the students.
Regression Analysis. To determine the factors that affecting the reading readiness
between the respondent’s profile and their level of reading readiness.
The results from these statistical treatments will provide a comprehensive
analysis of the learners’ reading readiness in English and will serve as the basis for
developing the proposed enhancement plan.
20
REFERENCES:
Abadilla, R. S. (2019). Demographic factors affecting PHIL-IRI performance of Grade V
pupils in Quezon Province (Unpublished undergraduate thesis). Southern Luzon State
University.
American Library Association. (2022). Access to a wide variety of reading materials is
critical for student development and well-being (Unite Against Book Bans White Paper).
[Link]
materials-critical-student-development-well-being
Anderson, R. C. (2010). Schema theory and the education of reading. In R. B. Ruddell
& N. J. Unrau (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (6th ed., pp. 265–
276). International Reading Association.
Bautista, J. M., & Ramos, L. A. (2021). Parents’ educational attainment and its relation
to pupils’ reading comprehension in Batangas City. Philippine Journal of Education,
94(2), 45–57.
Chiu, M. M., & McBride-Chang, C. (2006). Family and reading in 43 countries: The roles
of parents and family structure in reading literacy. Scientific Studies of Reading, 10(4),
331–362. [Link]
Clemente, M. (2020). Socio-economic factors affecting reading comprehension of
elementary pupils. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(3), 112–120.
Cruzado, M. P. (2018). Access to reading materials and reading readiness of Grade VI
pupils in La Union (Unpublished master’s thesis). Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State
University.
Davis-Kean, P. E. (2005). The influence of parent education and family income on child
achievement: The indirect role of parental expectations and the home environment.
Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 294–304. [Link]
3200.19.2.294
21
Dela Cruz, J., & Serrano, P. (2021). Home literacy environment and oral reading fluency
of Grade VI pupils. Journal of Literacy and Education Studies, 6(1), 27–38.
Dela Cruz, M. F. (2020). Family structure and reading fluency among Grade IV learners
in Nueva Ecija public schools. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(3),
112–120.
Del Rosario, A. (2019). Listening comprehension as predictor of reading comprehension
among Grade 6 learners. Journal of Education and Human Development, 8(1), 88–96.
Department of Education. (2018). Phil-IRI manual of administration, scoring and
interpretation. DepEd Bureau of Learning Delivery.
Dubow, E. F., Boxer, P., & Huesmann, L. R. (2009). Long-term effects of parents’
education on children’s educational and occupational success: Mediation by family
interactions, child aggression, and teenage aspirations. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55(3),
224–249. [Link]
Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov,
P., ... & Japel, C. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental
Psychology, 43(6), 1428–1446. [Link]
First Book. (2023). The impact of a diverse classroom library. First Book—Research &
Insights. [Link]
[Link]
Foster, M. A., Lambert, R., Abbott-Shim, M., McCarty, F., & Franze, S. (2005). A model
of home learning environment and social risk factors in relation to children’s emergent
literacy and social outcomes. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 20(1), 13–36.
[Link]
Garcia, M. (2022). Decoding fluency and vocabulary as determinants of oral reading
levels. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research, 4(2), 90–101.
Jeynes, W. H. (2015). A meta-analysis: The relationship between parental involvement
and African American school outcomes. Journal of Black Studies, 46(4), 403–431.
[Link]
Logan, S., & Johnston, R. (2010). Investigating gender differences in reading.
Educational Review, 62(2), 175–187. [Link]
Martini, F., & Sénéchal, M. (2012). Learning literacy skills at home: Parent teaching,
expectations, and child interest. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(3), 210–
221. [Link]
22
McLeod, S. (2024a). Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Simply Psychology.
[Link]
McLeod, S. (2024b). Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. Simply Psychology.
[Link]
McLeod, S. (2024c). Zone of proximal development and scaffolding. Simply Psychology.
[Link]
Mendoza, P. G. (2021). Supplementary reading resources and reading comprehension
of Grade V pupils in Pampanga. Philippine Normal University Research Journal, 16(1),
88–102.
Miller, P. H. (2023). Theories of developmental psychology (7th ed.). Worth Publishers.
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Hooper, M. (2017). PIRLS 2016 international
results in reading. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
National Reading Panel. (2000). Teaching children to read: An evidence-based
assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for
reading instruction. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Nkanor, I., & Ekpo, S. (2023). Family factors and reading comprehension performance
among primary school pupils in Uyo Senatorial District of Akwa Ibom State.
International Journal of Innovative and Contemporary Applied Research, 1(1), 1–14.
[Link]
Reyes, K. (2021). Access to reading resources and silent reading performance of public
school pupils. Journal of Basic Education Research, 5(3), 76–84.
Sainato, N., & Lee, A. (2024). Investing in school libraries and librarians to improve
literacy outcomes. Center for American Progress.
[Link]
improve-literacy-outcomes/
Santos, A., & Llorin, R. (2020). Metacognitive strategies and reading comprehension of
Filipino learners. Philippine Normal University Research Journal, 14(2), 120–135.
Silinskas, G., Kiuru, N., Torppa, M., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2024). The interplay between
students’ home literacy environment, reading enjoyment, and reading achievement.
Large-scale Assessments in Education, 12(1), 43. [Link]
00233-8
Sipe, L. R. (1998). Learning the language of picturebook talk: Children’s responses to
picture storybooks and the ways they talk about them. Reading Research Quarterly,
33(2), 224–252. [Link]
23
Teale, W. H., & Sulzby, E. (1986). Emergent literacy: Writing and reading. Ablex
Publishing.
Vaughn, S., & Fletcher, J. M. (2012). Response to intervention with secondary school
students with reading difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 45(3), 244–256.
[Link]
Villanueva, L. (2021). The role of teacher strategy instruction in improving reading
comprehension levels of Grade VI pupils. Philippine Education Research Journal, 9(2),
44–57.
Wood, M. L., Gunning, L., & Mon-Williams, M. (2024, June 26). The relationship
between ‘school readiness’ and later persistent absenteeism. Royal Society Open
Science.
24
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Lovely Grace B. Lontoc
Address: P1A Lower Tagabaca, Butuan City
Contact Number: 0977-275-8401
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Date of Birth: December 27, 1995
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Educational Background
Master of Arts in Educational Management
Agusan Colleges Inc, 2017 – Present
Bachelor of Elementary Education
Philippine Normal University, 2012 – 2016
Secondary Education: Agusan National High School, 2008-2012
Primary Education: Don Gaudencio Santos Elementary School, 2002 – 2008
Professional Experience
Teacher I, Department of Education – La Trinidad Integrated School
September 2024 – Present
SHS Teacher – Center for Healthcare Professions, Butuan Inc.
2018-2023
Trainings and Seminars Attended
NEAP Masterclass ARAL Series
Skills and Competencies
Proficient in designing reading intervention programs
Strong background in English language teaching and assessment
Excellent communication and classroom management skills
25
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: Shaery Rose R. Tumanda
Address: P-5A Lower Tagabaca, Butuan City
Contact Number: 09914013256
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Date of Birth: November 14, 1992
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Educational Background
Master of Arts in Educational Management
Agusan Colleges Inc, 2017 – Present
Bachelor of Elementary Education
Caraga State University, 2009 – 2014
Secondary Education: San Vicente National High School, 2005-2019
Primary Education: Don Gaudencio Santos Elementary School, 1999 – 2005
Professional Experience
Teacher III, Department of Education – Tagabaca Integrated School
June 2018– Present
ALS Volunteer Teacher
2016-2018
Trainings and Seminars Attended
NEAP Masterclass ARAL Series
Skills and Competencies
Proficient in designing reading intervention programs
Strong background in English language teaching and assessment
Excellent communication and classroom management skills
26