Learning Module

Philippine Indigenous Knowledge,

Systems, and Practices
Learning Packet 2

Issues Confronting Indigenous

People in The Philippines
 Learning Packet

Issues Confronting the Indigenous Peoples in the

Philippines

Introduction

In this learning packet, Learners are presented with the concept of indigenous confronting the
Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines focusing on three components: 1. Challenges for Indigenous
peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources; 2. Cultural appropriation and 3.
Misrepresentation in media and literature.

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. identify the issues confronting the Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines;

2. analyze the cause and effect of the encountered issues of Indigenous People in the country;
3. value the cultural rights to address the issues of the Philippine Indigenous communities.

Learning Management System

Google Classroom
Google Drive
Google Meet

Duration

● Topic :
Indigenous Cultural Heritage
= 1 hour
● 1hour of self-directed activity watching YouTube videos, reading articles about
encountered issues of the Indigenous people in the country, and answering the activities in
the learning packet.

Delivery Mode

Asynchronous

Assessment with Rubrics

After watching the video and reading articles about issues concerning the Indigenous people in the
Philippines, Learners are instructed to do a Problem Tree regarding the topic.

Requirement with Rubrics

Problem Tree Analysis

Note: The template for doing the problem tree for this learning packet is attached at the end of
this document with the corresponding rubric.

Readings/ Materials

• State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples-New (Chapter 2)

Source: State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples (2019). Analyn Salvador Amores. Retrieved October
6, 2022, from [Link]

• Indigenous Representation in the Media and the Importance of Personal Narrative.

Source: Scholarworks. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from
[Link]

• I-Witness: ‘Kabihug,’ dokumentaryo ni Kara David

Source: GMA News. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from
[Link]
Issues Confronting the Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines

Introduction
Key Points:
The western conquest of the Philippines strengthens the
● Cultural Heritage
differences among the cultural communities in the country into
● Indigenous Culture
highlighting Islam-Christian society together with minority group ● Indigenous
which is known as Indigenous communities. Through the Knowledge
implementation of exclusive laws, indigenous peoples were ● Heritage
deprived of their ancestral domains. The industrialization greatly Preservation
affected their homeland which includes their livelihood.

Lesson Proper Definition of Terms:

Challenges for Indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories Cultural Heritage – a

and resources developed cultural
practice that has
been transferred
As indigenous peoples withdrew in the midst of progressive land through generations.
extraction, they progressively colonized the highlands, where the
vast majority of Ethnic Filipinos still dwell. According to national Indigenous Culture -
mandates, any property containing or without forests over 18 a distinct set of
degrees gradient is "public forest land," which is neither alienable practices, beliefs,
or replaceable and so lies under the authority of the Forest expressions, and
Management Bureau (FMB) of the Department of Environment customs of a specific
and Natural Resources (DENR). The historic mission of this indigenous
organization has long been to conserve the woodland for forest community.
resources and therefore to safeguard it from human habitation and
Indigenous knowledge
usage; yet, the up to 18 million individuals, indigenous or
– set of ideas,
otherwise, who presently live the uplands are still sometimes principles, and
described to as "informal settlers." philosophies of an
existing indigenous
However, in the 1970s, with the help of academic institutions and group.
other private and governmental organizations, the Forest
Management Bureau (then known as the Bureau of Forest Heritage
Development) launched a variety of activities directed at settling Preservation – the
highlands inhabitants on their existing landownership while also process of
enrolling their collaboration in implementing agroecology and safeguarding a
other conservation of soil and water initiatives. Since 1972, these cultural heritage for
its sustainability to
numerous projects have been consolidated under the DENR's
avoid extinction
Integrated Social Forestry Program (ISFP). The ISFP is
continually growing, but the core premise retains that attempts to
interact with indigenous people that are helpful rather than Hazard Alerts:
punishing will result in less ecologically destructive agricultural
methods.
At another level, the focus on ancestral lands represents
acknowledgement and worry regarding the impacts of military
confrontation in the Country on indigenous peoples, who've
already afflicted inordinately as a consequence of violent clashes
between state forces and individuals from the New People's Army
(NPA) and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) (MNLF).

These findings must make it evident that the reinstatement to a

more progressive governance in the Philippines really hasn't
materially benefited the human rights situation of indigenous
Filipinos. Rather, the progress that has been made is a result of the
organizing efforts and simple hard labor of indigenous Filipinos
and others who fight on their side. On the contrary, the Philippine
situation is notable for the existence of existing sensible laws that
help individuals (such as indigenous people) as well as the degree
of sophistication in government and general debate regarding the
importance of ancestral domain protections in environmental and
development concerns.

Indigenous Peoples’ Republic Act:

[Link]
8371/

We Are Born from These Lands:

[Link]
these-lands-protecting-indigenous-cultures/

Cultural Appropriations
It happens whenever individuals of a dominant group exploit,
denigrate, or stereotypically embrace cultural features of a
minority group.

Types of Cultural Appropriations (Rogers, 2006)

Exchange - This is characterized as a symmetrical trade between

two civilizations with roughly equal strength and authority.

Dominance - This comprises a dominating culture adopting

components from a submissive culture that has been imposed by
a dominant culture.

Exploitation - Taking cultural aspects from an inferior culture

without recompense, authorization, or exchange is what this kind
is classified as.

Transculturation - This method includes borrowing and blending

features from several civilizations, making it difficult to pinpoint
and attribute the origin.

What does Cultural Appropriation really Mean?

[Link]
[Link]

Cordillera IPs assert ownership of bahag, indigenous culture

against misuse
[Link]
ips-assert-ownership-bahag-indigenous-culture-against-misuse

Misrepresentation in Media and Literature

Romanticization
Misrepresentation of Indigenous people in the media has occurred
in a variety of portrayals in literature and movies. One of the
numerous mischaracterizations of Indigenous people in the media
is the romanticization of Indigenous clichés, which are valorized
stories manufactured by European interpretations. The "native
warrior" is the most prevalent inflated misrepresentation. This
depiction was prevalent in Westerns for years.

Historical Inaccuracies
There is a notion that "history is written by the survivors," which
means that history is presented thru the eyes of the victorious. In
the issue of Indigenous representation in media, the majority of
directors and writers have indeed been non-Indigenous, typically
white. As a result, their experiences are conveyed through the eyes
of those who are only ready to perceive through a particular lens
or with a particular objective in mind. Ignoring the intricacies and
enabling components of cultures and rituals to be changed goes
undetected by many, contributing to the citizenry's lack of
understanding of various elements of Indigenous traditions.

Simplistic Characterization
The lack of dignity and individuality offered to Indigenous people
by the press may be the most damaging to their image. Indigenous
people are nearly often put in secondary parts or consigned to the
backdrop, and they are seldom permitted to speak or demonstrate
their humanity and depth. Whatever personality they have now
emerges solely via encounters with non-Indigenous people. An
Indigenous figure is seldom depicted to have own strengths and
shortcomings, or to operate on their own ideals and judgments.
The (mis)representation of Indigenous People in mainstream
media
[Link]
indigenous-people-in-mainstream-media/

Media Recognition on Indigenous Peoples

[Link]
en/[Link]

Generalization:

“Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but

rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can
benefit all of humanity."
-Robert Allan

The statement below gives us an implication that despite the

cultural diversity that we have in the community, we must be a
catalyst of change by helping the Indigenous Peoples in the
country to fight the issues that they are facing. This can be done
through the promotion of their ancestral domain, learning their
culture deeper to avoid cultural misappropriation and educate
others about the misrepresentation of their cultural community in
the media and literature.
Assessment

Learners are tasked to do a Problem Tree Analysis regarding the problems of the Indigenous
peoples that they are facing right now.

Note: The problem tree must consist of a significant problem that is experiencing by the indigenous
communities this could be about territory, cultural appropriation or cultural misrepresentation.
The chosen problem must also have defined root causes together with its effects. Your output will
be scored using the rubric annexed in this learning packet.

PROBLEM TREE ABOUT THE ISSUES CONFRONTING

THE PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

Submit your output on the submission provided in the Learning Management System.
Criteria Problem Tree Analysis

Rating Score
5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pt
Full Marks Very Good Fair Needs
Main Good Improvement
Problem
Provided the Provided a Provided a Provided a The provided
most relevant more relevant least problem is
and realistic relevant and relevant not relevant
problem and realistic and to the topic.
regarding the realistic problem realistic
topic. problem regarding problem
regarding the topic. regarding
the topic. the topic.

5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts

Full Marks Very Good Fair Needs
Root Good Improvement
Cause 1
Provided the Provided a Provided a Provided a The provided
most relevant more relevant least root cause is
and realistic relevant and relevant not relevant
root cause of and realistic and to the topic.
the topic. realistic root cause realistic
root cause of the root cause
of the topic. of the
topic. topic.

5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts

Full Marks Very Good Fair Needs
Root Good Improvement
Cause 2
Provided a Provided a
Provided the Provided a relevant least The provided
most relevant more and relevant root cause is
and realistic relevant realistic and not relevant
root cause of and root cause realistic to the topic.
the topic. realistic of the root cause
root cause topic of the
of the topic.
topic.
 5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts
Full Marks Very Good Fair Needs
Root Good Improvement
Cause 3
Provided a Provided a
Provided the Provided a relevant least The provided
most relevant more and relevant root cause is
and realistic relevant realistic and not relevant
root cause of and root cause realistic to the topic.
the topic. realistic of the root cause
root cause topic of the
of the topic.
topic.
5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts
Full Marks Very Good Fair Needs
Effect 1 Good Improvement
Provided a Provided a
Provided a relevant least The provided
Provided the more and relevant Effect is not
most relevant relevant realistic and relevant to
and realistic and effect on realistic the topic.
Effect on the realistic the topic effect on
topic. effect on the topic.
the topic.
5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts
Full Marks Very Good Fair Needs
Effect 2 Good Improvement
Provided a Provided a
Provided the Provided a relevant least The provided
most relevant more and relevant Effect is not
and realistic relevant realistic and relevant to
Effect on the and effect on realistic the topic.
topic realistic the topic. effect on
effect on the topic.
the topic.
5 pts 4 pts 3 pts 2 pts 1 pts
Full Marks Very Good Fair Needs
Effect 3 Good Provided a Provided a Improvement
Provided the Provided a relevant least The provided
most relevant more and relevant Effect is not
and realistic relevant realistic and relevant to
Effect on the and effect on realistic the topic.
topic. realistic the topic. effect on
the topic.
effect on
the topic.

Total score 35
pts.
References

ILO in Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Philippines. (2010). International Labour

Organization. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from

[Link]

Media Recognition on Indigenous Peoples. (2011). International Labour Organization. Retrieved

October 6, 2022, from [Link]

en/[Link]

From Cultural Exchange to Transculturation: A Review and Reconceptualization of Cultural

Appropriation. (2006). Wiley Online Library. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from

[Link]
Learner’s Feedback Form

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Learning Packet : Number : _________ Title : ______________________

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