Breastfeeding

Erendira Estefanía Barreto García

Nursing 502
DEFINITION
Breastfeeding is a type of feeding.
which consists of a baby being fed with the
milk of your mother. The milk, precisely, is a
food with unique characteristics that allows for
the mother transmits her defense mechanisms to the
newborn, while the act of breastfeeding
It helps strengthen the mother-child relationship.
OBJECTIVES

Carry out actions aimed at

protect and support exclusive breastfeeding
until six months of age and nutrition
complementary, timely, appropriate, harmless and
properly managed until the age of two
age.
PHYSIOLOGY OF BREASTFEEDING

The embryogenesis of the mammary gland begins between 18 and 19 weeks.

of intrauterine life, a period in which mammary buds can be identified
epidermal that penetrate the subepidermal mesenchyme in the region
anterior of the thorax, in the so-called 'milk line'. Simultaneously,
part of the mesenchyme extends under the dermis to form the cushion
fat and the ducts extend, branch, and channel until they form the
rudimentary mammary duct system present in the newborn.
During pregnancy, as progesterone, prolactin, and levels rise
placental lactogen, the lobules expand in clusters and the
the mammary gland is preparing to fulfill its primary function, secretion
of milk
Between the 5th and 8th weeks of gestation, visible changes are observed in the
breasts: significantly increase in size, feel heavier, they
intensifies the pigmentation of the areola and the nipple and the veins become dilated
superficial.
In the first stage called synthesis, the main participants are:
a) The mammary epithelial cells that transform almost all precursors
plasmatic constituents of milk and transport them inside the
duct
mammary
b) The stromal cells that support the gland and produce lipoprotein-
lipase
and B lymphocytes (producers of IgA).
The regulation of its secretion includes two major mechanisms:
The first is related to the speed of synthesis and secretion.
The second with expulsion; where the hormones prolactin and intervene.
oxytocin.
Both mechanisms depend on suction or another stimulus from the nipple.
alveolar cells synthesize lactose in the cell, which is
absorbs, passes into the blood, and is eliminated by the kidneys.
Thus, the increase in urinary lactose during pregnancy reflects the activity of
synthesis of the breast. In most women, the excretion of lactose
through the urine begins between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation. To this
the ability of the breasts to synthesize the components of milk is called
it is called Lactogenesis
LACTOGENESIS

Towards the end of gestation, the alveoli show in

inside it a substance composed of cells
shed epithelial cells and leukocytes can be detected
lactose in the mother's blood and urine, which has been
related to lactose synthesis in the gland
mammary.
Milk is produced in the "secretory unit" of the breast,
the mammary alveoli; the union of 10 to 100 alveoli
they form the lobules, which in turn make up the lobes
that drain into galactophorous ducts that lead to
independently from the nipple.
Milk secretion involves a neural stimulus that
triggers a response through the hypothalamic pathway
endocrine that releases prolactin of origin
pituitary, responsible for lactogenesis and expulsion
from milk by oxytocin.
The liberating reflex of prolactin is controlled by dopaminergic neurons of the
hypothalamus. The stimulation of the nipple and the areola produces through a reflex
neurohormonal, the inhibition of dopamine secretion (PIF). The amount of
Dopamine reaches the lactotrophic cells of the anterior pituitary, determining the amount.
deprolactin secreted by them
The contraction of these fibers, or ejection lacteal reflex, is produced by the release of
oxytocin; Oxytocin is the most important galactopoietic hormone and is
essential for the emptying of milk during breastfeeding The reflex
oxytocin release not only responds to sensory and mechanical stimuli from
nipple-areola, but it can also be triggered by visual stimuli,
auditory or olfactory, which can become a conditioned reflex and unlike the
prolactin reflection, this can be blocked by stress or pain that occurs
release of catecholamines

Breast storage capacity; ranges from 20% to 90% of

daily requirements of the child; between 80 and 600 ml Emptying of the breast. the presence
an "inhibitory factor of lactation" (FIL) is activated as the milk
accumulation in the alveolus decreases the milk production rate by the cell
alveolar
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF SECRETION
MILK

Pathway I, or exocytosis, begins in the nucleus with the synthesis of mRNA.

specific to milk proteins. Protein molecules are
modified in the Golgi apparatus until they become part of a vesicle
secretory. The main protein in human milk whey is the a-
lactalbumin, which is part of the enzyme lactose synthase, responsible for
the synthesis of lactose in the galactocyte There also form the micelles of
casein, linked to Ca, Zn, Fe, and Cu. All the content progresses in the
secretory vesicles towards the plasma membrane of the alveolar volume
being downloaded in exocytosis
The pathway II is the one used by lipids. The triglycerides synthesized in the reticulum.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum from fatty acids and glycerol, are enveloped by the
plasma membrane and they exit in the form of micelles.
The III pathway, for transport across the apical membrane, is the one used by the
sodium, potassium, chlorine, some monosaccharides, and water,
The IV pathway allows the passage of intact proteins among which are the
IGA, insulin, prolactin, growth factors and other hormones that are
transported from plasma to milk.
The V pathway is the passage of substances between cells. This pathway is observed
during pregnancy, during episodes of mastitis or during the period of
weaning, but is not present during lactation as the cells are
they are closely united.
PROPERTIES AND PROTECTION FACTORS
FROM BREAST MILK
Human milk changes its composition.
chemistry from prepartum, colostrum, milk of
transition, mature milk. Mother's milk
term or preterm). The initial milk is different from
the final milk from the breastfeeding.
Milk varies in composition according to the time of day.
More than 200 components have been identified in the
human milk.
The milk contains living cells (Macrophages,
neutrophils, lymphocytes, epithelial cells), membranes
and fat globules, surrounded by membranes.
Changes the flavor depending on the foods available.
I ate the mother.
IMMUNOCOMPOUNDS
AND IMMUNOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES
ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS NEUTROPHILS CELLS (30-40%)
ANTIBODIES: IGA, IGG, IGM LYMPHOCYTE CELLS (5-10%)
LACTOFERRIN CYTOKINES
LYSOZYME GROWTH FACTORS
LACTOPEROXIDASE HORMONES
CASEIN PEPTIDES (TRANSFER FACTOR)
LACTOALBUMIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
MUCINA Nucleotides
LACTADDER ADHESION MOLECULES
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY COMPOUNDS
RECEPTORS Cytokines
OLIGOSACCHARIDES (SUGARS) ADHESION MOLECULES
FATTY ACIDS (LIPIDS) POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
CYTOKINES (INTERFERON) HORMONES AND FACTORS OF
DEFENSINS (PEPTIDES) GROWTH
Bifidus Factor
OSTEOPROTEGERIN
LACTOFERRIN
COMPONENTS OF DEVELOPMENT
IMMUNE
MACROPHAGE CELLS (55-69%)
MAIN DEFENSE CELLS
BEFORE INVASIVE MICROORGANISMS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
TIPOS DE CÉLULAS - PRINCIPAL FUNCIÓN
1. GRANULOCYTES
Neutrophils phagocytize and destroy invading bacteria
Eosinophils - destroy large parasites and modulate responses
inflammatory
Basophils release histamine in certain immune reactions.
2. MONOCYTES - they become macrophage cells, which
they phagocytose and digest invading microorganisms and foreign bodies, thus
like damaged and old cells
3. LYMPHOCYTES
B cells - produce antibodies
T cells kill virus-infected cells and regulate activity of
other leukocytes through the production of cytokines.
4. KILLER CELLS - kill the cells infected by viruses and
some tumor cells.
Fat-soluble vitamins:
Vitamin A
The colostrum is richer (twice as much) in vitamin A and in beta carotene (form
precursor of vitamin A) than mature milk. Transitional milk contains the
double of the mature milk.
Vitamin K
The values of vitamin K are higher in colostrum and in transitional milk.
in comparison with mature milk. After a couple of weeks, it is the flora
Intestinal that synthesizes vitamin K in the baby from the second week after birth.
Vitamin E
The vitamin content present in breast milk meets the needs of
baby.
Lipid-soluble vitamins:
The amounts of these vitamins largely depend on the nutritional status.
from the mother. In any case, the deficiency of the following vitamins in the milk
Mother is very strange.
Vitamin B complex:
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), B6 (pyridoxine), B1 (thiamine) acid is present.
folic acid (B9), B3 (niacin) and pantothenic acid (B5). It is recommended for mothers
vegetarians should take a B12 supplement as the vegetarian diet does not contain it.
sources of the same.
Folic acid is essential for synthesizing amino acids, DNA, RNA, and hemoglobin.
Vitamin C
There is about 4-5 mg/100 ml of vitamin C in breast milk.
TYPES OF MILK:

Precursory
Colostrum
Transitional milk
Mature milk
Precaloster:
It is the milk that the mother forms during gestation which
composition is plasma, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, chlorine,
sodium, serum albumin and a minimal amount of lactose.

Calostrum:
It is produced until the 3rd day approximately with 2 ml.
suckling and up to 200 ml. daily.
Its coloration is yellowish due to the presence of beta-
carotenes, we also find colostrum, milk, fats,
lactose, proteins (three times more than in mature milk),
Immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin, macrophages.
As the boy breastfeeds, he improves and elevates concentration.
of protein and Immunoglobulin A, the latter of action
antibiotic given that the digestive system of the neonate does not
destroys possible pathogenic bacteria. It also
gradually increase the concentration of lactoferrin and
macrophages.
Transition Milk:
Around the 15th day after childbirth, there is a sharp increase in volume.
milk until reaching 700 ml. of daily consumption, its composition will go from
colostrum to mature milk.
Mature Milk: It is produced from the 2nd or 4th week after childbirth.
its volume remains more stable starting at 700 ml.
gradually to 1000 or 1200 ml. daily.
Its composition is made up of: proteins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins and water in 85%.
Lactose is its main carbohydrate and represents the largest source of energy.
(disaccharide of galactose and glucose) is of high importance for development
of the child's central nervous system, its high concentration of lactose
it allows the absorption of calcium and facilitates soft stools, for this reason
The breastfeeding baby does not have constipation problems as seen in babies.
that exclusively consume artificial milk.
Delving deeper into the biochemistry of milk, carbohydrates and
Glycoproteins facilitate and expedite the development of bifidobacteria that
it favors the bifidobacteria of the infant, that is, this microbiota of the
what we talk about is the one that fulfills the function of not allowing the development of
pathogenic microbes even promote the synthesis of the baby’s vitamins,
por ejemplo el complejo B.
One liter of breast milk provides between 700 to 780 Kcal. But still its
iron content is low, yet sufficient and highly absorbable and the
baby during the 1st quarter is covered from suffering deficiencies in
iron, as long as the mother is well-fed. Moreover, the babies
they have a reserve of ferrous mineral in their liver that has been carried since the
uterine life and will serve them until the 4th month of life