NÉTWORk LAYER

D Nelwoak loyeo - foint to foint Brotoeo' netu ok, logical

Qddlesirg, Aic untea netwerkig (g cIDR, ARP, RAR?,
DHef sbmp), Reuting, frrwaling ncd deliwy
Shabie anet dynante "routhg, a n i g s
Psatocols, (ongeton lontrd
ADDRESS MAPPIN a
to aclche s g ARP
netwk aeeeives
hoct or n the
Packet, but only
Psosse th ARP
wutendut nelipet
back A ARPARP conse Packf.
Snd
’ The stnd packat Contulne the ne wputs 1P
Paeket Me eniot
physteal ondledrsseu. The
he by csing tue pysal
tw Pachet
hddAs secived
MAC
48 hte

32 bits
 JegustARP Host

Hardwnemn
Legnth b
48
bih
Thuget Tauget
Cuder cndu
Photou ccet.
Ui
Brooastecl
Addnss G
PhotctHonuwae
tanduloe
hocet
A 32bit ARP Hyste
doles ARP
Aeldec
s
Aolorvegc Piotoco rmat
bytes) C6 Paek
ARP
bytes) 4 (6
bytesbytes) ype
(eg: Host B
) MAC LPVt)
MAOp
 metook. local
RARf -’A
broadcut ud eated
he 0) RARP O
Hep. Md
RARP address
Suuieh ROwters
or 991016. 172 Subne
200 J0.172-16 HOsta 10100 [Link]
HostS
dsinethon te addrss
ad
awelestination trodfide
MAC
Loatuon the of
metwork. that not that
networ qivw
which
 ’And heo mahi ng the local nehwook that
knowe au the IP addnesc

’ The tqus ting maehine must be ounhing

RARP cliet Plogoan: Hu cosbonding Omalin
must be

local RARP
Drwobaek
Seios soblem p MA

with RARP BroadoagHng

tt he data imk
au tue
’ The plhystoal bT0adoast addrc alliabondawcs
Case of ehenet do mot Paucfae HL
nedwoK.
’ Thu meams tht aw adinictyatit has seva
nelwerk oT Seweat 2ubns, t noed to cign
& the reason tha RA RP
tht atnoet obcolele.
RARP

BODT P -
rofo cot C8o0TP) a llut/see
-+ The bootstap
Psontdde addhess to
scecot desiyned
loqial hddss maring. The admintstoat or may put
dHaut guosks
 lient Srvs n SWwe netwomk

BoDTP B00T/
client, Sesves

Reqyust
clieut
ditlesnt| NwOrk.
(
Bo0T
licnt
( Rulay
B0TP
Ses
Routes
) Broadcast Gatt
Requst Request Integnet
Unlcst

the Bo0DTP neq ueat's brO acltast

hie Ccenario, t e outer. To
Cant Paus thro ngh
TP dalagram Vewdos ertnsion
aot as the eayy gt
8Asolre
to
intumediatnt
The neieeves the
adetes. wen
Whn the
wicast
Broadcas t Peeket, A Cus the wicast diagram
B00TP Suet. T s is theh
Addhtsg. to the
the B00TP lent.
muded to
 ’B0 0T P
aldress
wlun ciut nequsts
table that 4he
malche
BO0TP Sewes oncults a
dd

the the liunt wt

Addsess.
that the b/0 the
d ep aclelsesc of the cliu
diendy entete. The
uost mdtes
nelwork o aother Dhat hect Lwant a
Ip addour9
hdle tse shation beçawe
- BooTP Canuot ddrlses s
ad I
Stadie table wnettl ckanced
adninlstrto Conti
g0DTP &a a statie ME
by he
qthation-Bsetodot. ostiguatenPastal.
# DHep- Dynandc host
et Peovids stalic m dynaic addra
be maral or automatle.
alooatio n that eam
DHOP
cation In thii Caauty
lct adasas alo
Statie DHCPhas A. seadataba
a
et cs 00TP doe. A
addses s to Ip ade
hat stalically tmjnds physloal hes a sSeond datha
addoeg s alocat lon;- DHCP
-.
Dynmie aitable Ip addressec, unuse
JIP

Poe) of aw Database
base
 Cuond dtabase nakes DHep dynuie
IP
Wn
ddhcss, t DeHP
tewiponag
wable (wse IP addoess md
Pelod of tme.
Control
ICMP ( Inhernet NSSAge Photocot) - zeMP meaga
ale diyfled ut twD bol

when t
tnabion) may ncowmtes
hestl (astnation) the Sowee IP
Psocesss IP facket. ICMP Vues
to the
addorcss toto cend tthe emor mls sage

2. RePeat

Paameter Recircete
DeLtnaton Soulie time
PA0blemns
nseahable uench enuedal

atlon ihreachablei
# Deshin
The host/outer too ts destt
mot able to oute the Ip fack
nation
 Port doç ond,

onge

A
the

Senl
sender A tauts
loo rample,
For
auceiver 8, but t
the dalagram to intemeciate router
by the
H dataqran
anol su the
anol
the
destinaton wnseauhable htgh
hessage
specd

Sowce uen oh e
muh faten
’ the daaqrams le os froces
ProtessS col, the
Caw be foordd
tham they tuis ase
the owtes
quue may efow, In
08 the Nost cheice but to oiscael
has n0
has
datgams. The Souece enUh messe
Some t the
fo add
Control to the If.
router a host ducavd a datagrm
due fo Cengattn ongston,
ngcston,
messaqe
quench msse o the sude oi the datagra
Tis mees age hat two punpoe i
Frst, le wforms the Souuce hat 4he datgyow
has been dis Candeol
 ondy wan the Souree that thes hO
Simahene. w tu path that
lengestion
the Aowte should claw dov0n (qumch) the
Psocess..

Teme Ex cee deol

Vale
Toter, he

Hls teld
-to-ie Nale meache 0, ter decrmntng
the routey d cand the
datngrm tin
s distauded, a
Howwes, datngram qcuerated hth not
erlee ded methed Crsie
tragments thot hostmake up a msaceltaw
at the dusttnation
tine imtt
Route 2

HosT A LCN Tme erceedel

C
Paaeer Phoblme
the heade fat f
Cam Psoblems as datagran tmele
trough the ntes net,
 the cluoaton host
r y

Youter
Nalue w
mbig mtesng
tt disconle the dotegram
Sunds dadagran,Pamele- Problem balk to
message
Nele modiy heatu (hek the cheek sun

ICMP

Rediheetom ConGepte
mescage to wpdate
The fost lroutu sunds tis
table of the host.
to snd the messoq
for erample, Sucu A wmts
to
the deta to the
b|) [Link]. Then, Asncs
the massoe to B
to A S that
table
A lau update ls nuting

update
MA
 Echo Requst aud
Tinestamp Request nubonse
Addness mack nequut nct eply
soslestuttorn A Adlantemend.
Routu Acestsmt.
Soliltator

0 echo Requut and Replyi- t aud echo

echo - neques
’ The ombin ation of deteomine whedher two sysen
reply mbsges lommuncate uith eoek
(hest 0

Creote a series (uStead

Com
feng Command that and echo py
reguust and
fust one) f ench

Wants to check ohctheh : Cam

for eraomple, hestA
hest a
Communi catl uitk amothe link
d tf thore ç a
then t uill

echo neply to a n riving the equF

) Time stamp Requwt and lshonse
TFmstanp eq ust ud tinestamf eply
’ The IUMI to deenmine the
qyaty meseoges Bsovde ability spund
lengh Hme fhat IeMP meAcage
ra'stt, whieh & ezhremely fer mealusing
he Lalery amss
 Addncss- mad k
Requal -
A hust may kno) Pk Tp addace bul may
the Corscspondling mak. ndlres .
To obtan. k mack, A hatt (nds M LAN
- mask- esust m24s age to mouter on fhe
knows the addness o the gowleo,
If he host knows
t end the neputt direetly to the gouter. 1
tt docs mot know, tt brouuarb the m-es 0ge
The mo uer meeiving the addsus-mask- nequst
sponds
maak tor the host.
mess oje, Pseviding the
Foy Ex a host may kno tts IP addess as 59- 31- 17-2y
but tt may not knovo that the coiboning
Recommendaton.
Reloo
mask ts /2 advesttsemet
e
ORoutu SolikeEtaton
Continm done
aea netw0Tk. it
TOute e the docatA Toute selitation usage
bsadcasking receeves the melsage
atd the outeb that
iuformaton wing a
broadoasts the roulingmess age
nouter advestisement
to get the lnfmatton of
Prr ex host A Wants Oe
outess þresnt On the netwok. IHsage to
broad Caut a nouter 0slatfo mes
reqst outerg to adventse their Pesene aue
u resbonse noutegs on thue netwonsk. wl anoune
IBs TP Address available tor outing thxo
adwelbce ment mes Sage
 CONGESTI ON ONTR0L AND QUAtITY Of seRVICE.
network nay deeus i on the
the loal om
metwork. the nmbe o Poakets sent to the nA -s
gAeeta than the f the nl- he number of
Yakels a nelwoTks Cau handle.
machanism cnd techniqas
’ omqestion Contaol eers to he the
lyad belo the
lonbrol, Congeafion
(Rrerent'selre kypers packel-suitehed netwok

(onfool meeh sm inb

auisn
he (ongatibn
We Ca dwide lopeudoop Conqcltioy lortrol
wo bloat catogoril: Congesto%
lontool (Rerova)
(Psevanton) and dosed- Aop
ongeuton 6ntro) Qemova)
(PARntion) Uoced bop
open- loop tp Back lsesse
Retranemis;Yn folicy chock Packet

wind pliy
tctnooleogement paliy

(ongeston lontrol Ih open-op angestop

& open- loap
lontrl, Policies e (ooge
hapws. n these mech
me ch anisme,
oTk t
before
 (ontool handdad clher he Bousce r the
deul'nadon.

Paeket
a Rt
thot
he Smder els paeket noeds to be
Lost 0 (oupted, the
Teoowsmited. lnereole longest
ma
Retooms mission in trcunemiesfon
he netwbak.
longeton.
wd oetrasmission timers
- The tronsmission foicy efary
d dt
mst be dsigned to opimize
the Aana tme Psewemt congstor
may also afeut
Tie type d Windon d the sunder
ongsttoo. n dow. id bete han the
The Seleetve repat
Contol.
Go- Back-N Windouw for longuto
when Himmeae PaLket
toy
-’ In Go- Back-N window
Swsal Packel may be nesut, altho gh
t s tut, Sadead Sowd at eeives.
Some may hawe mival
caton may make he on ge ton Wese
dufi
Thic dutí
on he othehwnd, ti
rebeatwibdow).
5 The seleetive that howe buen lost
sheifie Paeket
to Bnd the
Packket
enty
 Ihe a ctnowledge euy
doon
'the
the cuer
euieL, t mas clo)
Packet
fosuut conguton. aekn
A Peeiuel my 0o
aLk
Patk! to be sunt
N

decide
A eUuive may
Packet at Hme
ng Polioy - intejty
the
mot haum he
A diucnding
mel at the s wne
f the transmission -

Admission mecbunin
Jhich u qualuty o suuie
oolymissiön
in wtual cineit nehworks.
Cou aso Pawont Jongeston
fist check the gsote
7equiemnt
cwtches ow
bedere adwitiny
Cam be deny siabis hng be the nelwork or here
Congestfoh
4futase nguaton
closed loop (ongsthon contro)
t
DBack-rescwse ; Bak- Prsue is a teehnipe rom
node stop receivihg Pakete
which longuted upstreamn
up strem viedes. This mcy eause the ole
 Cobuce Sousce
PaLket 6A-
Snt bychock- hodle o
bel chotk- ) toThe neQing
Paeket he to noeles
choke
Paeket adPozket upstretaun
Datflowa technigL
[Link] back- node
lata to
datagram Pass
by Zeehnfye betome
Datalow iraçte welongeston
the om
from
n a a lresSuse
Laek
ntdes
subnets. i
atpCoble echntqe abole
ongested
wháe. ofþoclt
he o onbrl
l A to Phesswse
Baek
nodes.
the ah diseeton
chock both nguton teahni amel
oureePaekel hede Back
Destinaton Virtual Desthabn meutel
we
ue hos lresS
to ls
Pn that Wse
nnelwrks fomddón
form a
downcor o (ase
Potiorqest
cacs baskwMor choke
PacketB/
signaldestnation BouGeThe [Link]
signanTh
Bastbakad ahoutdiiocneton diteton Expidt hat
ongutón
0
choke f akn
uad Sinei fowland
to' there
If intormtol Oledg-em
tswend n
angetion. faet aut a
about futhes !+cehnt the about a anguti na tor netuork
The ditternt
Packet a pactet ncle a
longston wile, eranplewhenfor
longes dustin PackekCongestön. eajemen Packels that
ten to
aton thah one
the es thee
e The tahndee
cashy soassunaptton
it b
Wain difern ongestwce on
necd he date or
 QusSsIn VER324y
sor) hyjes4
k Tneive to balaprd
totelPaeketly.
Jyuis Tn bits(3) botag.IN4
46JeHLEN k20
mwmbun no) IPr4-
mauy Headn -
I2 9D Dettnaton 60
Packet, blis ) Svices
lits)(e bylel
tes bytes of bi32
t
byes byts 10422
80
Por tor the
checkeun
I teacdes
Valw
of bat a
tor heacl he addrs
ooll optors
of
= HLE! Foagmentaton,
ae (32
xy=82hta nits) bytes20
u its46
) 5
bits)(16 20-
t000
offset 65St«

by
 | Eri
heAder
tebae wld
headel
baye e fomat
&Uuy?
tnalits,
disonad
fuwnch long:Hdvautoge
FDEC Also
ompaedAddoess 6000;0815:0000% epamel qusmattn) knuÙn
004
of acldress
wbch the kndonaldoCJ a
th
shae IPr6 :
0000: 0000:doop addrus IPno
awseterl,
d obiutee the i- loncistot
L6
or
Ar en (Irternatuorki
the 32it 0000: 000|: D: :
ne IPv6 Iput
0
15:L:L2;
wben 6/w
ppl-heeded, addaels 0000:
A,- /0 0|2:
lepualed ne 15 8OFF: 128. ng
ay of 1213 rotocol,
data fr0m heade Ipv, 0000 (octer ); &
12bs
8 : to
His FFFP e
h s
 Support alleoAUowae
itsVesio
4 n-6 o
lakoad
ngtPhay |0

heades
Base
4obytes
tor he for
bati
Class more n
etns'oealunslon
Erten
sion Destim heodeloptonay
addrers
Sowce bits)(6 bits)(e SecUnity
applcalioin . f -
Cn feade
(BWit) i
Nert the TPr6
yts595(5,
headersaddses Pauket
bata
Paynd
Label
Flouo Proto
I28is
Hop
col
28 delgnea if
mt bi(}tso) sequed
Gr
 Toansitn
mechaísn

Dual stac k Trons latton

Tünneing
) Dual Stack
t à mecommended that al basts, before miyratn
complelely to vusthm 6, kawe a dual stack of
lsotocols
othwrds, station mut Ipy4 awd Tprb
simwtanou wMee al the Tntenet sd IPU6.
(2 Tunn
sed wken two om buters
Tncing hnwi cate Wth eaul ofhes
Packet must Pass thrOugh a Teaton that
Ipr4. LPr
the Paeke must haue
’ % Pass
IPrt address.
thougk agian,
’ So the IPr6 PaekeR en aps ulalel w
PaLket Whe euteros the negto v, wd t learea
ths Capsule when t ealst thie egon.
) Headers Trrons lotio n
’ HT s mecessany whn thethe majorily
majorfty f the in fefu
has movel to Tor( but Some systes cf use Ipyy.
 +
wnderstoDd
In be
becaehe to Tfe
changed
trtough
ofaly Tarneling
this sncer
case.
OMts
the Paeket
R.
b to
header must
receever.
the Be
sanslat
headerio7). be
he
PsSoamtoueCots k tosmat IpVb,
in
but
the
cituatlon
Ust m he
Trt
be
ormate T (/0