MATRICES:

A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.

A matrix is represented by writing the array within brackets.

TYPES OF MATRICES:

(i) Row matrix: If a matrix has only one row and any number of columns e.g( 4 3 7 ).

()
2
5
(ii) Column Matrix: If a matrix has only one column and any number of rows. .
6
9

( )
0 0
(iii) Null matrix or Zero Matrix: Is any matrix in which all the elements are Zero. e.g 0 0 .
0 0
(iv) Square matrix: Is the one in which the number of rows is equal to the number of
columns.

)( )
1 6 5 2

( )(
2 4 9
1 4 , 9 5 4 3
1 0 8 , .
6 7 8 0 7 4
5 3 7
2 9 6 8
(v) Diagonal matrix: Is a square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are zero.

( )
2 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 4
(vi) Scalar matrix: Is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal.

( )
4 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 4
(vii) Unit or Identity Matrix: Is a square matrix with all diagonal elements equal to unity.

( )(
1 0 0
0 1 0 ,
0 0 1
1 0
0 1
, )
(viii) Transpose of a matrix( AT ): This is matrix formed by interchanging the rows and the
corresponding columns.

( ) ( )
2 3 4 2 1 6
T
A= 1 0 5 , A = 3 0 7 .
6 7 8 4 5 8
(ix) Singular Matrix: Is the one whose determinant is Zero.
(x) Orthogonal Matrix: Is a square matrix such that when multiplied by its Transpose yields
an Identity matrix. A AT =I .

ORDER OF A MATRIX:

The Order of a matrix is defined as the number of rows by the number of columns.

1
A matrix having m rows and n columns has an order of m ×n .

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES:

Two or more matrices can be added or subtracted if they are of the same order. Corresponding
elements are added or subtracted.

Example:

Given that A= (58 2 6

1 4)∧B= (
3 2 9
5 6 7 )
: Find;

(i) A+ B
(ii) A−B
SOLUTION:

A+ B= (58 + )(
2 6 3 2 9
1 4 5 6 7
= )(
8 4 15
13 7 11
: )
A−B= ( 58 2 6
1 4
− )(
3 2 9
5 6 7
= )(
2 0 −3
3 −5 −3
: )
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES:

(i) Scalar Multiplication: Each individual element of the matrix is multiplied by that factor.
Example:

( )
−1 5
Given that A= 1 4 . Find 2 A .
3 6

SOLUTION:

( )( )
−1 5 −2 10
2 A=2 1 4 = 2 8 .
3 6 6 12

(ii) Multiplication of Matrices:

Two matrices can be multiplied together only if the number of columns in the first is equal to
the number of rows in the second.

Example:

( )
5 2
Given that A= 7
3
4 , B=
1
(
9 2 4
−2 3 6 )
. Find

(i) A.B
(ii) B. A
SOLUTION:

2
 ( )( ) ( )( )
5 2 45−4 10+6 20+12 41 16 32
9 2 4
A . B= 7 4 = 63−8 14+12 28+24 = 55 26 52
−2 3 6
3 1 27−2 6+3 12+6 25 9 18

)( ) (
5 2
B . A= ( 9 2 4
−2 3 6
7 4=
3 1
45+14 +12 18+8+ 4
−10+21+18 −4+12+6
=
71 30
29 14
. )( )
Example:

( )
4 0
Given that A= ( )2 6
3 5
, B= 3 7 . Find A . B T
1 5

SOLUTION:

A.B =
T
(23 65).( 40 3 1
7 5)(
=
8+0 6 +42 2+30
12+ 0 9+35 3+25 )(
=
8 48 32
12 44 28
. )
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX:

The determinant of a square matrix is a special number calculated from a matrix. The determinant of
matrix A is abbreviated as | A|.

Given that A= ( ac bd) , then|A|=ad−bc.

Example: Given that B=(
3 4)
1 2
, find |B|.

SOLUTION:

|3 4|
|B|= 1 2 =( 1 × 4 )− ( 3× 2 )=−2.

TRIAL QUESTION:

Given that A= ( 41 78). Find |A|. [ Ans :25 ].

Example.

( )
1 4 3
Given that A= 2 1 5 . Find | A|
3 2 1

SOLUTION:

| |
1 4 3

3 2 1
3 1| | | | | |
| A|= 2 1 5 =1 1 5 −4 2 5 +3 2 1 =−9+52+3=46.
2 1 3 2

TRIAL QUESTION:

3
 ( )
3 5 1
Given that B= 1 4 2 . Find |B|. [ Ans :100 ].
7 1 9

COFACTORS:

Cofactors are the numbers you get when you eliminate the row and column of a designated
element in a matrix. These cofactors have signs accorded to them.
These are shown below.
¿

Example:

( )
1 −1 −1
Given that A= 2 3 8 . Find a matrix C of cofactors.
−3 2 1

SOLUTION:

|32 81|=−13 , C =−|−32 81|=−26 ,C =+|−32 32|=13.

C 11=+ 12 13

C =−| | =−1 , C =+| |=−2 ,C =−|

−3 2 |
−1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
21 22 =1. 23
2 1 −3 1

C =+| |=−5 , C =−| |=−10 ,C =+|

2 3|
−1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
31 32 =5. 33
3 8 2 8

( )
−13 −26 13
Therefore C= −1 −2 1
−5 −10 5

TRIAL QUESTIONS:

( )
5 2 1
(a) Given that A= 3 1 4 , Find a matrix C of cofactors.
4 6 3

( )
−21 7 14
Ans: C= 0 11 −22
7 −17 −1

( )
5 9 2
(b) Given that A= 1 8 5 , Find a matrix C of cofactors.
3 6 4

( )
2 11 −18
Ans: C= −24 14 −3
29 −23 31

ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX:

4
 This is the transpose of the matrix of Cofactors.
Example:

( )
1 −1 2
Find the adjoint of matrix A= 2 3 5 .
1 0 3

SOLUTION:

|30 53|=9 , A =−|21 53|=−1, A=+|21 30|=−3.

A11 =+ 12

A =−|
0 3|
=3 , A =+|
1 3|
=1 , A =−|
1 0|
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
21 22 =−1. 23

A =+| |=−11, A =−| |=−1 , A =+|

2 3|
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
31 32 =5. 33
3 5 2 5

( )
9 −1 −3
The matrix of Cofactors of A is C= 3 1 −1 .
−11 −1 5

( )
9 3 −11
T
The transpose of this matrix C = −1 1 −1
−3 −1 5

( )
9 3 −11
Therefore, the adjoint of matrix A is −1 1 −1 .
−3 −1 5

TRIAL QUESTION:

( )
−3 2 −5
Find the adjoint of matrix A= −1 0 −2 .
3 −4 1

( )
−8 18 −4
Ans: Adjoint A= −5 12 −1
4 −6 2

INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX:

If each element of the Adjoint of say Matrix A is divided by the determinant of matrix A ,
then the resulting matrix is the Inverse of Matrix A .
The inverse of matrix A is denoted as A−1 .

Example:

5
 ( )
3 −3 4
Given that A= 2 −3 4 .Find A−1 .
0 −1 1

SOLUTION:

| |
3 −3 4
| A|= 2 −3 4 =3 ( 1 ) +3 ( 2 ) + 4 (−2 )=1 .
0 −1 1

|−3
A11 =+
4
−1 1 |=1, A =−|
2 4
0 1|=−2 , A=+|
12
0 −1|
2 −3
=−2 .

A =−| |=−1 , A =+| |=3 , A =−|

0 −1|
−3 4 3 4 3 −3
21 22 =3. 23
−1 1 0 1

A =+|
−3 4|
=0 , A =−|
2 4|
=−4 , A =+|
2 −3|
−3 4 3 4 3 −3
31 32 =−3 . 33

( )
1 −2 −2
The matrix of Cofactors of A is C= −1 3 3 .
0 −4 −3

( )
1 −1 0
T
The transpose of this matrix C = −2 3 −4 . This is the adjoint of matrix A .
−2 3 −3

( )( )
T 1 −1 0 1 −1 0
−1 C 1
Therefore, A = = −2 3 −4 = −2 3 −4 .
| A| 1
−2 3 −3 −2 3 −3

Example:

Given that A= (72 14). Find A −1

.

SOLUTION:

|7 4| (−7 −12 ).
| A|= 2 1 =( 8 )− (7 )=1. Adjoint A= 4

= ( )=(
−7 2 )
−1 1 4 −1 4 −1
Therefore A .
1 −7 2

TRIAL QUESTION:

( )
1 −3
Given that A=
5 6
−1 2 ( ) −1
. Find A−1 . Ans : A =
8
1
8
5
.
16 16

6
TRIAL QUESTION:

( ) ( )
2 3 −2 −13 7 11
−1 1
1. Given that A= 1 4 1 .Find A−1. Ans : A = 5 −2 −4 .
3
2 1 −3 −7 4 5

( )
−1
3 3
2

( )
1 −1 2
−1 1
2. Given that B= 4 0 6 .Find B−1. Ans :B = −2 −1
2
0 1 −1
1
−2 −2
2

( )
1 2 3
3. Given that A= 3 −2 1 .Find −1
A .
4 1 1

Example:
If a matrix A satisfies the relation A2 + A−I =0. Prove that A−1 exists and that
−1
A =I + A , I being an identity matrix.
SOLUTION:
Here A2 + A−I =0∨ A 2+ AI =I or A ( A+ I )=I .
This means that | A|| A + I|=|I | and | A|≠ 0 , therefore A−1 exists.
Again A2 + A−I =0∨ A 2+ A=I ………………..(i)
Multiplying equation (i) by A−1 we get
A−1 ( A2 + A )= A−1 I or A+ I = A−1.

Therefore A−1=I + A Proved.

APPLICATION OF MATRICES:
Matrices can be used to sole simultaneous equations.
There are various methods but we shall only consider three methods here.
CRAMER’S RULE:
This rule states that for a system for a system of three simultaneous equations in three
unknowns and are in the form
a 1 x +b1 y +c 1 z=d 1

7
 a 2 x +b2 y +c 2 z=d 2

a 3 x +b3 y +c 3 z =d 3

Dx Dx Dx
Then x= , y = ∧z = .
D D D
Example:
Solve the system of simultaneous equations below using Cramer’s rule.
x + y + z=4 .
2 x−3 y +4 z=33.
3 x−2 y−2 z=2.
SOLUTION:

| |
1 1
1
|D|= 2 −3 4 =1 ( 6+8 )−1 (−4−12 ) +1 (−4 +9 )=35
3 −2 −2

| |
4 1 1
|D x|= 33 −3 4 =4 ( 6+ 8 )−1 (−66−8 ) +1 (−66+6 )=70.
2 −2 −2

| |
1 4 1
|D y|= 2 33 4 =1 (−66−8 )−4 (−4−12 )+1 ( 4−99 )=−105 .
3 2 −2

| |
1 1 4
|D z|= 2 −3 33 =1 (−6+66 )−1 ( 4−99 ) + 4 (−4+9 )=175
3 −2 2

Dx Dx Dx
Therefore from x= , y = ∧z = , we get
D D D

D x 70 D x −105 D x 175
x= = =2 , y = = =−3∧z= = =5.
D 35 D 35 D 5
This yields x=2 , y=−3∧z=5.

Example:

Solve:

3 x+ 5 y=7 .
4 x−3 y=19 .
SOLUTION:

8
 |4 −35 |= (−9)−( 20 )=−29
|D|= 3 .

|D |=|19
x
7
−3|
5
=(−21 )−( 95 )=−116 .

|D |=|34 19
y
7
|=( 57 )−( 28) =29
Dx Dx
From x= , y= , we shall have
D D
Dx −116 D x 29
x= = =−4 , y= = =1.
D 29 D 29
DETERMINANT METHOD:
For a system for a system of three simultaneous equations in three unknowns and are in the
form
a 1 x +b1 y +c 1 z +d 1=0

a 2 x +b2 y +c 2 z +d 2=0

a 3 x +b3 y +c 3 z + d3 =0

x − y z −1
Then = = = .
Dx D y D z D

Example:
Solve the equation
3 x+ 4 y + z=10 .
2 x−3 y +5 z + 9=0
x +2 y−z=6 .
SOLUTION:

The equations can be re-written as

3 x+ 4 y + z−10=0 .
2 x−3 y +5 z + 9=0
x +2 y−z−6=0.

| |
3 4 1
Now D= 2 −3 5 =3 (−7 )−4 (−7 )+1 ( 7 )=14
1 2 −1

9
 | |
4 1 −10
D x = −3 5 9 =4 (−21 )−1 ( 0 )−10 (−7 )=−14
2 −1 −6

| |
3 1 −10
D y= 2 5 9 =3 (−21 )−1 (−21 )−10 (−7 ) =28
1 −1 −6

| |
3 4 −10
D z= 2 −3 9 =3 ( 0 )−4 (−21 )−10 ( 7 )=14
1 2 −6

x − y z −1 x − y z −1
From = = =
Dx D y D z D
, we shall have = = = .
−14 28 14 14

This gives x=1 , y=2∧z =−1.

Example:
Solve:
I 1+ 2 I 2+ 4=0

5 I 1 +3 I 2−1=0 .

SOLUTION:

D= |15 23|=−7
D =|
3 −1|
2 4
1 =−14

D =|
5 −1|
1 4
2 =−21.

I 1 −I 2 1 I −I
From = = , we shall have 1 = 2 = 1
D1 D2 D −14 −21 −7

We shall get I 1=2∧I 2=−3.

10
INVERSE METHOD:
Solve the system of simultaneous equations below using the inverse method.
x−2 y + z=3.
2 x+ y−z=5
3 x− y +2 z=12.
SOLUTION:

( )( ) ( )
1 −2 1 x 3
In matrix form we shall have, 2 1 −1 y = 5 .
3 −1 2 z 12
−1
This is in the form A . X=B∨X= A B .

( ) () ( )
1 −2 1 x 3
Where A= 2 1 −1 , X= y ∧B= 5 .
3 −1 2 z 12
Let us find the Cofactors of matrix A .

|−11 −12 |=1 ,C =−|23 −12 |=−7 ,C =+|23 −11 |=−5.

C 11=+ 12 13

C =−| | =3 , C =+| |=−1 ,C =−|

3 −1|
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
21 22 =−5. 23
−1 2 3 2

C =+|
1 −1|
=1 , C =−|
2 −1|
=3 ,C =+|
2 1|
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
31 32 =5 . 33

( ) ( )
1 −7 −5 1 3 1
T
The matrix C of Cofactors is C= 3 −1 −5 and C = −7 −1 3 .
1 3 5 −5 −5 5

| |
1 −2 1
| A|= 2 1 −1 =1 ( 1 ) +2 (7 ) +1 (−5 )=10
3 −1 2

( )
1 3 1
−1 1
A = −7 −1 3
10
−5 −5 5

() ( )( ) ( ) ( )
x 1 3 1 3 x 30
1 1
This gives y = −7 −1 3 5 or y = 10
10 10
z −5 −5 5 12 z 20

11
 () ()
x 3
This simplifies to y = 1
z 2

This gives x=3 , y=1∧z=2.

Example:
Solve:
2 x1 −x2 =4 .
x 1+ 3 x 2=9 .

SOLUTION:

In matrix form we have (21 −13 )( xx )=(49 ).

1

−1
This is of the form A . X=B∨X= A B .

Where A= ( 2 −1
1 3 ) ( )
x
x2
4
, X = 1 ∧B= .
9 ()
|1 3 |
| A|= 2 −1 =6+1=7 and Adjoint A= 3 (−1 12) . This gives −1
A = (
1 3 1
7 −1 2).

() (
x1 1 3 1 4
=
x 2 7 −1 2 9 )( ) Or ( xx )= 71 ( 2114)
1

2
or ( ) ()
x1
x2
=3 .
2

Therefore x 1=3∧ x2=2.

ROW REDUCTION TO ECHELON FORM:

Solve:
x−4 y−z=11.
2 x−5 y+ 2 z=39.
−3 x+ 2 y + z=1.
SOLUTION:

( )( ) ( )
1 −4 −1 x 11
In matrix form we shall have, 2 −5 2 y = 39 .
−3 2 1 z 1

[ ]
R1 → 1 −4 −1 ⋮ 11
The Augmented matrix becomes R2 → 2 −5 2 ⋮ 39
R3 → −3 2 1 ⋮ 1

12
Now R2 → R2 −2 R 1 , R3 → R3 +3 R1.

[ ]
R1 → 1 −4 −1 ⋮ 11
R2 → 0 3 4 ⋮ 17
R3 → 0 −10 −2 ⋮ 34

Again R3 →3 R3 +10 R2.

[ ] [ ]
R1 → 1 −4 −1 ⋮ 11 R1 → 1 −4 −1 ⋮ 11
R3
R2 → 0 3 4 ⋮ 17 . And R3 → , R2 → 0 3 4 ⋮ 17
→ 0 0 34 ⋮ 272 34 → 0 0 1 ⋮ 8
R3 R3
Now z=8 , 3 y +4 z=17 or 3 y +32=17 . This gives y=−5.
From x−4 y−z=11 ,we have x−4 (−5 )−8=11, this gives x=−1.

This gives x=−1 , y=−5∧z=8.

TRIAL QUESTION:
Solve:
3 x+ 4 y =0 .
2 x+5 y =−7 . [ Ans : x =4 , y=−3 ].

TRIAL QUESTUION:
1. Solve the equations:

5 x−6 y + 4 z=15.
7 x +4 y−3 z=19.
2 x+ y+ 6 z=46 .
Using:

(i) Crammers rule

(ii) Determinant method
(iii) Inverse method
(iv) Row reduction to echelon form. [ Ans : x=3 , y=4∧z=6 ].
2. Solve: x + y + z=−1.
x +2 y+ 3 z=−4
x +3 y+ 4 z=−6. [ Ans : x =1, y=−1∧z=−1 ]
3. Solve:
x +3 y−2 z=5.
2 x+ y+ 4 z=8.
6 x + y−3 z=5. [ Ans : x =1, y=2∧z=1 ] .
4. Solve:
x +2 y+5 z=33 .

13
 3 x+ y+ 4 z=26.
6 x + y +7 z=47. [ Ans : x =4 , y=2∧z=3 ]
Example:

[ ]
−8 1 4
1
If A= 4 4 7 . Prove that A−1=A ' , A' being the transpose of A .
9
1 −8 4

SOLUTION:

[ ] [ ]
−8 1 4 −8 4 1
1 ' 1
We have A= 4 4 7 and A = A= 1 4 −8 .
9 9
1 −8 4 4 7 4

[ ][ ][ ]
−8 1 4 −8 4 1 64+1+16 −32+ 4+28 −8−8+16
1 ' 1 1
Now A A = 4 4 7 . 1 4 −8 −32+ 4+28 16+16 +49 4−32+28
9 9 81
1 −8 4 4 7 4 −8−8+16 4−32+28 1+64 +16

[ ] [ ]
64+1+16 −32+ 4+28 −8−8+16 81 0 0
1 ' 1
This gives A A = −32+ 4+ 28 16+ 16+49 4−32+28 = 0 81 0
81 81
−8−8+ 16 4−32+ 28 1+64 +16 0 0 81

[ ]
1 0 0
'
This simplifies to A A = 0 1 0 or A A' =I , From which we get A' = A−1 Proved.
0 0 1

PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS:
There are four properties of determinants but let us consider only a few for this module.
(i) The value of the determinant remains unchanged if the columns are changed into rows
( ¿ if the rowsinto columns ) .
(ii) If two rows or two columns of a determinant are interchanged, the sign of the value of
the determinant changes.
(iii) If two rows or columns of the determinant are identical, the value of the determinant is
Zero.

Example:

1. Find the determinants of the following matrices:

(i) |−24 −93 |=6 (ii) |−sin

cos θ
θ
sin θ
cos θ
=1| (iii)
|
log 3 512 log 4 3
log 3 8 log 4 9 |
=7.5

| | | | | |
1 −3 2 2 3 −2 6 3 7
(v) 4 −1 2 =40 (v) 1 2 3 =−37 (vi) 32 13 37 =10
3 5 2 −2 1 −3 10 4 11

14
 | |
9 25 6
(vi) 7 13 5 =6.
9 23 6

| | | |
3 2 5 7 1 2 1 3
−1 −4 −3 0 3 4 2 5
(vii) =96 (viii) =75
6 4 2 −1 6 1 7 1
2 −1 0 3 4 3 9 2

| |
x+ y
x x
3
2. Using property of determinants, show that 5 x+ 4 y 4 x 2 x =x
10 x +8 y 8 x 3 x
SOLUTION:
R2 → R2 −2 R 1 , R3 → R 3−3 R 1.

| |
x+ y x x
∆= 3 x +2 y 2 x 0 . This simplifies to ∆=x
7 x +5 y 5 x 0
3 x+ 2 y 2 x
7 x+5 y 5 x
3
=x .Proved. | |

| |
2 x−1 x +7 x +4
3. Solve x 6 2 =0
x−1 x+1 3

SOLUTION:

| |
0 0 x−1
R1 → R1 −( R2 + R3 ) , we get x 6 2 =0. Upon expansion gives us
x−1 x+ 1 3

( x−1 ) [ x ( x +1 )−6 ( x−1 ) ] =0 0r ( x−1 ) ( x 2+ x−6 x+ 6 )=0 .

This simplifies to ( x−1 ) ( x 2−5 x+ 6 )=0 or ( x−1 ) ( x−2 ) ( x−3 )=0.

This yields x=1 , x=2∧x=3.

| |
x +4 x x
4. Use property of determinants, show that x x+4 x =16 ( 3 x+ 4 )
x x x+ 4
SOLUTION:

| | | |
x +4 x x 3 x +4 x x
From x x+4 x , Now C 1 → C1 +C 2+C 3 3 x +4 x+4 x .
x x x+ 4 3 x +4 x x+4

| |
1 x x
This simplifies to (3 x +4) 1 x + 4 x . Now R2 → R2 −R 1 , R3 → R 3−R1
1 x x+ 4

| |
1 x x
We get (3 x +4) 1 4 0 . Or ( 3 x+ 4 )
1 0 4
4 0
0 4
=16 ( 3 x + 4 ) . | |
15
 | |
x +4 x x
Therefore x x+4 x =16 ( 3 x+ 4 ) Proved.
x x x+ 4

| |
1 a a2
2
5. Evaluate 1 b b
2
1 c c

SOLUTION:

| | | |
1 a a2 1 a a2
From 1 b b2 , let R2 → R2 −R 1 , R3 → R 3−R1 to get ∆= 0 b−a b2 −a2 .
2 2 2
1 c c 0 c−a c −a
Factorising out the common terms yields

| |
2
1 a a
∆=( b−a )( c−a ) 0 1 b+a .
0 1 c +a

| |
2
1 a a
Apply R3 → R 3−R2 , to get ∆=( b−a )( c−a ) 0 1 b+a .
0 0 c−b

This later gives ∆=( b−a )( c−a ) ( c−b )

| |
1 a a2
Therefore 1 b b2 = ( b−a ) ( c−a )( c−b ) Answer.
2
1 c c

| |
x a a
2
6. Prove that a x a =( x +2 a ) ( x−a )
a a x

| |
1 1 1
7. Show without expanding that x y z =( x− y ) ( y−z ) ( z −x ).
2 2 2
x y z
SOLUTION:
Now if we carry out these operations C 1 → C1−C 2 ,C 2 → C 2−C3 , we get

| |
0 0 1
x− y
2
x −y
2 2
y −z z
2 2
x− y
y −z z . This simplifies to 2 2
x −y | y −z
y 2−z 2
. |
On factorising out the common terms, ( x− y ) ( y−z ) |x +1 y 1
y+z
. |
This simplifies to ( x− y ) ( y−z ) [ ( y + z )−( x + y ) ] =( x− y ) ( y−z ) ( z−x ).

16
 | |
1 1 1
Therefore, x y z =( x− y ) ( y−z ) ( z −x ). Proved.
2 2 2
x y z

( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 −3 2
−1
8. Given that A= 2 4 5 . Find A−1. Ans : A = −3 3 −1
3 5 6 2 −1 0

( )
1 2 3
9. If A= 2 4 5 , Show that A2−4 A−5 I =0, where I ,O are the Unit matrix and
3 5 6
null matrix of order 3 respectively. Use this result to find A−1 .

| |
x−1 7 9 3
1 0 2 5
10. Find the value of x if =0 [ Ans : x =−1 ].
2 x+ 2 6 8 3
−2 1 1 0

11. If A= (−10 10). Find the constants α ∧β such that ( αI + βA ) = A. 2

[ Ans : α=β =±
1
√2
.]

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