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Eel
Eels are ray-finned fish belonging to the order Anguilliformes
(/æŋˈɡwɪlɪfɔːrmiːz/), which consists of eight suborders, 20 families, 164 Eel
genera, and about 1000 species.[4][5] Eels undergo considerable Temporal range:
development from the early larval stage to the eventual adult stage and
are usually predators.
The term "eel" is also used for some other eel-shaped fish, such as
electric eels (genus Electrophorus), swamp eels (order
Synbranchiformes), and deep-sea spiny eels (family Notacanthidae).
However, these other clades, with the exception of deep-sea spiny eels,
whose order Notacanthiformes is the sister clade to true eels, evolved
their eel-like shapes independently from the true eels. As a main rule,
most eels are marine. Exceptions are the catadromous genus Anguilla
and the freshwater moray,[6] which spend most of their life in
freshwater, the anadromous rice-paddy eel, which spawns in freshwater,
and the freshwater snake eel Stictorhinus.[7]
Description
Eels are elongated fish, ranging in
length from 5 cm (2 in) in the one- Anguilla dieffenbachii, New Zealand
jawed eel (Monognathus ahlstromi)
to 4 m (13 ft) in the slender giant Scientific classification
The European conger is the
moray.[8] Adults range in weight Kingdom: Animalia
heaviest of all eels. from 30 g (1 oz) to well over 25 kg Phylum: Chordata
(55 lb). They possess no pelvic fins,
and many species also lack Class: Actinopterygii
pectoral fins. The dorsal and anal Superorder: Elopomorpha
fins are fused with the caudal fin,
Order: Anguilliformes
forming a single ribbon running
E. S. Goodrich, 1909[2]
along much of the length of the
animal.[1] Eels swim by Type genus
generating waves that travel the Anguilla
length of their bodies. They can
Spotted moray eel in a tank, 2016 Garsault, 1764[3]
swim backward by reversing the
direction of the wave.[9] Suborders
see text
Most eels live in the shallow waters of the ocean and burrow into sand,
mud, or amongst rocks. Most eel species are nocturnal, and thus are
rarely seen. Sometimes, they are seen living together in holes or "eel
pits". Some eels also live in deeper water on the continental shelves and over the slopes deep as 4,000 m (13,000 ft).
Only members of the Anguilla regularly inhabit fresh water, but they, too, return to the sea to breed.[10]
The heaviest true eel is the European conger. The maximum size of this species has been reported as reaching a
length of 3 m (10 ft) and a weight of 110 kg (240 lb).[11] Other eels are longer, but do not weigh as much, such as the
slender giant moray, which reaches 4 m (13 ft).[12]
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Life cycle
Eels begin life as flat and transparent larvae, called leptocephali. Eel larvae drift in the sea's surface waters, feeding
on marine snow, small particles that float in the water. Eel larvae then metamorphose into glass eels and become
elvers before finally seeking out their juvenile and adult habitats.[8] Some individuals of anguillid elvers remains in
brackish and marine areas close to coastlines,[13] but most of them enter freshwater where they travel upstream and
are forced to climb up obstructions, such as weirs, dam walls, and natural waterfalls.
Eel eggs hatch firstly Larval eels As freshwater
into the leptocephalus become glass elvers, eels work
larval stage. eels as they their way upstream.
transition from
the ocean to
fresh water.
Lifecycle of a typical (catadromous) eel
Mature silver
stage eels
migrate back
to the ocean to
mate.
Gertrude Elizabeth Blood found that the eel fisheries at Ballisodare were greatly improved by the hanging of loosely
plaited grass ladders over barriers, enabling elvers to ascend more easily.[14]
Classification
Several sets of classifications of eels exist; some, such as FishBase which divide eels into 20 families, whereas other
classification systems such as ITIS and Systema Naturae 2000 include additional eel families, which are noted
below.
Genomic studies indicate that there is a monophyletic group that originated among the deep-sea eels.[15]
Taxonomy
The earliest fossil eels are known from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon. These early eels retain
primitive traits such as pelvic fins and thus do not appear to be closely related to any extant taxa. Body fossils of
modern eels do not appear until the Eocene, although otoliths assignable to extant eel families and even some genera
have been recovered from the Campanian and Maastrichtian, indicating some level of diversification among the
extant groups prior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, which is also supported by phylogenetic divergence
estimates. One of these otolith taxa, the mud-dwelling Pythonichthys arkansasensis, appears to have thrived in the
aftermath of the K-Pg extinction, based on its abundance.[16][17][18]
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Extant taxa
Taxonomy based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes:[19]
Order Anguilliformes
Suborder Chlopsoidei
Family Chlopsidae Rafinesque, 1815 (false morays)
Suborder Synaphobranchoidei
Family Protanguillidae G. D. Johnson, Ida & Miya, 2011 (primitive cave eels)
Family Synaphobranchidae J. Y. Johnson, 1862 (cutthroat eels)
Subfamily Simenchelyinae Gill, 1879 (pugnose parasitic eels)
A moray eel
Subfamily Ilyophinae D. S. Jordan & Davis, 1891 (arrowtooth eels or
mustard eels)
Subfamily Synaphobranchinae J. Y. Johnson, 1862 (cutthroat eels)
Suborder Anguilloidei
Family Moringuidae Gill, 1885 (spaghetti eels)
Family Anguillidae Rafinesque, 1810 (freshwater eels)
Family Nemichthyidae Kaup. 1859 (snipe eels or threadtail snipe eels)
Family Serrivomeridae Trewavas, 1932 (sawtooth eels)
Family Cyematidae Regan, 1912 (bobtail eels) Gorgasia barnesi, a species of
Family Monognathidae Trewavas, 1937 (onejaw gulpers) garden eel
Family Neocyematidae Poulsen, M. J. Miller, Sado, Hanel, Tsukamoto & Miya,
2018 (orange bobtail eels)
Family Eurypharyngidae Gill, 1883 (gulper eels or pelican eels)
Family Saccopharyngidae Bleeker, 1859 (swallower eels or whiptail gulpers)
Suborder Muraenoidei
Family Heterenchelyidae Regan, 1912 (mud eels)
Family Myrocongridae Gill, 1890 (myroconger eels)
Family Muraenidae Rafinesque, 1815 (moray eels)
Subfamily Uropterygiinae Fowler, 1925 (tailfin moray eels)
Subfamily Muraeninae Rafinesque, 1815 (morays)
Suborder Congroidei
Family Colocongridae Smith, 1976 (shorttail eels)
Family Derichthyidae Gill, 1884 (longneck eels or narrowneck eels)
Family Ophichthidae Günther, 1870 (snake eels and worm eels)
Subfamily Myrophinae Kaup, 1856 (worm eels)
Subfamily Ophichthinae Günther, 1870 (snake eels)
Family Muraenesocidae Kaup, 1859 (pike conger eels)
Family Nettastomatidae Kaup, 1859 (duckbill eels)
Family Congridae Kaup, 1856 (conger eels)
Subfamily Congrinae Kaup, 1856 (congers)
Subfamily Bathymyrinae Böhlke, 1949
Subfamily Heterocongrinae Günther, 1870 (garden eels)
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Anguilla anguilla (Anguillidae) Kaupichthys nuchalis Coloconger raniceps (Colocongridae)
(Chlopsidae)
Moringua edwardsi (Moringuidae) Muraenesox cinereus
Conger cinereus (Congridae) (Muraenesocidae)
Echidna nebulosa A Nemichthyidae
(Muraenidae)
Venefica tentaculata Myrichthys
(Nettastomatidae) ocellatus
(Ophichthidae)
Serrivomer sp. (Serrivomeridae) A synaphobranchid
In some classifications, the family Cyematidae of bobtail snipe eels is included in the Anguilliformes, but in the
FishBase system that family is included in the order Saccopharyngiformes.
The electric eel of South America is not a true eel but is a South American knifefish more closely related to the carps
and catfishes.[20]
Phylogeny
Phylogeny based on Johnson et al. 2012.[21]
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Protanguilloidei Protanguillidae
Synaphobranchoidei Synaphobranchidae
Heterenchelyidae
Myrocongridae
Muraenoidei
Muraenidae
Chlopsoidei Chlopsidae
Derichthyidae
Nettastomatidae
Congroidei Congridae
Ophichthidae
Anguilliformes
Muraenesocidae
Moringuoidei Moringuidae
Eurypharyn
Saccophary
Saccopharyngoidei
Monognath
Cyematidae
Nemichthyid
Anguilloidei Serrivomer
Anguillidae
Extinct taxa
Based on the Paleobiology Database:[22][23]
Genus †Abisaadia
Genus †Bolcanguilla
Genus †Eomuraena
Genus †Eomyrophis
Genus †Gazolapodus
Genus †Hayenchelys
Genus †Luenchelys
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Genus †Mastygocercus
Genus †Micromyrus
Genus †Mylomyrus
Genus †Palaeomyrus
Genus †Parechelus
Genus †Proserrivomer
Family †Anguillavidae
Family †Anguilloididae
Family †Libanechelyidae
Family †Milananguillidae Anguillavus, one of the earliest known
Family †Paranguillidae eels from the Sannine Limestone
Family †Patavichthyidae
Family †Proteomyridae
Family †Urenchelyidae
Commercial species
Paranguilla, an Eocene eel from Monte
Bolca
Main commercial species
Common Scientific Maximum Common Maximum Maximum Trophic
FishBase FAO ITIS IUCN status
name name length length weight age level
Anguilla
American rostrata [24] [25]
152 cm 50 cm 7.33 kg 43 years 3.7
eel (Lesueur,
1817) Endangered[26]
Anguilla
European anguilla [27] [28] [29]
150 cm 35 cm 6.6 kg 88 years 3.5
eel (Linnaeus,
1758) Critically endangered[30]
Anguilla
japonica
Japanese [31] [32] [33]
(Temminck 150 cm 40 cm 1.89 kg 3.6
eel
& Schlegel, Endangered[34]
1846)
Anguilla
Short- australis [35] [36]
130 cm 45 cm 7.48 kg 32 years 4.1
finned eel (Richardson,
1841) Near Threatened[37]
Use by humans
Freshwater eels (unagi) and marine eels (conger eel, anago) are commonly used in Japanese cuisine; foods such as
unadon and unajū are popular, but expensive. Eels are also very popular in Chinese cuisine, and are prepared in
many different ways. Hong Kong eel prices have often reached 1000 HKD (128.86 US Dollars) per kg, and once
exceeded 5000 HKD per kg. In India, eels are popularly eaten in the Northeast. Freshwater eels, known as Kusia in
Assamese, are eaten with curry,[38] often with herbs.[39] The European eel and other freshwater eels are mostly eaten
in Europe and the United States, and is considered critically endangered.[40] A traditional east London food is jellied
eels, although the demand has significantly declined since World War II. The Spanish cuisine delicacy angulas
consists of elver (young eels) sautéed in olive oil with garlic; elvers usually reach prices of up to 1000 euro per kg.[41]
New Zealand longfin eel is a traditional Māori food in New Zealand. In Italian cuisine, eels from the Valli di
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Comacchio, a swampy zone along the Adriatic coast, are especially prized, along with freshwater eels of Bolsena Lake
and pond eels from Cabras, Sardinia. In northern Germany, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Poland, Denmark,
and Sweden, smoked eel is considered a delicacy.
Eel picker in Maasholm, sculpture by Bernd Green water culture system for Japanese Positioning eel traps
Maro eel in Inle Lake
(Myanmar)
Elvers, often fried, were once a cheap dish in the United Kingdom. During the 1990s, their numbers collapsed across
Europe.[42] They became a delicacy, and the UK's most expensive species.[43]
Eels, particularly the moray eel, are popular among marine aquarists.
Eel blood is toxic to humans[44] and other mammals,[45][46][47] but both cooking and the digestive process destroy
the toxic protein.
High consumption of eels is seen in European countries leading to those eel species being considered endangered.
Sustainable consumption
In 2010, Greenpeace International added the European eel, Japanese eel, and American eel to its seafood red list.[48]
Japan consumes more than 70% of the global eel catch.[49]
Eel fishing boat in France Special boats to transport Eel trap in Denmark around 1900
live eels Comacchio
Gerookte paling (Dutch for smoked
eel)
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Etymology
The English name "eel" descends from Old English ǣl, Common Germanic *ēlaz. Also from the common Germanic
are West Frisian iel, Dutch aal, German Aal, and Icelandic áll. Katz (1998) identifies a number of Indo-European
cognates, among them the second part of the Latin word for eels, anguilla, attested in its simplex form illa (in a
glossary only), and the Greek word for "eel", ἔγχελυς enkhelys (the second part of which is attested in Hesychius as
elyes).[50][51][52] The first compound member, anguis ("snake"), is cognate to other Indo-European words for
"snake" (compare Old Irish escung "eel", Old High German unc "snake", Lithuanian angìs, Greek ophis, okhis, Vedic
Sanskrit áhi, Avestan aži, Armenian auj, iž, Old Church Slavonic *ǫžь, all from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ogʷʰis). The
word also appears in the Old English word for "hedgehog", which is igil (meaning "snake eater"), and perhaps in the
egi- of Old High German egidehsa "wall lizard".[53][54]
According to this theory, the name Bellerophon (Βελλεροφόντης, attested in a variant Ἐλλεροφόντης in Eustathius of
Thessalonica) is also related, translating to "the slayer of the serpent" (ahihán). In this theory, the ελλερο- is an
adjective form of an older word, ελλυ, meaning "snake", which is directly comparable to Hittite ellu-essar- "snake
pit". This myth likely came to Greece via Anatolia. In the Hittite version of the myth, the dragon is called Illuyanka:
the illuy- part is cognate to the word illa, and the -anka part is cognate to angu, a word for "snake". Since the words
for "snake" (and similarly shaped animals) are often subject to taboo in many Indo-European (and non-Indo-
European) languages, no unambiguous Proto-Indo-European form of the word for eel can be reconstructed. It may
have been *ēl(l)-u-, *ēl(l)-o-, or something similar.
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Timeline of genera
Timeline
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In culture
The large lake of Almere, which existed in the early Medieval Netherlands, got its name from the eels which lived in
its water (the Dutch word for eel is aal or ael, so: "ael mere" = "eel lake"). The name is preserved in the new city of
Almere in Flevoland, given in 1984 in memory of this body of water on whose site the town is located.
The daylight passage in the spring of elvers upstream along the Thames was at one time called "eel fare". The word
'elver' is thought to be a corruption of "eel fare".[14]
A famous attraction on the French Polynesian island of Huahine (part of the Society Islands) is the bridge across a
stream hosting three- to six-foot-long eels, deemed sacred by local culture.
Eel fishing in Nazi-era Danzig plays an important role in Günter Grass' novel The Tin Drum. The cruelty of humans
to eels is used as a metaphor for Nazi atrocities, and the sight of eels being killed by a fisherman triggers the madness
of the protagonist's mother.
Sinister implications of eels fishing are also referenced in Jo Nesbø's Cockroaches, the second book of the Harry
Hole detective series. The book's background includes a Norwegian village where eels in the nearby sea are rumored
to feed on the corpses of drowned humans, making the eating of these eels verge on cannibalism.
The 2019 book The Gospel of the Eels by Patrick Svensson commented on the 'eel question' (origins of the order) and
its cultural history.
See also
Elver pass
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Further references
Tesch FW and White RJ (2008). The Eel ([Link] John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 9781405173438.
Patrik Svensson (2019). The Book of Eels ([Link] English
translation (2020) by Agnes Broomé, published by ecco, ISBN 9780062968814.
External links
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Anguilliformes" ([Link]
hp?order=Anguilliformes). FishBase. January 2006 version.
"Anguilliformes" ([Link]
Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
"Apodes" ([Link] New
International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"The Natural History of the Eel ([Link] historical aspect,
Scientific American, 10 August 1878, Vol. 39, No. 6, p. 79
Retrieved from "[Link]
[Link] 15/15
