Embedded System Design

with
ESP32
 Components
Name Image Type Function Notes
Push Button Digital Input Switch - Closes or Polarized, needs
opens circuit resistor

Trim Analog Input Variable resistor Also called a

Trimpot.
potentiometer

Photoresistor Analog Input Light Dependent Resistance varies

Resistor (LDR) with light.

Relay Digital Output Switch driven by a Used to control

small signal larger voltages

Temp Sensor Analog Input Temp Dependent

Resistor

Flex Sensor Analog Input Variable resistor

Soft Trimpot Analog Input Variable resistor Careful of shorts

RGB LED Dig & Analog 16,777,216 Ooh... So pretty.

Output different colors
Components
Components
ESP32
Go ahead and plug your board in!
 LET’S CONNECT OUR Arduino
 Take a copy of Arduino IDE.
 ([Link]

 Connect your Arduino Uno via USB.

 If you are using Windows,
follow the driver installation guide.
([Link]
[Link] Installarduino-drivers-on-windows-
8/)

 4. Open the Arduino program

Arduino
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Two required
functions / methods
/ routines:

void setup()
{
// runs once
}

void loop()
{
error & status messages // repeats
}
Comments, Comments, Comments
 Comments are for you – the programmer and your
friends…or anyone else human that might read your
code.

 // this is for single line comments

 // it’s good to put a description at the
top and before anything ‘tricky’
 /* this is for multi-line comments
 Like this…
 And this….
 */
Settings: Tools  Serial Port

 Your computer
communicates to the
Arduino microcontroller
via a serial port 
through a USB-Serial
adapter.

 Check to make sure that

the drivers are properly
installed.
 Settings: Tools  Board

 Next, double-check that the proper board is selected

under the ToolsBoard menu.
 Libraries
 The Arduino environment can be extended
through the use of libraries

 Libraries provide extra functionality for use in

sketches.

 Eg: GSM, LCD, GPS, RTC etc..

 digitalWrite()
BIG 6 CONCEPTS
analogWrite()

digitalRead()

analogRead()

Loop statements / Boolean

Serial communication
Important commands to know…
commands are CASE-sensitive

 pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT);

 eg: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

 digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW);

 eg: digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

 digitalRead(pin); // value is 1 or 0

 eg: digitalRead(7);
 analogWrite(pin,value);//pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 ~

eg: analogWrite(3, 200);

//val – 8 bit value (0 – 255). 0 => 0V | 255 => 5V

 analogRead(pin, value);

eg: analogRead(A0)

 delay(time_ms);

eg: delay(1000); // delay of 1 sec.

Boolean Operators

<Boolean> Description

( ) == ( ) is equal?
( ) != ( ) is not equal?
( ) > ( ) greater than
( ) >= ( ) greater than or equal
( ) < ( ) less than
( ) <= ( ) less than or equal
1. LED Blinking (Digital output)

START

INITIALISE THE PINS &

PINMODES

TURN ON LED
BY PIN=HIGH

CALL DELAY

TURN OFF LED

BY PIN=LOW

CALL DELAY
 A few simple challenges

 Blink the same led with different

delay.
 Blink 3 led at a time.
 Toggle two led at a time.
 Led flasher circuit.
 Digital Input
• Connect digital input to your Arduino using Pins # 0 – 13

• Digital Input needs a pinMode command:

 pinMode (pinNumber, INPUT);

• To get a digital reading:

 int buttonState = digitalRead (pinNumber);

• Digital Input values are only HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)

Digital Sensors
• Digital sensors are more straight forward than
Analog

• No matter what the sensor there are only two

settings: On and Off

• Signal is always either HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)

• Voltage signal for HIGH will be a little less than 5V

on your Uno

• Voltage signal for LOW will be 0V on most systems

[Link] Button
START FLOW CHART

INITIALISE THE
PINS & PINMODES

NO
SWITCH TURN OFF LED
PRESSED BY PIN=LOW

YES

TURN ON LED
BY PIN=HIGH
Digital Sensors (Switches)
Pull-up Resistor (circuit)

to Digital Pin 2
 int buttonPin = 2;
int ledPin = 13;

int buttonState ;

void setup() {

pinMode( ledPin, OUTPUT );

pinMode( buttonPin, INPUT );

}

void loop() {

buttonState = digitalRead (buttonPin);

if ( buttonState == HIGH )

digitalWrite( ledPin, HIGH );

else

digitalWrite( ledPin, LOW );

}
A few simple challenges
 Control 2 led by using 2 pushbuttons.
Analog Sensors
Pin Analog Sensors = var. resistor
Take two sensors -- Use
the Serial Monitor and
find the range of input
values you get for each
sensor.

MaxAnalogRead = _________

MinAnalogRead = _________
Analog Sensors
Examples:

Sensors Variables
Mic soundVolume
Photoresistor lightLevel
Potentiometer dialPosition
Temp Sensor temperature
Flex Sensor bend
Accelerometer tilt/acceleration
[Link] METER
START FLOW CHART

INITIALISE THE
PINS & PINMODES

Read the TURN OFF LED

ANALOG INPUT BY PIN=LOW

CALL DEALAY
TURN ON LED
as function of
BY PIN=HIGH
ANALOG INPUT
[Link] LED-AnalogWrite

 Note: The
longest leg of
the RGB LED is
the Common
Cathode. This
goes to GND.

Use pins 5, 6, &

9
How many unique colors can you
create?


Use [Link] or
experiment on your
own.
Pick out a few colors that
you want to try re-
creating for a lamp or
lighting display...
Play around with this
with the
analogWrite()
command.
 int redPin = 5;
 int greenPin = 6;
 int bluePin = 9;
 int i;
 void setup()
 {
 pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
 pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
 }
 void loop()
 { for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
 analogWrite(redPin, i);
 analogWrite (greenPin, i);
 analogWrite (bluePin, i);
 }
Project: Mood Lamp / Light
Sculpture
[Link] Serial Communication
Method used to transfer data between two devices.

Data passes between the computer and Arduino

through the USB cable. Data is transmitted as
zeros (‘0’) and ones (‘1’) sequentially.

Arduino dedicates Digital I/O pin # 0 to

receiving and Digital I/O pin #1 to
transmit.
Serial Monitor & analogRead()

Initializes the Serial

Communication

9600 baud data rate

prints data to serial bus

Additional Serial Communication
Sending a Message

void loop ( )
{
[Link](“Hands on “) ;
[Link](“Learning ”) ;
 [Link](“is Fun!!!”) ;

}
Serial Communication:
Serial Debugging

void loop()
{
int xVar = 10;
[Link] ( “Variable xVar is “
) ;
[Link] ( xVar ) ;
}
Serial Communication:
Serial Troubleshooting

void loop ( )
{
[Link] (“Digital pin 9:
“);
[Link]
(digitalRead(9));
}
[Link]
 START

FLOW CHART
Include LCD
Library function

INITIALISE LCD
PINS & PINMODES

Set cursor Display the content

Display the character

Set the cursor
/ string
#include<LiquidCrystal.h> // LCD library function

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); // sets the interfacing pins

void setup()

[Link](16, 2); // initializes the 16x2 LCD

void loop()

[Link](0,0); //sets the cursor at row 0 column 0

[Link]("16x2 LCD MODULE"); // prints 16x2 LCD MODULE

[Link](2,1); //sets the cursor at row 1 column 2

[Link]("HELLO WORLD"); // prints HELLO WORLD

}
Automatic street Light
FLOW CHART
START

Turn OFF Relay

INITIALISE LCD
PINS & PINMODES

Turn ON Relay
Read the ANALOG
INPUT from LDR
YES
Intensity
< NO
Set a THRESHOLD
range for the Light threshol
Intensity d
int x= A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer
int y = 13; // select the pin for the LED
int light_value = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
int converted value=0;
void setup()
{
pinMode( y, OUTPUT );
}
void loop()
{
light_value = analogRead (x);

converted value= 100 – light_value/10.24;

if( converted value >=90 ) // Turn OFF the light when light is 90 percent

digitalWrite(y, LOW);
Revers mode distance indicator
FLOW CHART
START

Turn on led2
Turn off led1
INITIALISE LCD PINS and display safe
& PINMODES

Turn on led1
Turn on Buzzer
and display STOP
Read the ANALOG
INPUT from IR sensor
YES

distance NO
Set 3 THRESHOLD <
ranges for the required threshold
safe distance range.
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

const int analogInPin = A1;
int x = 0;
int a= 13;
int b= 8;
int c= 9;

void setup()
{

[Link](9600);

[Link](16, 2);
[Link]();
[Link](" Reverse Mode ON ");

}
void loop()
{
x= analogRead(A1);

[Link](x);

delay(500);

if (x>=200)

{
[Link]();
[Link](0, 0);
[Link]("distance= ");
[Link] (x);
[Link](0, 1);
[Link] (" SAFE ");

digitalWrite(a,1);
digitalWrite(b,0);
digitalWrite(c,0);
}
else if(x<200 && x>25)
{
[Link]();
[Link](0, 0);
[Link]("distance= ");
[Link] (x);
[Link](0, 1);
[Link] (" SAFELESS ");

digitalWrite(a,0);
digitalWrite(b,1);
digitalWrite(c,0);}
else
{
[Link]();
[Link](0, 0);
[Link]("distance= ");
[Link] (x);
[Link](0, 1);
[Link] (" STOP ");

digitalWrite(a,0);digitalWrite(b,0);digitalWrite(c,1);
}
}
Robotics
 The robot control loop
• Speech
• Vision • Task planning
• Temperature • Plan Classification
• Acceleration • Learn
• Position • Process data
• Distance • Path planning
• Touch • Motion planning
• Force
Sense Think
• Magnetic field
• Sound
• Light
Act

Output information Move,

Speech
Text, Visuals Wheels Legs
Arms Tracks
H-Bridge
L293D
Differential Drive(basics)
Line following Robot
 A Line Follower Robot uses a series of sensors (whether it
is light reflection) to detect a line drawn on a surface.

 This particular Line Follower uses two sensors that send

two separate signals to the Arduino Microcontroller

 Arduino reads these signals and computes what to do

next.

 The code depends on the user, whether to tell the

Arduino to
 slow down one motor or
 speed up the motor, or

 simultaneously slow down one and speed up the other.

Questions?