Computer Studies Scheme of Work for SS 2 First Term

WEE TOPIC CONTENT

K
i. Components of computer hardware
1 Computer Hardware
ii. Basic input services
i. Input Devices
2 Computer Input Devices
ii. Examples of Input Devices
Keyboard i. The keyboard Structure
3
ii. The keyboard Shortcuts
i. Storage Devices
ii. Examples of Storage Devices
4 Storage and Output Devices
iii. Output Devices
iv. Examples of Output Devices
i. Two main components of a CPU
5 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ii. Control unit Functions
iii. Functions of Arithmetic Logic Unit
i. . RAM
ii. ROM
6 Memory Unit
iii. Types of memory
iv. Types of storage devices
7 Mid-Term Break
i. Logic Circuits
8. Login Gate ii. Types of logic gates
iii. Uses of standard Logic Circuit
i. NAND Gate
9 Alternative Logic Gate I
ii. Logic Symbol for the "NAND"
i. NOR Gate
10 Alternative Logic Gate II ii. Truth Table for the "NOR" Gate
iii. NOR GATE Equation
REFERENCES

 Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education by

Hiit Plc.
 A Handbook on Computer Studies by NiyiAdekolegan.
 On-line Materials.

Week 1: Computer Hardware

OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
Hardware
This refers to the physical elements or the equipment of the computer.
Examples are keyboard, monitor, mouse and processing unit. Computer
hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as a
monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD),
system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips),
and so on, all of which are physical objects that can be touched (that is, they
are tangible).
Components of computer hardware
1. Input/output
2. System unit
3. Processing unit
4. Storage devices
Input devices are hardware devices which take information from the user of
the computer system, convert it into electrical signals and transmit it to the
processor. The primary function of input devices is to allow humans to
interact with the computer system. For instance, a mouse allows the user to
control the movement of the pointer (a common element in user interface
design).
Output devices take data from the computer system and convert it into a
form that can be interpreted by humans. For instance, a monitor creates a
visual electronic display to output information created by the processor to
the user.
System Unit - Box-like case that contains the electronic circuits that cause
the processing of data to occur. Part of the computer system where the
computing is done. This is where the computer programs are executed and
the data is manipulated. It consists of the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
memory (Random Access Memory-RAM), and other electronics.
Processing devices are the components responsible for the processing of
information within the computer system. This includes devices such as the
CPU,
memory and motherboard.
Storage devices are components which allow data to be stored within a
computer system. This includes devices such as hard disk drives and
compact disk drives.
Basic input services
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Touchpad
Output devices
1. Speaker
2. Monitor
3. Printer etc.

Other parts of the computer.

 Arithmetic/logic unit; Contains the electronic circuitry necessary to
perform arithmetic and logical operations on data.
 Communications Devices; Enable a computer to connect to other
computers. Devices that enable a computer to connect to other
components; includes modems and network interface cards.
 Control Unit; The component in any computing system that works in
coordinating with the central processing unit to instruct, maintain
and control the flow of information.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU); The component in any computing
system that represents the circuitry necessary to interpret and
execute program instructions, it consists of the Control Unit,
arithmetic/logic unit and the controller. It is the corollary to the brain
in organic systems.
Week 2: Computer Input Devices
Input Devices
An input device is a peripheral (piece
of computer hardware equipment)
used to provide data and control
signals to an information processing
system such as a computer or
information appliance. Examples of
input devices include keyboards, mice,
scanners, digital cameras and
joysticks.

Examples of Input Devices

Trackball:
A pointing device like a mouse only with the ball on the
top of the device instead of the bottom. A trackball is a
pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket
containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about
two axes-like an upside-down mouse with an exposed
protruding ball. The user rolls the ball with the thumb,
fingers, or the palm of the hand to move a pointer.

Optical Recognition Devices:

These use a light source to read codes, marks, and
characters and convert them into digital data that
can be processed by a computer. It is widely used as
a form of data entry from printed paper data
records, whether passport documents, invoices,
bank statements, computerized receipts, business
cards, mail, printouts of static- data, or any suitable
documentation.

Touch Screen:
Allows you to touch areas of the screen with your fingers to
enter data. A touch screen is a computer display screen that
is also an input device. The screens are sensitive to pressure;
a user interacts with the computer by touching pictures or
words on the screen.
Terminals:
A terminal consist of a keyboard and a screen - commonly
used for special purpose input such as POS (Point-of-Sale)
information entry. A device that enables you to communicate
with a computer. Generally, a terminal is a combination of
keyboard and display screen.

Modem:
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that
converts data into a form suitable for both receipt and
transmission by wire or radio so that it can be
reconstructed at the destination point. It is a device or
program that enables a computer to transmit data over,
for example, telephone or cable lines.
Pen Input:
Pen Inputs are used to input data using hand-written
characters and shapes that the computer can recognize
as a pointing device like a mouse to select items on the
screen, and to gesture (special symbols made with the
pen that issue a command)
Touchpad (trackpad):
A flat rectangular surface that senses the movement of a
finger on its surface to control the movement of the
insertion point. A touchpad is a device for pointing
(controlling input positioning) on a computer display
screen. It is an alternative to the mouse
Mouse:
A small palm-sized input device that you move across a flat
surface to control the movement of the pointer on the screen. It
actually has a shape like a real mouse.

Joystick:
Joysticks use the movement of a vertical stem to direct the pointer.
These are often used with computer games and have buttons you
can press to activate events, depending upon the software. A
joystick is a cursor control device used in computer games.

Biofeedback Input Devices:

These are special equipment like gloves, bodysuits, and
eyeglasses to translate movements, temperature, or skin-
based electrical signals.
Light Pen:
Light Pens are used by touching them on a display to create or
modify graphics. A Light Pen is a pointing device shaped like a
pen and is connected to a VDU. The tip of the Light pen
contains a Light-sensitive element which, when placed against
the screen, detects the Light from the screen enabling the computer to
identify the location of the pen on the screen.
Keyboard:
This is the most commonly used input device. You
enter data by pressing keys on the keyboard. A
keyboard is the set of typewriter-like keys used to
enter data into a computer. Keyboards are similar to typewriter keyboards
but contain additional keys.
Microphone-used to record sound.

Image Scanner (page scanner):

An input device that can electronically capture an entire
page of text or images such as photographs or artwork.

Graphics Tablet:
This is similar to a digitizer, but it also contains unique
characters and commands that can be generated automatically
by the person using the tablet. A graphics tablet or digitizer is a
computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images,
animations and graphics, similar to the way a person draws images with a
pencil and paper. These tablets may also be used to capture data or
handwritten signatures.
Electronic Whiteboard:
An Electronic Whiteboard captures anything drawn on a
special whiteboard. An interactive whiteboard (IWB) is a
large interactive display that connects to a computer.
Digitizer:
A Digitizer converts points, lines, and curves from a sketch,
drawing, or photograph to digital impulses and transmits them
to a computer. The digitizer by definition is a device used to
convert analogue signals into digital signals.

Digital Camera:
Digital Cameras are used to record photographs in the form
of digital data that can be stored on a computer.

Week 3: Keyboard
A computer keyboard is an input device used to
enter characters and functions into the computer
system by pressing buttons, or keys. It is the
primary device used to enter text. A keyboard
typically contains keys for individual letters, numbers and special
characters, as well as keys for specific functions. A keyboard is connected to
a computer system using a cable or a wireless connection.

Windows PC keyboards have a Windows key, which looks like a four-pane

window
Command Apple Mac computers have a command key.

Esc Esc (Escape) key

F1 - F12 Information about the F1 through F12 keyboard keys.

F13 - F24 Information about the F13 through F24 keyboard keys.

Tab Tab key

Caps lock Caps lock key

Shift Shift key

Ctrl Ctrl (Control) key

Fn Fn (Function) key

Arrows Up, Down, Left, Right Arrow keys

BackSpace Backspace (or Backspace) key

Delete Delete or Del key

Enter Enter key

Print Screen Print screen key

Scroll lock Scroll lock key

Pause Pause key

Break Break key

Insert Insert key

Home Home key

Page up Page up or pg up key

Page down Page down or page down key

End End key

Num Lock Num Lock key

~ Tilde

C Acute, Back quote, grave, grave accent, left quote, open

quote, or a push

! Exclamation mark, Exclamation point, or Bang

@ Ampersat, Arobase, Asperand, At, or At symbol

# Octothorpe, Number, Pound, sharp, or Hash

£ Pounds Sterling or Pound symbol

€ Euro

§ Micro or Section

% Percent

0 Degree
A Caret or Circumflex

& Ampersand, Epershand, or And

* Asterisk and sometimes referred to as star.

( Open parenthesis

) Close parenthesis

- Hyphen, Minus or Dash

_ Underscore

+ Plus

=
Equals

{ Open Brace, squiggly brackets, or curly bracket

} Close Brace, squiggly brackets, or curly bracket

[ Open bracket

] Close bracket

_ Pipe, Or, or Vertical bar

\ Backslash or Reverse Solidus

 / Forward slash, Solidus, Virgule, or Whack

: Colon
;
Semicolon

> Greater Than or Angle brackets

, Comma

. Period, dot or Full Stop

? Question Mark

The keyboard Shortcuts

Ctrl-A - select all
Ctrl B - bold
Ctrl C - copy
Ctrl D - duplicate
Ctrl E - align to the centre
Ctrl F - find
Ctrl G - go to
Ctrl I - italics Ctrl J - justify Ctrl K - insert
Ctrl L - align to the left
Ctrl M - increase indent
Ctrl N - open a new document
Ctrl O - open
Ctrl P - print
Ctrl R - align to the right
Ctrl S - save
Ctrl T - increase indent of a line
Ctrl U - underline
Ctrl V - paste Ctrl W - close Ctrl X - cut Ctrl Y - redo
Ctrl Z - undo.
EVALUATION
What keys do you use to perform the following functions?
1. To undo an error Ctrl + Z
2. To paste a copied content Ctrl + V
3. To cut a content Ctrl + X
4. To do a central alignment of Text Ctrl + E
5. To open a new document Ctrl + N
6. To underline Ctrl + U
7. To close a document Ctrl + W
8. To align to the Left Ctrl + L

Week 4: Storage and Output Devices

Storage Devices
These devices are used to store instructions
and data when they are not in use by the
system unit. There are two types of storage
devices used with computers: a primary
storage device, such as RAM, and a secondary
storage device, like a hard drive.
Examples of Storage Devices
CD-ROM (compact disk read-only) - a
smaller optical disk that can store about 450 times the data on a floppy
Data Cartridges-removable hard disk
drives that provide both the storage capacity and fast access.
Floppy disk/drive-a flexible platter coated with a material that allows data
to be recorded magnetically on the surface of the platters.
Hard Disk-one or more rigid platters coated with a material that allows
data to be recorded magnetically on the surface of the platters.
Smart Cards-the size of credit card and contain a thin microprocessor
capable of storing data. They are used as attendance tracking cards,
identification cards, telephone cards, etc
Tape Cartridges-containing a long ribbon of plastic, one side of which is
coated with a material that can be magnetized to record the binary codes
that represent data.
Output Devices
Storage devices Are devices that convert the
results of processed data into a form that can
be used and understood by the user. A
computer display is an example of an output
device, as is a printer. Whereas a computer
display uses a screen to present visual
information in virtual form, a printer produces
hardcopy - a tangible form of the data or
information. Audio speakers are another form of an output device,
converting electronic programming into human-audible sound. Some
devices are capable of being output as well as input devices.

Examples of Output Devices

Computer display or monitor:
A monitor or display is an electronic visual display for
computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry
and an enclosure.

Plotter -
Designed for line drawing; often used for computer-aided
design; some units can handle large paper sizes.

Modem-
A device that converts data into a form suitable for both
receipt and transmission by wire or radio such that it can be
reconstructed at the destination point.

Printers -
A printer is any device that prints text or illustrations on
paper.
Projectors -
A projector or image projector is an optical device that
projects an image (or moving images) onto a surface,
commonly a projection screen.

Palmtop, PDA (Personal Digital Assistants)

Commonly the smallest of computing platforms,
these are highly portable computing devices used
primarily to organize task, contact,
communications and other personally oriented
information and data. These systems often have
many of the same resources as a Laptop or Netbook computer: a CPU,
storage, input system, display and one or more data input/output (1/0)
channels. These devices can be purpose-built or can have other primary
functions, with smartphones being a good example of such a multi-function
device.

Week 5: Central Processing Unit

CPU is the hardware part of a computer that carries
out the instruction of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetic, logical and
input/output operations of the system. CPU is the
brain of the computer where most operations,
calculations and processes take place.
Two main components of a CP
1. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) - it
performs arithmetic and logical
operation. ALU carries out arithmetic
operations on integer (whole number)
and real (with a decimal point)
operands.
2. The control unit (CU) - it extracts
instruction from the computer memory, decodes and executes them and
also transferring them to the ALU when necessary. The CU controls the
fetching of instructions from the main memory and the subsequent
execution of these instructions.
Control unit Functions
1. The control unit directs the entire computer system to carry out stored
program instructions.
2. The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic logic unit
and main memory.
3. The control unit uses the instruction contained in the Instruction Register
to decide which circuits need to be activated.
4. The control unit coordinates the activities of the other two units as well
as all peripheral and auxiliary storage devices linked to the computer.
5. The control unit instructs the arithmetic logic unit which arithmetic
operations or logical operations are to be performed.
6. The control unit is literally in control.
Functions of Arithmetic Logic Unit
1. The arithmetic logic unit executes arithmetic and logical operations.
2. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
3. Logical operations compare numbers, letters and special characters.
4. Comparison operations test for three conditions: equal-to condition in
which two values are the same less-than condition in which one value is
smaller than the other greater-than condition in which one value is larger
than the other
5. Relational operations {=, <, >) are used to describe the comparison
operations used by the arithmetic logic unit.
6. The arithmetic logic unit performs logic functions such as AND, OR and
NOT

Week 6: Memory Unit

Memory Unit
The memory unit is the part of the computer
that holds data and instructions for
processing. Although it is closely associated
with the CPU. In actual fact, it is separate
from it. Memory unit associated with CPU is
also called Primary Storage, primary memory, main storage, internal
storage and main memory. When we load software from a floppy disk, hard
disk or CD-ROM, it is stored in the main memory.
There are two types of primary memory (RAM) and (ROM).
RAM
Ram stands for Random Access Memory. This is the main storage and is the
place where the programs and software we load gets stored.
 This is really the main store and is the place where the programs and
software we load gets stored. When the Central Processing Unit runs
 a program, it fetches the program instructions from the RAM and
carries them out.
 If the Central Processing Unit needs to store the results of
calculations it can store them in RAM.
 Random Access Memory can have instructions READ from it by the
CPU and also it can have numbers or other computer data WRITTEN
to it by the CPU.
 The more RAM in your computer, the larger the programs you can
run. When we switch a computer off, whatever is stored in the RAM
gets erased.
 When we switch a computer off, whatever is stored in the RAM gets
erased.

ROM
ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. The CPU can read instructions from
read-only memory. ROM comes with instructions permanently stored inside
and these instructions cannot be overwritten by the computer CPU. ROM is
used for storing special sets of instruction which the computer needs when
startup. When we switch the can't be deleted.
The CPU can only fetch or read instructions from Read Only Memory (or
ROM). ROM comes with instructions permanently stored inside and these
instructions cannot be overwritten by the computer's CPU.
ROM memory is used for storing special sets of instructions which the
computer needs when it starts up. When we switch the computer off, the
contents of the ROM does not become erased but remains stored
permanently. Therefore it is non-volatile
Types of memory

Primary memory (main memory) Secondary memory (auxiliary memory)

Types of secondary memory
1. Internal memory
2. External memory
Types of storage devices
1. Floppy disk
2. Hard disk
3. Flash drive
4. Computer disk (CD)
5. Digital video disk (DVD)

Week 8: Logic Gate

Logic Circuits
Logic gates are physical devices that
perform logical operations on one or
more logic inputs to produce an
output. They are mainly diodes or
transistors though can also be
constructed using electromagnetic
rays. A logic gate is an elementary
building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one
output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary
conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. Both
the input and output carry the binary valves 'O' which mean low or false ' I'
meaning high or true.
Types of logic gates
1. AND gate:
Suppose we have two inputs AND gate A and B, the A.B denotes A and B
which are both connected to the AND gate. This gate gives a high output if
all inputs are high.

INPUT (A) INPUT (B) OUTPUT (A and B)

0 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 1
2. NOT gate:
Also called an inverter, the Not gate implements the logical negation. The
Not gate outputs a voltage representing the opposite logic level of its input
i.e. when the input is 0, the output will be 1 and vice versa.

INPUT (A) OUTPUT (B)

0 1

1 0

3. OR gate:
The OR gate gives a high output If at least one of the input is high. For a 2
input circuit with input A and B then A+B denotes that A and B are both
connected to the OR gate.

INPUT (A) INPUT (B) OUTPUT (A and B)

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 1

Uses of standard Logic Circuit

1. Logic gates are building blocks of hardware electronic components.
2. It is used in the activation of doorbells.
3. The AND gates use to combine multiply signals
4. The NOT gate is used in building a switch.

Week 9 & 10: Alternative Logic Gate

These are gates that are formed from a
combination of two logic gates. There are
two types of alternative logic gates:
NAND GATE
A NAND gate is the combination of an
AND gate and NOT gate. It operates the
same as an AND gate but the output will
be the opposite. Remember, the NOT gate does not always have to be the
output leg; it could be used to invert an input signal also.

LOGIC SYMBOL FOR THE "NAND" GATE

Notice the circle on output C.

TRUTH TABLE FOR THE "NAND" GATE

INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

A B C

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

NAND GATE EQUATION

The NAND gate operation can also be expressed by a Boolean algebra
equation. For a 2 - input NAND gate, the equation is:
𝑋 = A.B
This equation read X equal to A and B NOT, which simply means that the
output of the gate is not a logic 1 when A and B inputs are their 1 states.
NOR GATE

A NOR gate is the combination of both an OR gate and NOT gate. It

operates the same as an OR gate, but the output will be the opposite.
TRUTH TABLE FOR THE "NOR" GATE

INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

A B c

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

NOR GATE EQUATION

The NOR gate operation can also be expressed by a Boolean algebra
equation. For a 2 - input NAND gate, the equation is:
𝑋 = A+B
The expression is the same as the OR gate with an overbar above the entire
portion of the equation representing the input. This equation read X equal
to A or B NOT, which simply means that the output of the gate is not a logic
1 when A or B are in their 1 states.
USES OF LOGIC GATES
Logic gates are in fact the building block of digital electronics, they are
formed by the combination of transistors (either BJT or MOSFET) to realise
some digital operations like logical OR, NOT, AND etc. Every digital product
like computers, mobile phones, calculators, even digital watches contains
logical gates.
XOR GATE
The XOR (exclusive - OR) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either-
or". The output is "True" if either but not both, of the inputs, are "true". The
output is "false" or if both inputs are "true".

LOGIC SYMBOL FOR "XOR" GATE

TRUTH TABLE FOR THE "XOR" GATE

INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

A B Y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0
XOR COMPARATOR
Comparator is a combinational logic circuit that compares the magnitudes
of two binary quantities to determine which one has the greater magnitude.
In order word, comparator determines the relationship of two binary
quantities. An XOR can be used as a basic comparator.
As you can see, the only difference between these two symbols is that the
XNOR has a circle on its output to indicate that the output is inverted.

One of the most common uses for XOR gates is to add two binary numbers.
For this operation to work, the XOR gate must be used in combination with
an AND gate.
To understand how the circuit works, review how binary addition works:
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10
If you wanted, you could write the results of each of the preceding addition
statements by using two binary digits, like this:
0 + 0 = 00
0 + 1 = 01
1 + 0 = 01
1 + 1 = 10
When results are written with two binary digits, as in this example, you can
easily see how to use an XOR and an AND circuit in combination to perform
binary addition.
If you consider just the first binary digit of each result, you'll notice that it
looks just like the truth table for an AND circuit and that the second digit of
each result looks just like the truth table for an XOR gate.
The adder circuit has two outputs. The first is called the Sum, and the
second is called the Carry. The Carry output is important when several
adders are used together to add binary numbers that are longer than 1 bit.