Python 2

07 November 2024 13:08

String methods in python

Name = "aliya"
Uname = [Link]()
Print(uname)

Booleans
• Booleans represent as "true" or "false"
• In programming, we use to get a need to know expression is true of false. We
can evaluate any expression in python and get output as either true or false.

Bool()
• Bool() function allows you to evaluate a value and return true or false
• Any string will return true, except empty string("")
• Any number return true, except 0.
• Any list, tuples, set return true, except empty ones [],{},().

Arithmetic Operators:
• Addition (+): Adds two operands. Example: a + b
• Subtraction (-): Subtracts the second operand from the first. Example: a - b
• Multiplication (*): Multiplies two operands. Example: a * b
• Division (/): Divides the first operand by the second. Example: a / b
• Modulus (%): Returns the remainder of the division of two operands. Example: a % b
• Exponentiation (**): Raises the first operand to the power of the second. Example: a ** b
• Floor Division (//): Performs floor division, which returns the largest possible integer. Example: a // b
2. Comparison Operators:
• Equal (==): Checks if the values of two operands are equal. Example: a == b
• Not Equal (!=): Checks if the values of two operands are not equal. Example: a != b
• Greater Than (>): Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than the right. Example: a > b
• Less Than (<): Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the right. Example: a < b
• Greater Than or Equal To (>=): Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than or equal to the right. Example: a >= b
• Less Than or Equal To (<=): Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or equal to the right. Example: a <= b
3. Logical Operators:
• AND (and): Returns True if both operands are true. Example: a and b
• OR (or): Returns True if at least one of the operands is true. Example: a or b
• NOT (not): Reverses the logical state of the operand. Example: not a
4. Assignment Operators:
• Assignment (=): Assigns a value to a variable. Example: a = b
• Add and Assignment (+=): Adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Example: a += b
• Subtract and Assignment (-=): Subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
Example: a -= b
• Multiply and Assignment (*=): Multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
Example: a *= b
• Divide and Assignment (/=): Divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Example: a /
=b

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 • Multiply and Assignment (*=): Multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
Example: a *= b
• Divide and Assignment (/=): Divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Example: a /
=b
• Modulus and Assignment (%=): Takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. Example: a %= b
• Exponent and Assignment (**=): Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assigns the value to the left
operand. Example: a **= b
• Floor Division and Assignment (//=): Performs floor division on operators and assigns the value to the left operand. Example: a //
=b
5. Bitwise Operators:
• AND (&): Performs bitwise AND on two operands. Example: a & b
• OR (|): Performs bitwise OR on two operands. Example: a | b
• XOR (^): Performs bitwise XOR on two operands. Example: a ^ b
• NOT (~): Performs bitwise NOT on the operand. Example: ~a
• Left Shift (<<): Shifts the bits of the left operand to the left by the number of positions specified by the right operand. Example: a
<< b
• Right Shift (>>): Shifts the bits of the left operand to the right by the number of positions specified by the right operand.
Example: a >> b

Membership operators in Python are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence (such as a string, list, tuple, set, or
dictionary). There are two main membership operators:
1. in Operator
• Usage: Returns True if the specified value is present in the sequence.
• Example:
python
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print("banana" in fruits) # Output: True
2. not in Operator
• Usage: Returns True if the specified value is not present in the sequence.
• Example:
python
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print("grape" not in fruits) # Output: True

Bitwise operators in Python are used to perform bit-level operations on integers. They work directly on the binary representations of
the numbers. Here’s a rundown of the bitwise operators available in Python:
1. Bitwise AND (&)
• Usage: Each bit of the output is 1 if the corresponding bits of both operands are 1, otherwise it is 0.
• Example:
python
a = 5 # binary: 0101
b = 3 # binary: 0011
result = a & b # binary: 0001 (decimal: 1)
2. Bitwise OR (|)
• Usage: Each bit of the output is 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits of either operand is 1.
• Example:
python
a = 5 # binary: 0101
b = 3 # binary: 0011
result = a | b # binary: 0111 (decimal: 7)
3. Bitwise XOR (^)
• Usage: Each bit of the output is 1 if the corresponding bits of the operands are different.
• Example:
python
a = 5 # binary: 0101
b = 3 # binary: 0011
result = a ^ b # binary: 0110 (decimal: 6)
4. Bitwise NOT (~)
• Usage: Inverts all the bits of the operand.
• Example:

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 • Example:
python
a = 5 # binary: 0101
result = ~a # binary: ...1010 (in a signed 32-bit system, it would be -6)
5. Bitwise Left Shift (<<)
• Usage: Shifts the bits of the first operand to the left by the number of positions specified by the second operand. Each shift to the
left multiplies the number by 2.
• Example:
python
a = 5 # binary: 0101
result = a << 1 # binary: 1010 (decimal: 10)
6. Bitwise Right Shift (>>)
• Usage: Shifts the bits of the first operand to the right by the number of positions specified by the second operand. Each shift to
the right divides the number by 2.
• Example:
python
a = 5 # binary: 0101
result = a >> 1 # binary: 0010 (decimal: 2)

Lists
• Lists are used to store multiple items in single variable
• Lists of one of 4 built in data types in python used to store multiple
items(collection of data).
• List items are ordered, changeable, and allow duplicates values.

Creating a List
You can create a list by placing all items (elements) inside square brackets [], separated by commas:
python
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Accessing Elements
You can access elements by their index (starting from 0):
python
print(my_list[0]) # Output: 1
print(my_list[2]) # Output: 3
Modifying Elements
You can change the value of a specific element:
python
my_list[1] = 10
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 10, 3, 4, 5]
Adding Elements
You can add elements using the append() method or insert() method:
python
my_list.append(6)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 10, 3, 4, 5, 6]
my_list.insert(2, 99)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 10, 99, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Removing Elements
You can remove elements using remove(), pop(), or del:
python
my_list.remove(10)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 99, 3, 4, 5, 6]
my_list.pop(2)
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 99, 4, 5, 6]
del my_list[1]
print(my_list) # Output: [1, 4, 5, 6]
List Slicing
You can slice lists to get a subset:
python
sub_list = my_list[1:4]
print(sub_list) # Output: [4, 5, 6]
Looping Through a List
You can loop through a list using a for loop:
python

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print(sub_list) # Output: [4, 5, 6]
Looping Through a List
You can loop through a list using a for loop:
python
for item in my_list:
print(item)
List Comprehensions
You can create lists using list comprehensions for more concise code:
python
squared_list = [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)]
print(squared_list) # Output: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

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Tuples

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Sets

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Dictionary

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