Assessing the Efficacy of Azolla pinnata in
Improving Textile Dye Wastewater Quality at
Varying Concentrations
Presented by, Under Supervision of
Nishat Tasnim Md. Arifur Rahman Bhuiyan
Roll No. 2053201049 Assistant Professor
ID No. 20010589 Department of Environmental Science
Session: 2019-2020 Faculty of Science and Technology
Bangladesh University of Professionals
Table of contents
01 02 03 04 05
Background Rationale of Literature Research Research Questions
of the Study the Study Review Gap & Objectives
06 07 08 09 10
Materials & Data Results &
Conclusion References
Methods Analysis Discussions
2
Background of the Study
● The textile sector has been an important part of
Bangladesh’s economy over the past few
decades.
● Large-scale wastewater discharge from the
textile industries into the water bodies have
been a major hazard to society and the
environment of the country (Roy et al., 2020).
● In particular, the discharged water which
consists of active ingredients such as dyes and
Figure 1: Textile dye wastewater discharge point
coloration for the finishing of different fibers is (Source: Author)
more detrimental to human health as well as
aquatic biodiversity (Imran et al., 2015).
3
Rationale of the Study
• The discharge of untreated or partially treated textile dye wastewater raised
much concern among the general public because of its potentiality to enter
the hazardous substances into the food chain of humans and other animals
(Sakamoto et al., 2019).
• Researchers have discovered that Azolla pinnata can reduce pH, Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), nitrogen,
phosphorus, and heavy metal concentrations in wastewater; therefore, it can
be utilized for phytoremediation approach (Jayasundara, 2022).
• This study was executed to evaluate the characteristics of textile dye-
wastewater, assessing the efficiency of Azolla pinnata and determining in
which concentration of wastewater Azolla pinnata is more efficient.
4
Literature Review
• Jayasundara (2022) found that Azolla sp. can be used for wastewater treatment.
• Chuleemas (2010) treated wastewater from poultry industry with Azolla pinnata.
• Alam & Hoque (2018) treated industrial wastewater by Salvinia cucullata Roxb. and Trapa
natans L. in order to assess the phytoremediation capacity.
• Momtaz et al. (2013) assessed the metals removal efficiency from the textile dye effluent by
the aquatic macrophytes, Salvinia cucullata, Pistia stratoites & Eichornia crassipes.
• Lim et al. (2010) used Chlorella spp. Beij. to assess the possibility of a high rate pond system
for the treatment of textile effluent.
• Shiomi & Kitoh (1987) treated wastewater by the aquatic macrophyte, Azolla pinnata.
5
Research Gap
• To the best of the researcher’s knowledge limited number of comprehensive
research has been conducted on the application of Azolla pinnata in
wastewater treatment.
• Limited or no comprehensive study on evaluating the efficacy of Azolla
pinnata in different concentrations of wastewater specifically in the treatment
of textile dye-wastewater.
6
Research Questions and Objectives
Questions
• Can the quality of textile dye wastewater be enhanced by treating with Azolla
pinnata?
• In which concentration of textile dye wastewater Azolla pinnata works most
efficiently to enhance the water quality?
Objectives
• To determine the efficacy of Azolla pinnata in enhancing the water quality of
collected textile dye wastewater.
• To determine the concentration in which Azolla pinnata performs most
efficiently to treat the textile dye wastewater.
7
Materials & Methods
Figure 2: Conceptual framework (Source: Author)
8
Materials & Methods
Collection of textile dye wastewater
• The dye-wastewater sample was
collected from a Textile Industry
located in the BSCIC Industrial Estate,
Tongi, Dhaka.
• The sampling was done very cautiously
using grab and composite sampling
method at 10 minutes interval.
Figure 3: Collected textile dye
wastewater sample
(Source: Author)
9
Materials & Methods
Collection of aquatic
macrophyte (Azolla pinnata)
Azolla pinnata was collected
from Bangladesh Rice Research
Institute, located in Joydebpur,
Gazipur.
Figure 4: Collected Azolla pinnata (Source: Author)
10
Materials & Methods
Background analysis of physicochemical parameters of
textile dye wastewater
• Four different concentrated samples (with three replicates for each
concentrations) were prepared with and without the collected textile dye
wastewater (0%, 30%, 60% and 100% diluted samples).
• Analysis was carried out to determine various water quality parameters
such as Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Electrical
conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids
(TSS), Salinity, Turbidity and Absorbance by standardized methods.
11
Materials & Methods
Table 1. Instruments & equations used in determination of physicochemical parameters
Parameters Instruments & Equations used References
Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity HI-9829 Multiparameter (APHA, 1976)
(EC), Total Dissolved Solids
(TDS) and Turbidity
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Dissolve Oxygen Meter YSI Pro 20i -
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) BOD5 (mg/l) = (D1 - D2) (Delzer and McKenzie SW, 1999)
Here, D1= initial DO (dissolved oxygen level) of the
sample, D2= final DO of the sample at the end of the 5 day
incubation period
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Lovibond RD 125 (Editor, 2021)
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) TSS (mg/l ) = {(F-I) × 1000}/ V (Coleparmer, 2019)
Here, F = Weight of filter + dried residue in g, I = Weight of
filter in g, V = Volume of sample filtered in L
Salinity High Accuracy Digital Portable Multiparameter Water -
Analyzer
Absorbance UV-6300PC Double Beam Spectrophotometer (Hzdg, n.d.)
12
Materials & Methods
Table 2: Setup of the treatments
Treatments Doses Total Replications
Volume of
Water
T0 (0%) 500 ml fresh water+5gm 500 ml 3
Azolla pinnata
T1(30%) 150 ml dye-wastewater+ 500 ml 3
350 ml freshwater+ 5 gm
Azolla pinnata
T2(60%) 300 ml dye-wastewater+ 500 ml 3
200 ml freshwater+ 5 gm
Azolla pinnata
T3(100%) 500 ml dye-wastewater+ 500 ml 3
5 gm Azolla pinnata
Figure 5: Set up of treatment tubs (Source: Author)
13
Data Analysis
• Evaluation of Pollutant Removal Efficiency (%)
(𝑨 − 𝑩)
PRE (%) = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨
where A = concentration at starting and B = concentration at the end (Alam
& Hoque, 2018)
Statistical Analysis
• To detect significant differences among treatments the data were
processed using Microsoft Excel version 10 and the one-way ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance) technique.
14
Results & Discussions
Physicochemical characteristics of the samples before and after treatment with Azolla pinnata
Chart 1: Comparison between initial & final Temperature Chart 2: Comparison between initial & final pH
15
Results & Discussions
Chart 3: Comparison between initial & final EC Chart 4: Comparison between initial & final DO
16
Results & Discussions
Chart 5: Comparison between initial & final BOD Chart 6: Comparison between initial & final COD
17
Results & Discussions
Chart 7: Comparison between initial & final TSS Chart 8: Comparison between initial & final TDS
18
Results & Discussions
Chart 9: Comparison between initial & final Salinity Chart 10: Comparison between initial & final Absorbance
19
Results & Discussions
Chart 11: Comparison between initial & final Turbidity
20
Results & Discussions
Chart 12: Comparison of improvement (%)
21
Results & Discussions
• Chart 12 represents that T1 (30%) showed more improvement in most of the
parameters comparing to the other two treatments that contained wastewater.
• Shiomi and Kitoh (1987) treated diluted secondary treated effluent of a
domestic sewage treatment plant with Azolla and stated that Azolla performed
better in diluted sample for nutrient removal.
• Momtaz et al. (2013) assessed the metals removal efficiency of 50% and 100%
textile dye effluent by the aquatic macrophytes, Salvinia cucullata, Pistia
stratoites and Eichornia crassipes. Results showed that when the macrophytes
were exposed to 100% effluents, they survived only for a few days but on the
other hand in 50% effluents they survived more days and shown more
efficiency in metals removal.
22
Results & Discussions
• The higher values of
temperature, pH, EC, salinity,
high load of TDS and TSS
associated with low DO level in
the wastewater samples
increased water turbidity and
caused death of the test
species, Azolla pinnata.
• The mortality (%) of Azolla
pinnata increased with the
percentage(%) of textile dye
wastewater in the treatments
(Rashid, 2021).
Chart 13: Mortality (%) of Azolla pinnata
23
Conclusion
• The incorporation of Azolla pinnata in the textile dye wastewater has effectively improved
the water quality parameters in comparison to the control treatment and the standards for
industrial wastewater prescribed by the Department of Environment (DoE).
• Results demonstrated that the maximum efficacy of Azolla pinnata was recorded for 30%
wastewater concentrated treatment (T1). In T1 the improvement efficiencies were 36.84%,
66.67%, 55.05%, 53.40%, 46.85%, 58.60%, 52.21%, 76.86%, and 77.49% for pH,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Salinity,
Turbidity, and Absorbance, respectively.
24
References
Acero, L. H. (2019). Phytoremediation of Phosphorous and Ammonia with Eichhornia crassipes and Azolla pinnata in
Waste Waters from Estero de San Miguel Mendiola Manila Philippines. E3S Web of Conferences, 93, 02004.
[Link]
Alam, A. R., & Hoque, S. (2018). Phytoremediation of industrial wastewater by culturing aquatic macrophytes, Trapa
natans L. and Salvinia cucullata Roxb. Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(2), 19–27.
[Link]
Imran, M., Crowley, D. E., Khalid, A., Hussain, S., Mumtaz, M., & Arshad, M. (2014). Microbial biotechnology for
decolorization of textile wastewaters. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 14(1), 73–92.
[Link]
Jayasundara, P. (2022). Wastewater Treatment by Azolla: A review. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 14(1), 40–46.
[Link]
Momtaz, H., Alam, F., Ahsan, M. A., Alam, A. R., Sultana, N., Siraj, S., Akbor, M. A., Rashid, M. M., & Journal, B.
(2013). Treatment of metal-containing effluents from textile-dyeing industries by aquatic macrophytes to improve
surface water treatment systems. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 48(2), 89–96.
[Link]
Sakamoto, M., Ahmed, T., Begum, S., & Huq, H. (2019). Water pollution and the textile industry in Bangladesh: flawed
corporate practices or restrictive opportunities? Sustainability, 11(7), 1951. [Link]
Shiomi, N., & Kitoh, S. (1987). Physiology. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 10(9), 1663–1670.
[Link]
25
Thank You
26
