Carburetion

Fuel Supply System(SI Engine)

The basic fuel supply system in an automobile with petrol
engine consists of a fuel tank, fuel lines, fuel pump, fuel
filter, air cleaner, carburetor, inlet manifold and supply &
returns pipelines.
Types of System
• Gravity system
• Pressure system
• Vacuum system
• Pump system
• Fuel injection system

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 Fuel Supply System(SI Engine)
Types of System
• Pump system: Mechanical & Electrical pump

Fuel Supply System(SI Engine)

• Mechanical pump (A.C. Mechanical pump)

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 Fuel Supply System(SI Engine)
• Electrical pump (S.U. Electrical pump)

Carburetion
The process of formation of a combustible fuel-air
mixture by mixing the proper amount of fuel with
air before admission to engine cylinder is called
carburetion and the device which does this job is
called a carburetor.

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 Carburetion
• A carburetor’s primary purpose is to produce a
mixture of air and fuel for different engine
operating conditions.
• Gasoline engines cannot run on liquid gasoline. It
must be vaporized and mixed with air in the
proper proportions for varying conditions.

Purpose of Carburetion
• Store
• Deliver
• Mix air and fuel
• Meter air and fuel

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 The factor that affect on the
mixture process
• EVAPORATION
is the changing of a liquid to a vapor.

*The rate of evaporation is dependent on the

following

• TEMPERATURE.
• ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• VOLATILITY.
• ATOMIZATION

The factor that affect on the mixture

process
Temperature: The rate of movement of the molecules
increase with temperature. Because of this, the amount of
molecules leaving the liquid for a given time will increase, as
the temperature increases.

Atmospheric pressure: As atmospheric pressure increases,

the amount of air molecules present over the liquid also
increases. The increased presence of air molecules will slow
the rate of evaporation. This is because the molecules of
liquid will have more air molecules to collide with. In many
cases, they will fall back into the liquid after the collision.

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 The factor that affect on the mixture
process
Volatility: The term volatility refers to how fast a liquid
vaporizes. Some liquid vaporizes easily at room temperature.
Alcohol, for instance, vaporizes more easily than water. A
highly volatile liquid is one that is considered to evaporate
easily.

The factor that affect on the mixture

process
Atomization: Atomization is the
process of breaking up a liquid
into tiny particles or droplets.

• When a liquid is atomized, the

droplets are all exposed
individually to the air.
• For this reason, atomization
greatly increases evaporation by
increasing the exposed surface
area of the liquid.

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 Pressure Differences
Carburetors work on the principle of air pressure
differences.
When discussing pressure differences we will talk about
• Vacuum
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Venturi

Carburetion Pressure Differences

• Vacuum
• An absolute vacuum is an area completely free of
air or atmospheric pressure.

• Although an absolute vacuum is not reached in a

small engine, any pressure less that atmospheric
pressure is generally referred to as a vacuum.

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 Carburetion Pressure Differences
• Atmospheric pressure
• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure produced by
the weight of air molecules above the earth.

• A partial vacuum is produced by the piston on the

intake stroke. When the intake valve opens,
atmospheric pressure forces air through the
carburetor to fill it.

Carburetion Pressure Differences

Venturi principle
A restriction in an air passage
which causes an increase in air
speed and a decrease in air
pressure.
This increase in velocity reduces
pressure causing fuel to be
drawn into the air stream.
Particles of fuel are vaporized
by air rushing through the
venturi.

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 Carburetion Pressure Differences
• Air horn
– Air enters at
Atmospheric
pressure

• Venturi
– High vacuum is
created

• Engine side
– Low vacuum
created on the
intake stroke

Carburetion
• Atomization
– Turning a liquid
into little droplets

• Vaporization
– Turning liquid
droplets into a
vapor or gaseous
state

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 Carburetion
Factor which significantly affect the process
of carburetion are:
• The time available for the preparation of the mixture.
• The temperature of the incoming air of the intake
manifold.
• The quality of the fuel supplied.
• The design of the induction system & combustion
chamber.

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 Properties of the air-petrol
mixtures

• Mixture requirements for maximum power

• Mixture requirements for minimum specific fuel consumption.

Properties of the air-petrol

mixtures

Fuel consumption and imep curve for various A/F ratios. (Hook Curve)

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 Carburetion
The carburetor must create an air fuel mixture
that is correct for different circumstances
such as:
• Cold or hot starting
• Idling
• Part throttle
• Acceleration
• High speed operation

Mixture requirements for steady state

operation
Steady state operation means continuous operation at a given
speed and power output with normal engine temperature.
1. Idling and low load
2. Normal power range or cruising range
3. Maximum power range

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 Mixture requirements for transient
operation
Besides providing a suitable mixture for steady running a
carburetor has to provide mixture for transient conditions
under which speed, load, temperature or pressure change
rapidly.
The principle transient conditions of operation are starting,
warming up, acceleration, and deceleration.

Carburetion
Air-fuel
Requirements
• Ratio of air to
fuel.
• Stoichiometric
ratio of 14.7:1
• Example 14.7
lbs of air to 1 lb
of fuel
• Fuel ratios
– Rich / lean

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Carburetor Operating Conditions
• Cold
– Choke / prime
• Low speed
– Idle
• Mid speed
– Idle and high speed
• Acceleration
– Accelerator pump
• High speed
– Main discharge nozzle

Simple or elementary carburetor

[Link]

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 Basic carburetor consists of the
following parts
1-Carburetor body
2-Air horn
3-Throttle valve
4-Ventur
5-Main discharge tube
6-Fuel bowl

1-Carburetor body

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 2-Air horn
The air horn is also called the throat or barrel.
The parts which often fasten to the air horn body are as
follows:
The choke, the hot idle compensator, the fast idle
linkage rod, the choke vacuum break, and sometimes
the float and pump mechanisms.

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 3-Throttle valve
• This disc-shaped valve
controls air flow through
the air horn.

• When closed, it restricts

the flow of air and fuel
into the engine, and
when opened, air flow,
fuel flow, and engine
power increase.

4-Ventur
• The venturi produces
sufficient suction to pull
fuel out of the main
discharge tube

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 5-Main discharge tube
• The main discharge tube
is also called the main
fuel nozzle

• It is a passage that
connects the fuel bowl to
the center of the venturi.

6-Fuel bowl
• The fuel bowl holds a
supply of fuel that is
NOT under fuel pump
pressure

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 6-Fuel bowl / float system

Complete Carburetor
In order to satisfy the demands of an engine
under all conditions of operation the following
additional systems are added to the simple
carburetor.
1. Main metering system
2. Idling system
3. Power enrichment by economiser system
4. Acceleration pump system
5. choke

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 Complete Carburetor
1. Main metering system
a. compensating jet device

Complete Carburetor
1. Main metering system
b. emulsion tube or air bleeding device.

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 Complete Carburetor
1. Main metering system
c. back suction control or pressure reduction
method.

Complete Carburetor
1. Main metering system
d. auxiliary valve carburetor.

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 Complete Carburetor
1. Main metering system
e. auxiliary part carburetor.

Complete Carburetor
2. Idling system

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 Complete Carburetor
3. Power enrichment or economizer system

Complete Carburetor
4. Acceleration pump system

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 Complete Carburetor
5. choke

Types of carburetors
• Types of carburetors - air direction
– Side draft

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 Types of carburetors
• Types of carburetors - air direction
– Up Draft

Types of carburetors
• Types of carburetors - air direction
– Down draft

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Types of carburetors

Solex Carburetor

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 Carter Carburetor

S.U. Carburetor (constant vacuum)

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 Constant-depression Carburetor
• This type of carburetor is also known as constant vacuum,
variable choke and variable venturi carburetor.
• They have a variable choke area, which alters to keep the
choke air speed constant.
• Also depression over the jet overcomes the need for a
compensating system required to prevent mixture enrichment
with increase in engine speed as in case of constant-choke
carburetor.

CV or SLIDE CARB - The Great Compromise

• Both the CV and conventional slide carbs are classified as
variable venturi carbs.
• The slide on a conventional carb is directly connected to the
throttle cable. Twist the throttle grip and the slide is raised in the
venturi.
• On a CV carb the throttle cable is connected to a butterfly valve
that varies the volume through the venturi. It's not the throttle, it's
the pressure difference from the venturi to the outside atmosphere
that moves the slide.

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 Carburetor for 2 & 4 stroke
engines
• Some 2 stroke carburetors will have a diaphragm
fuel pump integrated into the carburetor instead of
float chamber.

• If the engine has oil injection, the carburetor may

have an additional port to meter 2 stroke oil into
the fuel air mixture.

• If the engine must be

operated in any orientation
a float chamber is not
suitable. Instead, a
diaphragm chamber is
used.
• The diaphragm is
connected to the needle
valve and as it moves
inward it opens the needle
valve to admit more fuel,
thus replenishing the fuel
as it is consumed.
• As fuel is replenished the
diaphragm moves out due
to fuel pressure and a small
spring, closing the needle
valve.

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 Altitude effects on carburettor

Atmospheric pressure decreases with increases in altitude.

Altitude effects on carburettor

 As the altitude increases the air density & pressure
reduces.
 If the outside air pressure is lower, less pressure is
available force air into the cylinder.
 ombine less pressure with less O2 in the air, but the
same amount of fuel being delivered, and you have
a rich condition.
 A/F, which is proportional to
√air density/fuel density, i.e. the fuel mixture
becomes richer with altitude.

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 Altitude effects on carburettor
At about 7000 meters the air density is nearly one-
half that at ground level & hence the A/F ratio
about 0.7 times the value at ground level, i.e. the
mixture will be about 40% richer.
It is therefore, necessary to provide an altitude
mixture correction devices like
• Back suction control
• Air bleeding device and
• Metering pin.

Carburetion Air Filters

• Air cleaner purpose
– Filter air to remove dirt
– Protect against back fire
– Quiet engine operation

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Carburetion Air Filters

Carburetion Air Filters

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 FUEL INJECTION IN THE
SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

Drawbacks of Carburettor
• In multi cylinder engines the mixture supplied
to various cylinders varies in quality & quantity
since the induction passage are of unequal
lengths & offer different resistance to mixture
flow.
• Carburettors with their choke tubes, jets,
throttle valves, inlet pipe bends etc., do not
give free flow passage for the mixture. Thus
there is loss of volumetric efficiency on this
account.

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 Drawbacks of Carburettor (Continued)
• The carburettor has many wearing part. After
wear it operates less efficiently.
• Freezing may take place at low temperatures,
unless special means are provided to prevent
this.
• Surging of the fuel take place when the
carburettor is tilted, unless special means are
provided to prevent this
• Backfiring may take place & there is risk of
fuel igniting outside the carburettor.

Fuel injection systems

Diesel fuel injection.

• Fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.

• Fuel injection at about 15° to 25° before TDC
in compression stroke.
• The injection pressure has to be higher than the
maximum compression pressure & is about
120bar and above.

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 Fuel injection systems
Gasoline fuel injection.

• Fuel is injected indirect or semi direct or

directly into the cylinder.
• Fuel may be injected during suction stroke.
• The injection pressure low.

Indirect
Injection
• Also Called Manifold
Injection or Single
Point Injection (SPI) or
Throttle Body Injection
(TBI)
• Pressures are Low – 2
to 6 Bar.
• Cost Would be Low

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 Indirect Injection (Continued)
• Has Same Air and Fuel
Mixing and Distribution
Problems as Carburetor
but Without Venturi
Restriction so Gives
Higher Engine Volumetric
Efficiency.
• Higher Injection Pressures
Compared to Carburetion
– Speeds up Atomization
of Liquid Fuel.

Semi-direct
Injection
• Also Called Port Injection
or Indirect Multipoint
Injection (IMPI) or
Simply Multi-point
Injection (MPI)
• Injectors Positioned in
Each Induction Manifold
Branch Just in Front of
Inlet Port
• Injection at Low Pressure
(2-6 Bar)

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 Semi-direct
Injection (Continued)
• Fuel Can Be Discharged
Simultaneously to Each
Induction Pipe Where it is
Mixed and Stored Until
IVO
• Need Not Be Timed
• Injectors Not Exposed to
Combustion Products so
Complexity Reduced
• Less Cost

Direct Cylinder
Injection
• Also Called Direct Multi-
point Injection (DMPI) or
Gasoline Direct Injection
(GDI)
• Injection May be During
Intake or Compression
Process
• To Compensate For
Shorter Time For
Injection / Atomization /
Mixing Injection Pressure
Must Be Higher

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Direct Cylinder
Injection (Continued)
• Injector Nozzle Must Be
Designed For Higher
Pressure and Temperature So
Must Be More Robust and
Will Be Costlier Than Other
Types
• Position and Direction of
Injection are Important
• Condensation and Wall
Wetting in Intake Manifold
Eliminated But
Condensation on Piston
Crown & Cylinder Walls

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 Transition of fuel supply

Methods of Discharging Fuel Into Air

1. Continuous injection system
• Fuel is sprayed at low presser continuously into
the air supply.
• The amount of fuel is governed by the air throttle
opening, increased as the throttle is opened.
• No timing device is used.
• Promoting efficient atomization of the fuel &
gives a higher volumetric efficiency.
• Requires only one fuel injection pump & one
injector.

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 Methods of Discharging Fuel Into Air
2. Timed injection system
It is similar to the system used in high speed CI
engine, Fuel is Sprayed at Regular Intervals With
Constant Fuel Discharge Pressure.
(a) Multiple plunger jerk pump system.
• It employs a pump having a separate plunger for
each cylinder.
• Usually a high injection nozzle pressure (100-
300bar).
• A measured quantity of fuel is delivered into each
cylinder during induction stroke.

Methods of Discharging Fuel Into Air

2. Timed injection system
(b) Low pressure single pump & distributor system.
• It employs a single plunger or gear pump.
• Deliver fuel at relatively low pressure to a
rotating distributor which supplies each cylinder.
• The pressure is from about 3.5 to 7 bar.

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Mechanical petrol Injection system

Mechanical petrol Injection system

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 Electronic petrol Injection system

Merits of Fuel Injection in the SI

Engine
• Absence of venturi – No Restriction in Air
Flow/Higher Vol. Eff./Torque/Power
• Better distribution of mixture to each cylinder
& hence lower specific fuel consumption
• Freedom from blowbacks & icing
• Better starting & acceleration
• Engine fitted with petrol injection system can
be used in any tilt position which will cause
surge trouble in carburettors.

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 Merits (Continued)
• Fuel Atomization Generally Improved
• Use of Sensors to Monitor Operating
Parameters/Gives Accurate Matching of Air/fuel
Requirements: Improves Power, Reduces fuel
consumption and Emissions
• Precise in Metering Fuel in Ports
• Precise Fuel Distribution Between Cylinders
• Fuel Transportation in Manifold not required so
no wall wetting

Limitations of Petrol Injection

• High Initial Cost/High Replacement Cost
• Increased Care and Attention/More Servicing
Problems
• Requires Special Servicing Equipment to
Diagnose Faults and Failures
• Increased Hydraulic and Mechanical Noise
Due to Pumping and Metering of Fuel
• Weight & bulk of petrol injection system is
more than that of a carburettor.

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 Limitations (Continued)
• More Electrical/Mechanical Power Needed to
Drive Fuel Pump and/or Injection Devices
• Injection Equipment Complicated, Delicate to
Handle and Impossible to Service by Roadside
Service Units
• More Fuel Pumping/Injection Equipment and
Pipe Plumbing Required- May be Awkwardly
Placed and Bulky.

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 Electronic petrol Injection system
The common sensors employed
• Crankshaft speed sensor- registers the speed & angle of
crankshaft
• Camshaft speed sensor- measure the speed & position of camshaft
• Knock sensor- recognize the onset of knocking using fuels of
varying quality
• Mass air flow sensor- measure the quantity of air drawn
• Manifold absolute pressure sensor
• Barometric pressure sensor- correction for air density change with
height
• Throttle position sensor
• Coolant temperature sensor- correction for poor atomization &
wall wetting

Electronic petrol Injection system

The common sensors employed
• Manifold air temperature sensor- correction for air density
variation with atmospheric temperature
• Exhaust oxygen sensor- correction for emission control
• Distributor reference pulses- for control of open time of fuel
injectors
• Vehicle speed sensor
• Battery voltage sensor- correction for supply voltage to control
unit & injectors.

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 Electronic petrol Injection system
The common sensors employed

Fuel Injection – MPFI system

Advantages of MPFI System

More uniform air/fuel mixture will be supplied to each cylinder, hence
the difference in power developed in each cylinder is minimum. As the
vibration from the engine equipped with this system is less, the life of
engine components is improved.

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 Fuel Injection – MPFI system
Advantages of MPFI System
Immediate response, in case of sudden acceleration/deceleration.

Since the engine is controlled by ECM (Engine Control Module),

more accurate amount of air/fuel mixture will be supplied, and as a
result complete combustion will take place. This leads to effective
utilisation of fuel supplied, and hence low emission level.

The mileage of the vehicle will be improved.

Fuel Injection – MPFI system

D-MPFI (D-Jetronic):
The "D" stands for "Druck" (German for "pressure").
This system uses manifold pressure as a primary parameter, along with
engine speed and air density, to control fuel injection.
It's a "manifold pressure control type".
L-MPFI (L-Jetronic):
The "L" stands for "Luft" (German for "air").
This system uses air flow as a primary parameter to control fuel
injection.
It's an "air flow-controlled type".
It uses an air flow sensor to measure the amount of air inducted into the
cylinders.
L-MPFI (or Sequential MPFI) generally considered superior to D-
MPFI (or Batched MPFI) due to its more precise and efficient fuel
delivery

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L-Jetronic Petrol Injection system
(Bosch)

L-Jetronic Petrol Injection system

(Bosch)

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 GDI System (Multi-point system)

Advantages of GDI System

Increased fuel efficiency.
High power output.
Emission levels can be more accurately controlled with the GDI
system.
Above features are achieved by precise control over the amount of
fuel and injection timings, which are varied according to the load
conditions.

GDI System (Multi-point system)

Advantages of GDI System
There are no throttling losses in some GDI engines, when compared
to a conventional fuel injected or carburetted engine, which greatly
improves efficiency, and reduces 'pumping losses' in engines without a
throttle plate.

Engine speed is controlled by the engine control unit/engine

management system (EMS), which regulates fuel injection function and
ignition timing, instead of having a throttle plate which restricts the
incoming air supply.

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 GDI System
• Gasoline direct-injection engines generate
the air/fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber.
• During the induction stroke, only the
combustion air flows through the open intake
valve.
• The fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber by special fuel
injectors.

Major Objectives of the GDI engine

Ultra-low fuel consumption that betters that

of even diesel engines
Superior power to conventional MPI engines

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Major characteristics of the GDI engine

1. Lower fuel and higher output consumption

 Optimal fuel spray for two-combustion
mode
 Ultra-lean Combustion Mode
 Superior Output Mode

2. The GDI engines foundation technologies

 In-cylinder Airflow

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 Realization of lower fuel consumption
 Basic Concept

• In conventional gasoline engines, dispersion of an

air-fuel mixture with the ideal density around the
spark plug was very difficult. However, this is
possible in the GDI engine. Furthermore,
extremely low fuel consumption is achieved
because ideal stratification enables fuel injected
late in the compression stroke to maintain an
ultra-lean air-fuel mixture.

• As a result, extremely stable combustion of ultra-

lean mixture with an air-fuel ratio of 40 (55, EGR
included) is achieved as shown below.

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 Combustion of Ultra-lean Mixture

In conventional MPI engines, there were limits to
the mixtures leanness due to large changes in
combustion characteristics. However, the
stratified mixture of the GDI enabled greatly
decreasing the air-fuel ratio without leading to
poorer combustion. For example, during idling
when combustion is most inactive and unstable,
the GDI engine maintains a stable and fast
combustion even with an extremely lean mixture
of 40 to 1 air-fuel ratio (55 to 1, EGR included)

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 Vehicle Fuel Consumption
Fuel Consumption during Idling
 The GDI engine maintains stable combustion
even at low idle speeds.
 Moreover, it offers greater flexibility in setting
the idle speed.
 Compared to conventional engines, its fuel
consumption during idling is 40% less.

Graph

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 Emission control
• However, in the case of GDI engine, 97% NOx
reduction is achieved by utilizing high-rate
EGR (Exhaust Gas Ratio) such as 30% that is
allowed by the stable combustion unique to
the GDI as well as a use of a newly developed
lean-NOx catalyst.

Realization of Superior Output

Basic concept
 To achieve power superior to conventional
MPI engines, the GDI engine has a high
compression ratio and a highly efficient air
intake system, which result in improved
volumetric efficiency.

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 Improved Volumetric Efficiency
• Compared to conventional engines, the
Mitsubishi GDI engine provides better volumetric
efficiency.

• The upright straight intake ports enable smoother

air intake.

• And the vaporization of fuel, which occurs in the

cylinder at a late stage of the compression stroke,
cools the air for better volumetric efficiency.

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 Increased Compression Ratio
• The cooling of air inside the cylinder by the
vaporization of fuel has another benefit, to minimize
engine knocking. This allows a high compression
ratio of 12, and thus improved combustion efficiency

GDI Vehicles
 BMW  Mazda Speed
 Ford  Direct Injection Spark
 EcoBoost Ignition
 General Motors  Mitsubishi
 2.0L Ecotec  Gasoline Direct Injection
 Hyundai  Volkswagen
 Theta  FSI Fuel Stratified
Injection
 Lexus

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Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology
has received considerable attention
over the last few years as a way to significantly
improve fuel efficiency without making a major
shift away from conventional internal
combustion technology. In many respects, GDI
technology represents a further step in the natural
evolution of gasoline engine fueling systems.

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