String in java
Generally, String is a sequence of characters. But in Java, string is an object
that represents a sequence of characters. The [Link] class is used
to create a string object.
How to create a string object?
There are two ways to create String object:
1. By string literal
2. By new keyword
1) String Literal
Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:
String s="welcome";
Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool"
first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance
is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is
created and placed in the pool. For example:
String s1="Welcome";
String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance
In the above example, only one object will be created. Firstly, JVM will not
find any string object with the value "Welcome" in string constant pool, that
is why it will create a new object. After that it will find the string with the value
"Welcome" in the pool, it will not create a new object but will return the
reference to the same instance.
2) By new keyword
String s=new String("Welcome");
//creates two objects and one reference variable
In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap
memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool.
The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).
Java String Example
public class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="java"; //creating string by java string literal
char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
String s2=new String(ch); //converting char array to string
String s3=new String("example"); //creating java string by new keyword
[Link](s1);
[Link](s2);
[Link](s3);
}
}
java
strings
example
Java String class methods
The [Link] class provides many useful methods to perform operations on sequence of char
values.
Method Description
char charAt(int index) returns char value for the particular index
int length() returns string length
String substring(int returns substring for given begin index and end
beginIndex, int index.
endIndex)
boolean equals(Object checks the equality of string with the given
another) object.
String concat(String str) concatenates the specified string.
static String compares another string. It doesn't check case.
equalsIgnoreCase(String
another)
String toLowerCase() returns a string in lowercase.
String returns a string in lowercase using specified
toLowerCase(Locale l) locale.
String toUpperCase() returns a string in uppercase.
String returns a string in uppercase using specified
toUpperCase(Locale l) locale.
static String valueOf(int converts given type into string. It is an
value) overloaded method.
Java String compare
We can compare string in java on the basis of content and reference.
It is used in authentication (by equals() method), sorting (by compareTo()
method), reference matching (by == operator) etc.
There are three ways to compare string in java:
3. By equals() method
4. By = = operator
5. By compareTo() method
1) equals() method
The java string equals() method compares the two given strings based on
the content of the string. If any character is not matched, it returns false. If
all characters are matched, it returns true.
o equals(Object another) compares this string to the specified object.
class Ex
public static void main(String args[])
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3=new String("Sachin");
String s4="Saurav";
[Link]([Link](s2));//true
[Link]([Link](s3));//true
[Link]([Link](s4));//false
Output:
true
true
false
equalsIgnoreCase() method
class Ex
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="SACHIN";
[Link]([Link](s2));//false
[Link]([Link](s2));//true
}
}
Output:
false
true
2) by == operator
The = = operator compares references not values.
class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3=new String("Sachin");
[Link](s1==s2);//true (because both refer to same instance)
[Link](s1==s3);//false(because s3 refers to instance created i
n nonpool)
}
}
Output:
true
false
3) compareTo() method
The String compareTo() method compares values lexicographically and
returns an integer value that describes if first string is less than, equal to or
greater than second string.
Suppose s1 and s2 are two string variables. If:
o s1 == s2 :0
o s1 > s2 :positive value
o s1 < s2 :negative value
class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="Sachin";
String s2="Sachin";
String s3="Ratan";
[Link]([Link](s2));//0
[Link]([Link](s3));//1(because s1>s3)
[Link]([Link](s1));//-1(because s3 < s1 )
}
}
Output:
0
1
-1
String Concatenation in Java
In java, string concatenation forms a new string that is the combination of
multiple strings. There are two ways to concat string in java:
6. By + (string concatenation) operator
7. By concat() method
1) String Concatenation by + (string concatenation)
operator
Java string concatenation operator (+) is used to add strings. For Example:
class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s="Sachin"+" Tendulkar";
[Link](s);//Sachin Tendulkar
}
}
Output:Sachin Tendulkar
Example:
class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s=50+30+"Sachin"+40+40;
[Link](s);//80Sachin4040
}
}
80Sachin4040
2) String Concatenation by concat() method
The String concat() method concatenates the specified string to the end of
current string. Syntax:
concat(String another)
Let's see the example of String concat() method.
class Ex
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String s1="Sachin ";
String s2="Tendulkar";
String s3=[Link](s2);
[Link](s3);//Sachin Tendulkar
}
}
Sachin Tendulkar
