COMPARATIVE MODELS IN

POLICING
LYEN CAREL T. GARCIA, RCRIM
TOP 1
JUNE 2022 CLE

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Number of Items and 20
Distributi on
100
Outline the theories of comparative policing; 4 Explain and classify
the models of policing; 6 Recall and appraise multi-cultural
policing; 6
Define and examine the Philippine policing, extradition treaty, and the
4
international agreement on law enforcement cooperation
event
COMPARATIV
•Denotes the degree or grade by
E which a person, thing, or other
entity has a property or quality
• an estimate of relative likeness greater or less in extent than that
or unlikeness of two objects or of another.
 order, law enforcement and for
POLICING the security of the community
•It is the practice by the police
•This is the practice for the officers for the maintenance of
maintenance of peace and peace and order.
ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”
POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city
POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or
government
POLICE – French word which was later adopted by the English
language
 COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

•Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one

police system to another in order to discover insights in the
field of international policing.
•It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the
police system of nations. It covers the study of police
organizations, trainings, and methods of policing of various
nations.
•This study covers the comparison of selected police models
and their relation with Interpol and UN Bodies in the
campaign against transnational crimes.
Why do we need to compare police
 systems?
1. to benefit from the experience of others
2. to broaden our understanding of the different cultures
and approaches to the problems
3. to help us deal with many transnational crime problems that
plague our world today
How to compare?
SAFARI METHOD
- the researcher visits another country.
COLLABORATIVE METHOD
- the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher.
GLOBALIZATION
• is a package of transnational flow people,
production, investment, information, ideas, and
authority.
• growing interpenetration of states, markets,
communication and ideas.
• The process of creating transnational markets,
politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and
sustain a global economy.
• Is the system of interaction among the countries of
the world in order to develop the global economy.
 • a process by which regional economies, societies,
cultures have become integrated through a global
network of communication, transportation and trade.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
to Law Enforcement
• law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people,
unaccountable flow of migration and open markets present new
threats to state-based human rights regimes – great challenge to law
enforcement.

Threats to Law Enforcement

• increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide
and mass killing
• conflict between nation
• Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering,
terrorism
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY – is that as a nation

develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened.

2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY – is that crime is

everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas ghettos and slums.

3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY – is that along with higher standards

 of living, victims become more careless of their belongings,
and opportunities for crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY – is based on the event when
greater number of children are being born.

5. DEPRIVATION THEORY – holds that progress comes along

with rising expectations.

6. MODERNIZATION THEORY – sees problem as society

becoming too complex

7. THEORY OF ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE – suggest that

progressive lifestyles and norms result in the disintegration of
older norms that once held people together.
 SYNOMIE – social cohesion
ANOMIE – disintegration
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
1. Home Rule Theory

• The theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of
the community or the people who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon
the express of needs of the people.

• Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is preservation of public peace
and security.

• Practiced in the US and England where governmental structure follows a

DECENTRALIZED pattern.
2. Continental Theory
• Is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are
servants of higher authorities

• This theory prevail in European countries where governmental

organization follows CENTRALIZED pattern e.g. Spain, Italy and France.

• The people have no share or little participation with the duties nor
connection with the police organization.
CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE
1. OLD POLICE SERVICE/CONCEPT
 • Police service gives the impression of being merely suppressive
machinery.
• States that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of
arrest made.

2. MODERN POLICE SERVICE/CONCEPT

• This thought of police service regards police as the first line of defense,
an organ of crime prevention.
• States that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of
crime.
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEMS
1. COMMON LAW SYSTEMS
• Usually exists in English speaking countries of the world such as US, England, Australia and
 New Zealand
• There is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the
public trial is a main focal point
• Also known as “Anglo-American Justice”

2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS

• Practiced throughout most European Union such as Sweden, Germany, France and Japan

• Distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and
the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
• Also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
3. SOCIALIST SYSTEMS
• distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender. • known as
“Marxist-Leninist Justice” and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
 4. ISLAMIC SYSTEMS
• based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions
• Also known as “Muslim or Arabic justice”, and derive all their procedures and practices
from the interpretation of the Koran
TYPES OF - Where the accused is guilty until
proven innocent or mitigated
COMPARATIVE COURT
SYSTEM TYPES OF POLICE
SYSTEM
1. ADVERSARIAL
-Where the accused is innocent
until proven guilty 1. COMMON LAW SYSTEMS -
strong adversarial system
2. INQUISITORIAL
 2. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS - strong inquisitorial system
4 Kinds of Societies in the World
1. Folk-Communal Society
Little codification of laws, no specialization among police and system of
punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things become too
much, then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.

2. Urban-Commercial Society
Has civil laws, specialized police forces, punishment is inconsistent, sometimes
harsh, sometimes lenient.

3. Urban- Industrial Society

Not only has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become
specialized how to handle property crimes
4. Bureaucratic Society
Has system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crimes and
terrorism

MODELS OF POLICING
ANCIENT POLICING SYSTEM
1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male
residents were required to guard the town (tun ) to preserve peace and protect the
lives and properties of the people.
 About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-
Saxon System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a
leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the
leader of the 100 families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were
elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police authority.
B. Hue and Cry
A village law started in Britain which provided methods of
apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call
all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is
determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous,
experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of
a “3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval
Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”
2. Norman Period of Policing System
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King of
France). When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and dictators
began and changed the concept of crime being committed against the state.

A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into
fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of
the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had
absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
 Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the
Rieve in his duties. It became the source of the word Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”
B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge
A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and
tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of
the police and judicial powers.

C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
• Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
• Policeman becomes public servant.
• The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called
“citizen’s arrest.”
Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made inquisition onto the
facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring
male residents over twelve years of age were required to
guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people
3. Westminster Period of Policing System
It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of
England, which at the time was Westminster. This period has the following features:
Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward)
were defined
Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.
A. Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the
gates of London during sundown.
B. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)
Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given
authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of
law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or
village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after.

C. Star Chamber Court (1487)

A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The
room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great
powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant
leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the
 judges
4. Keepers of the Peace
A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the
appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while
checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.

5. King Charles II of England (1663)

King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or
bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"

A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the Round
Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:
No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his
peers. No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

EGYPT
MEDJAYS (500 BC) - Egyptians
Court system presided by judges appointed by the Pharoah; Marine
patrol and custom house officers protecting commerce started; first
use of Dog Patrol; civilian police under the command of military;
guarding tombs.

GREECE
Ancient Greece
EPHORI – Law enforcers
ROME
Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) – the 1st written law

PRAETORIAN GUARD – “Emperor’s guard”

Military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of
policing said to have originated

URBAN COHORTS – “City patrol”

st
VIGILES – “Fire fighters”. The 1 civilian police force which keep
the peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes.
ENGLAND
Thanes
Under King Alfred the Great. He decreed that the various “thanes” or landowners throughout his
kingdom were responsible to police his own territory.

Bow street runners (1748)

Henry Fielding became the Chief Magistrate at Bow Street in London. He organized a group of
men known as BOW STREET RUNNERS (1 st modern detective force)(a.k.a Take Thieves). He later
formed the Bow Street Horse Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main roads.

SCOTLAND YARD (aka Peel’s Bloody Gang, Blue Devils, Dirty Papists)
Sir Robert Peel (Father of Modern Policing System) passed Metropolitan Police Act on September
29, 1829 established the LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE, which became the world’s first
modern organized police force.
FRANCE
Officer de Paix (1971)
Origin of the word “Peace Officer”

Sergent de Ville (March 12, 1829)

“Servant of the City”
Headed by Louis-Marie Debelleme, first to establish Uniformed Police Officers. Was organized six
months earlier before the creation of Metropolitan Police Force of London.

AMERICA
Boston = in 1636 formed the first Night Watch
New York = after 20 years, formed a Ratelwatch
Philadelphia = 20th century, formed a Watchman, a system of obligated duty for citizens The
American Watchman was called “Leatherheads” because they wore varnished leather hats. 1833
= Philadelphia instituted the first daytime paid police service.
1844 = New York organized the First Modern American Police Force based on English Metropolitan
Police System.
POLICING POLICY MODELS
Policing is one of the most important of the functions undertaken by the
very sovereign government. Police is an inevitable organ which would ensure
maintenance of law and order first link in CJS. Police force is a symbol of brute
force of authority and at the same time protector from crime

Basic Goals of Policing

1. Enforce Law
2. Preserve Peace
3. Prevent Crime
4. Protect civil rights, liberties
5. Provide services
THREE STYLES OF POLICING
 1. Legalistic –It emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests to
solve disputes.
2. Watchman - It emphasizes on informal means of resolving
disputes.
3. Service - It emphasizes on helping the community, as opposed to
enforcing the law.

Authority of Police
The authority of the Police come from the people-their laws and
institutions.
According to Structure
 Centralized Policing System
-A system wherein there is only one police force that is
recognized and operates entire a certain country

Decentralized Policing System

-A police system wherein police administration and operation are
independent from one state to another.
-It is more applicable to countries with federal government.
According to approach
1. Problem – Oriented Policing
- A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening.
- This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns of crime to
 help understand when and how crimes are being committed.

POP – coined by HERMAN GOLDSTEIN

SARA – SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSE, ASSESSMENT
SCANNING – IDENTIFY THE PROBLM
ANALYSIS – PINPOINT THE CAUSE OF PROBLEM BASED ON DATAS
RESPONSE – ACTION PLAN OR INTERVENTIONS
ASSESSMENT – EVALUATE THE EFECTIVENESS
3. Intelligence- LED Policing
-It draws upon the notion that the police can do know a great
deal about offending patterns.
-The Police should actively gather information about criminals
 and their organization.
-The focus is on crime alone
-The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal
groups
3. Reactive or Traditional Policing
- Can be defined as the police responding to specific request from the
individual or groups in the community.
- the opposite of Pro Active policing.

4. Pro Active Policing

- Aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers take the initiative
against crime instead of waiting for criminals acts to occur.

5. Predictive policing
- Includes predictive and analytical techniques in law enforcement to
identify potential offenders
- It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytical techniques to
identify possible criminal activity
6. Value-based Policing
- Is based on a shared notion of ethical values, a delivery of the
maximum value of the “customer”, and rewards based on the
value of people that contributes to their organization
-Seeks to avoid negative attitudes against the police and seeks
to avoid low trust levels, as it is fulfill its regulatory role when
the public is polarized.

7. Nodal Policing
- Are built around the assumption that security is not only
provided by central state authorities, but also by non-central
authorities, and the private and informal sectors
8. Reassurance Policing
-Emphasizing the police’s communication of positive image to the
public, that the public is reassured by the police being visibly
present within communities, and that they are accessible and
familiar faces.

9. Community Oriented Policing

- programs designed to bring the police and the public closer
together and create more cooperative working environment
between them.
10. Democratic Policing
-The police are accountable to the rule of law and the community,
 respect the rights and guarantee the security of all citizens in a non-
discriminatory manner

11. Neighborhood Policing

- Access to local police through a named point of contact - a philosophy
of police suggesting that problem solving is best done at the
neighborhood level, where issues originate not at a far-off central
headquarters.

12. Human Rights Policing

- This pertains to how human rights is being implemented by the
police organization in the community
Two Dimensions on Different Method of Policing

• If in a single country there are a number of Police Force, it is called

 MULTIPLE MODEL.

INSIDE THE MULTIPLE MODEL

If the police forces have well defines territories of functioning and their
functions do not overlap each other the model is called MULTIPLE
COORDINATED. If the case is reverse where many agencies can have
overlapping jurisdictions it is called MULTIPLE UNCOORDINATED.

• If the entire police force in the country is organized as a single force under a
single commander the model is called SINGULAR MODEL.
PHILIPPINES
 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

ANCIENT ROOTS
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of
barangay chieftains to select able-bodied young men to protect their
barangay during the night and were not required to work in the fields
during daytime. Among the duties of those selected were to protect
the properties of the people in the barangay and protect their crops and
livestock from wild animals.
SPANISH PERIOD

CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA – organized in 1712 for the

purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of State; this was
armed with carbines and considered as the mounted police; years after,
this kind of police organization discharged the duties of a port, harbor
and river police. In 1781, it was given the special commission of
government custodies of the tobacco monopoly.

By Royal decree of December 20, 1842, it was organized and called

Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica (Corps of Carabines
for Public Safety). This was the 1st group to be arm with rifle in the
history of Philippine Police System.
GUARDRILLEROS/CUARDILLO – this was a body of rural police by
the Royal Decree of 18 January 1836, this decree provided that 5% of
the able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted
in this police organization for three years

GUARDIA CIVIL – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the

Crown on 12 February 1852 to partially relieve the Spanish
Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns, it consisted of a
body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the
provincial capitals of the central provinces of Luzon under the Alcalde
Mayor
AMERICAN PERIOD
Act No. 70 - Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized
ACT 175- “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary” established on August 8, 1901.
ACT 255- renaming Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary
CAPT. HENRY ALLEN – the first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901
ACT 183 – enacted on July 13, 1901, created the Manila Police Department.

POST-AMERICAN PERIOD
R.A. 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Act of 1966, enacted on August 8, 1966;
created the Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training
and professionalization of the local police forces under the Office of the President; later
POLCOM was renamed into National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM)
MARTIAL LAW PERIOD

P.D. 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975;
established the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the Philippine Constabulary
(PC) as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces as components, under the
Ministry of National Defense.

POST MARTIAL LAW REGIME

R.A. 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act
of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the
Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and
Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College.
R.A. 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization
Act of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended certain provisions of RA
6975.
RA 9708 -law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum
educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system;
 approved on 12 August 2009.
IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE EVOLUTION OF
PHILIPPINE POLICING
BGEN RAFAEL CRAME
The first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary on December 17, 1917

COL ANTONIO TORRES

The first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935

COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA

The first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the Philippine Independence
from the United States of America in 1946 appointed by Fidel Ramos

CAPT. COLUMBUS E. PIATT

The Last American Chief of Police of MPD in 1935.
P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO
The first chief of the Philippine National Police
THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
(DILG)
• formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
• reorganized under R.A. 6975

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION (NAPOLCOM)

• formerly Police Commission (POLCOM)
• an agency attached to the DILG for policy coordination.
• shall exercise administrative control and operational supervision over
the PNP.
LONDON
 METROPOLITAN POLICE
• organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
• the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the
City of London Police and the British Transport Police)
• finest police force around the world.

TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police

Commissioner = highest rank

Police Constable = lowest rank

UNITED STATES

TYPES OF US POLICE
 CITY POLICE
City police are mainly responsible for enforcing the law in their own city. In most cities in
USA, who appoints the head of the police department in cities? MAYOR What is the
largest city police department in the United States? NYPD

COUNTY POLICE
The powers of a county police force extend throughout the county. What do
we call the chief law enforcement officer in most counties? SHERIFF Who
appoints Sheriff? PEOPLE
STATE POLICE
Headed by a commissioner or superintendent.
What is term called for all of the state police officers? TROOPERS
Who appoints the commissioner or superintendent? STATE GOVERNOR
How many police states are there in the USA? 50 out of 51 states. Except: Hawaii
 FEDERAL POLICE
They are responsible in enforcing law within the whole country of USA including outside
boarders.

FBI
Chief investigating branch of the United States Department of Justice;
Investigates federal crimes and handles cases involving stolen money or property that has been
taken from one state to another.
U.. PLIE AENIE
New York City - it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States New
York Police Department
the largest police force in the United States
Texas Ranger
police force originally created in response to colonization
Boston Police Department
first local modern police department established in the United States Pennsylvania State Police
the first state police agency established
Los Angeles Police Department
police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins Wells

Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff – Highest Ranks Officer/Deputy

Sheriff/Corporal – Lowest Ranks

CANADA

ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE (RCMP)

• colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”
• is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the
word being a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body
• headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada.
• Motto Maintiens le droit (Defend the law)

Commissioner = highest rank

Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank
AUSTRALIA

AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE

Australia is a Federal State; it has only one police force for each of six states as well as for
the northern territory.
The Australian Federal Police is involved in preventing and investigating crimes against
commonwealth.
It was established by the Federal Police Act of 1979 and is under Home Affairs Ministry.
Commissioner = highest rank
Constable = lowest rank
HONGKONG

THE ROYAL HONG KONG POLICE FORCE (RHKPF) Is the largest

disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong, headed by
Secretary for Security. It is the world's second and Asia's first police agency to operate
with a modern policing system. It was formed on May 1, 1844, with strength of 32 officers.
Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force in 1969 for
their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots, renaming the Hong Kong Police Force as the
Royal Hong Kong Police Force (RHKPF).

Interpol acknowledged that RHKPF as “Asia’s Finest”

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:
Hong Kong Island
Kowloon East
Kowloon West
New Territories North
New Territories South
Marine Region
Organizational Structure
The force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER – OPERATIONS
supervises all operational matters including crime.
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER – MANAGEMENT
 is responsible for the direction and coordination of the force management including personnel,
training and management services.

Highest - Commissioner of Police (CP)

Lowest - Police Constable (PC).

Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care

HONG KONG POLICE COLLEGE

is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong
Police except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training

SERVICE QUALITY WING

is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services
provided to force customers both external and internal.
COMPLAINTS AND INTERNAL INVESTIGATIONS (C&II)
includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the
investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made both
externally and internally against members of the force.
TAIWAN
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

Headquarters – Taipei City

Under the Ministry of the Interior

Highest - Police Supervisor General

Lowest - Police Rank Four
 Selection and Training
Taiwan Police College
Central Police University
TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN
1. Administration Police = are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to carry
out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure traffic
safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.
3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government,
establishing contingent plans and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining public
order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to
prevent and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like
railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.

Police Supervisor General – Highest Rank

Police Rank Four – Lowest Rank
MYANMAR

MYANMAR POLICE FORCE

Formally known as The People's Police Force
Established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home
Affairs. Headquarters: Naypyidaw

Police Director General – Highest Rank

 Constables – Lowest Rank
INDONESIA
Indonesian National Police
(Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia)
Also known as POLRI
Headquarters - Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda = provincial police
2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police

Police General = Highest Rank

Second Bhayangkara = Lowest Rank
SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) - the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations.
-Paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing security for VIP
and vital facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) - received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police - responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit - assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police - responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit - trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics - in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence
MALAYSIA
 ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE
Headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
The constitution, control, employment, recruitment,fund, discipline, duties and powers of the
police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967

Motto = TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH = Firm, Fair And Prudent

INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF POLICE = equivalent of director general (Philippines)

POLICE CONSTABLE = equivalent of police officer 1 (Philippines)

Organizations of RMP
Led by directors with the rank of Commissioner of Police

Management Department
 Logistics Department
Criminal Investigation Department
Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division
Special Branch
Internal Security and Public Order Department
INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER DEPARTMENT
The Police Field Force (PFF)
organized in battalions and was a para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police. Also known as the
Jungle Squad
UNGERIN
Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was established in 2006 and it was fully operational
by the end of 2007
Federal Reserve Unit (FRU)
its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief & rescue, as well as special operations
assistance
C4-i Implementations System (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, Computer-
Integrated)
based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia. This unit is assigned to patrol the city
and the suburbs.
Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP)

is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a vital role in maintaining national security with thorough
surveillance and patrol from the air

SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE (SPF)
Is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state. It is formerly
known as Republic of Singapore Police.
Under Minister of Home Affairs (Responsible for Public Safety, civil defense and
immigration)
Headquarters at New Poenix Park in Novena
Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = constitution of the SPF

Senior Police Officers

Commissioner of Police – Highest
Non-Commissioned Officers
Constable - lowest
Recruitment/Training
High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a career can be
recruited and those who are selected for officers had to be approved by the Public Service
Commission.
Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior officers are required
to travel oversees for training such as in Police Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat’l
Academy in US and Police Academy in Japan.
Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a one year
 probation period.
POLICE TASK FORCE (PTF)
It is an effective ground response force to serious incidents such as major disasters, firearm
situations and riots.
They are called upon to restore public order in times of riots and demonstrations.

SPECIAL TACTICS AND RESCUE (STAR) UNIT

The STAR Unit provides the Singapore Police Force with a tactical armed-response
capability.
Besides dealing with highly dangerous criminals, STAR is also involved in risky protective
security operations and prisoner escort.

POLICE K-9 UNIT (PDU)

The Police K-9 Unit has dogs trained specifically for explosive detection, drug detection, guard
duties and anti-crime operations.
PRISON POLICE
It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison.
JAPAN
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
A totally gunless police force, except for its special attack team.
Highest – Commissioner General (Appointed by NPSC with approval of Prime Minister)
Lowest – Police Officer (Junsa)

National Public Safety Commission

A government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the polic e. Under the
jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
It ensures that Japan's police are an apolitical body and free of direct central government executive
control.
 Imperial Guards
Provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family. Responsible for
the security of Imperial Palace
Bureaus
• Police Administration Bureau
• Criminal Investigation Bureau
• Traffic Bureau
• Security Bureau
• Regional Public Safety Bureaus (7 Bureaus, Head : Director General)
What are the 2 police department excluded from the jurisdiction of
RPSB?

❖ Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department ( Head: Superintendent

General)
❖ Hokkaido Prefectural Police ( Head: Superintendent General)
PREFECTURAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION (PPSC)
Administrative commission functioning under the representative system which supervise
the prefectural police. Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not empowered to
give order to the Commission.

KOBAN
It is a police post located in urban neighborhood.
The smallest organizational unit in today's Japanese police system.
Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho
staffed by a
single officer). About 20 % of police is assigned to Koban.

CHUZAISHO
It is the rural equivalent of the urban Koban.
Chuzaishan – police officers of Chizaisho
KIDOTAI (SPECIAL RIOT POLICE )
These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to respond quickly and
effectively to large public disturbances.

What is the official paramilitary anti-terrorist unit under the Japanese National Police Agency?
SAT (SPECIAL ASSAULT TEAM)

CHINA
PEOPLES ARMED POLICE FORCE

Under Ministry of Public Security

Highest Ranking Officer - Commissioner General
 Lowest Ranking Officer - Constable 2nd Class

Ministry of National Defense is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security
agencies such as Ministry of Public safety and the Ministry of State Security.
Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s
Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement. (It is the equivalent of
the National Police Agency in Japan).
Ministry of State Security the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign
intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security matters.
KINDS OF POLICE
1. People’s Armed Police (PAP), 1980’s deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and
guard’s government compounds and foreign embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called
sometimes to back up local police.
2. State Security Police = (1983) safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage
and conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the State council.
3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and
correction units. This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving
instruments and some also executing death sentences.
5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out
some unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land.
Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.
Central Military Commission = appoints police in China People’s
Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces.
Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for regulation of the
Rank promotion Examination for police office
THAILAND
ROYAL THAI POLICE
Formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the
Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police

Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok

Police-General (Phon Tamruat Ek) = highest rank
Policeman / Constable (Phon Tamruat) = lowest rank

Police in Thailand are commonly known as the BIB- boys in brown, due to their uniform.
BRUNEI
ROYAL BRUNEI POLICE FORCE
(Polis Diraja Brunei – PDRB)
Created in 1921 which is responsible for keeping law and order and providing law
enforcement services throughout Brunei
Was founded in 1921 with the passing of the Brunei Police Force Enactment

Inspector-General of Police = highest rank

Lance Corporal = lowest rank
Afganistan - Name of Police Agency - ANP (Afganistan National Police)
Under What Department - Ministry of the Interior Highest Ranking
Officer - Police General
Lowest Ranking Officer - 2nd Patrolman

Armenia - Name of Police Agency - Police of the Republic of Armenia

Under What Department - Ministry of Defense Highest Ranking Officer
- Police Colonel General Lowest Ranking Officer - Junior Sergeant

Bangladesh - Name of Police Agency - Bangladesh Police

Under What Department - Ministry of Home Affairs Highest
 Ranking Officer - Inspector General of Police Lowest Ranking
Officer – Constable

Bhutan - Name of Police Agency - Royal Bhutan Police Under What

Department - Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs Highest Ranking
Officer - Gagpeon (Chief of Police) Lowest Ranking Officer - Gagpa
Cambodia - Name of Police Agency - Cambodian Police Force
Under What Department - Ministry of Internal Affairs Highest
Ranking Officer - Brigadier General Lowest Ranking Officer -
Officer Cadet

Cyprus - Name of Police Agency - Cyprus Police Force

Under What Department - Ministry of Justice Highest
Ranking Officer - Chief of Police Lowest Ranking Officer
– Constable
Georgia - Name of Police Agency - Georgian National Police
Under What Department - Department of Public Safety Highest
Ranking Officer - Commissioner of Police Lowest Ranking
Officer - Constable
Iraq - Name of Police Agency - Iraqi Police Service
Under What Department - Ministry of Interior Highest
Ranking Officer - Chief of Police Lowest Ranking
Officer - Patrolman