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Chapter 1
Module 3
Evolution of Cellular Technologies

1.1 Introduction
All over the world, wireless communications services have enjoyed dramatic growth over
the past 25 years. It was only in late 1983 that the first commercial cellular telephone
system in the United States was deployed by Ameritech in the Chicago area. That was the
analog service called Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). Today, digital cellular
telephone services are available throughout the world, and have well surpassed fixed-line
telephone services both in terms of availability and number of users. In fact, as of March
2010 we have over 4.8 billion mobile subscribers in the world, which is more than double
the number of fixed line subscribers and amounts to a higher than 60% penetration. The
relative adoption of wireless versus fixed line is even more dramatic in the developing
world. For example, in India, wireless penetration is more than four times that of fixed
line.
It took less then 20 years for mobile subscribers worldwide to grow from zero to over
one billion users. This amazing growth demonstrates not only the strong desire of people
around the world to connect with one another and have access to information while on the
move, but also the tremendous strides that technology has made in fulfilling and further
fueling this need. The developments in RF circuit fabrication, advanced digital signal
processing, and several miniaturization technologies that made it possible to deploy and
deliver wireless communication services at the scale and scope that we see today are
indeed quite remarkable.
Today, we are at the threshold of another major revolution in wireless. While mobile
voice telephony drove the past growth of wireless systems and still remains the primary
application, it is abundantly clear that wireless data applications will drive its future
growth. In the past two decades, the Internet transformed from being a curious academic
tool to an indispensible global information network providing a vast array of services
and applications—from e-mail to social networking and e-commerce to entertainment.
As illustrated in Figure 1.1, the global growth in wireless over the past decade was
accompanied by a parallel growth in Internet usage. Worldwide, over 1.5 billion people
use the Internet today, and there are over 500 million subscribers to Internet access

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4 Chapter 1 ! Evolution of Cellular Technologies

Table 1.1 Important Historical Milestones Toward the Development of Mobile Broadband
Year Important Milestone
Before 1892 Nikola Tesla found theoretical basis for radio communication and
demonstrated radio transmission.
1897 Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated radio communications; awarded
patent for it.
1902 First verifiable transatlantic radio transmission (telegraphy) made from
an Italian cruiser with Marconi aboard using 272kHz signals.
1906 Reginald Fessendon made first successful two-way transmission over
North Atlantic and demonstrated voice transmission using amplitude
modulation.
1915 First transatlantic radio transmission of voice from Arlington, Virginia
to Paris, France.
1921 Short wave radio (HF radio: 2.3MHz to 25.82MHz) developed.
1934 AM radio systems used in 194 U.S. municipalities for public safety.
1935 Edwin Armstrong demonstrated FM.
1946 First mobile telephone service in St. Louis, Missouri introduced by
AT&T.
1948 Claude Shannon published his seminal theory on channel capacity;
C=Blog2 (1+SNR).
1956 Ericsson developed first automatic mobile phone called Mobile
Telephone A (weighed 40kg).
1960–1970 Bell Labs developed cellular concept.
1971 AT&T submits proposal for a cellular mobile system concept to FCC.
1979 First commercial cellular system deployed by NTT in Japan.
1983 FCC allocated 40MHz of spectrum in 800MHz for AMPS.
1983 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) launched in Chicago.
1989 Qualcomm proposes CDMA as a more efficient, wireless voice technology.
1991 First commercial GSM deployment in Europe (Finland).
1995 First commercial launch of CDMA (IS-95) service by Hutchinson
Telecom, Hong Kong.
1995 Personal Communication Services (PCS) license in the 1800/1900MHz
band auctioned in the United States.
2001 NTT DoCoMo launched first commercial 3G service using UMTS
WCDMA.
2002 South Korea Telecom launches first CDMA2000 EV-DO network.
2005 UMTS/HSDPA launched in 16 major markets by AT&T.
2005 IEEE 802.16e standard, the air-interface for Mobile WiMAX, completed
and approved.
2006 WiBro (uses the IEEE 802.16e air-interface) commercial services
launched in South Korea.
2007 Apple iPhone launched, driving dramatic growth in mobile data
consumption.
2009 3GPP Release 8 LTE/SAE specifications completed.

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1.2 Evolution of Mobile Broadband 5

1.2.1 First Generation Cellular Systems

The United States, Japan, and parts of Europe led the development of the first generation
of cellular wireless systems. The first generation systems were characterized by their ana-
log modulation schemes and were designed primarily for delivering voice services. They
were different from their predecessor mobile communications systems in that they used
the cellular concept and provided automatic switching and handover of on-going calls.
Japan’s Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company (NTT) implemented the world’s
first commercial cellular system in 1979. Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT-400) system,
deployed in Europe in 1981, was the first system that supported automatic handover and
international roaming. NMT-400 was deployed in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway,
Austria, and Spain. Most NMT-400 subscribers used car phones that transmitted up to
15 watts of power.
The more successful first generation systems were AMPS in the United States and
its variant Total Access Communication Systems (ETACS and NTACS) in Europe and
Japan. These systems were almost identical from a radio standpoint, with the major
difference being the channel bandwidth. The AMPS system was built on a 30kHz chan-
nel size, whereas ETACS and NTACS used 25kHz and 12.5kHz, respectively. Table 1.2
provides a quick summary of first generation cellular systems.

[Link] Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

AMPS was developed by AT&T Bell Labs in the late 1970s and was first deployed
commercially in 1983 in Chicago and its nearby suburbs. The first system used large cell
areas and omni-directional base station antennas. The system covered 2,100 square miles

Table 1.2 Major First Generation Cellular Systems

NMT-450/
AMPS ETACS NTACS NMT-900
Year of 1983 1985 1988 1981
Introduction
Frequency D/L:869- D/L:916- D/L:860- NMT-450:450-470MHz
Bands 894MHz 949MHz 870MHz NMT-900:890-960MHz
U/L:824- U/L:871- U/L:915-
849MHz 904MHz 925MHz
Channel 30kHz 25kHz 12.5kHz NMT-450:25kHz
Bandwidth NMT-900:12.5kHz
Multiple FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA
Access
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD FDD
Voice FM FM FM FM
Modulation
Number of 832 1240 400 NMT-450:200
Channels NMT-900:1999

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6 Chapter 1 ! Evolution of Cellular Technologies

with only ten base stations, each with antenna tower height between 150 ft. and 550 ft.
Most of the early systems were designed for a carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) of 18dB
for satisfactory voice quality, and were deployed in a 7-cell frequency reuse pattern with
3 sectors per cell.
Besides the United States, AMPS was deployed in several countries in South America,
Asia, and North America. In the United States, the FCC assigned spectrum to two
operators per market—one an incumbent telecommunications carrier and the other a new
non-incumbent operator. Each operator was assigned 20MHz of spectrum, supporting a
total of 416 AMPS channels in each market. Of the 416 channels, 21 channels were
designated for control information and the remaining 395 channels carried voice traffic.
AMPS systems used Frequency Modulation (FM) for the transmission of analog voice
and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) for the control channel. Even after the deployment
of second generation (2G) systems, AMPS continued to be used by operators in North
America as a common fallback service available throughout the geography, as well as in
the context of providing roaming between different operator networks that had deployed
incompatible 2G systems.

1.2.2 2G Digital Cellular Systems

Improvements in processing abilities of hardware platforms over time enabled the devel-
opment of 2G wireless systems. 2G systems were also aimed primarily toward the voice
market but, unlike the first generation systems, used digital modulation. Shifting from
analog to digital enabled several improvements in systems performance. System capacity
was improved through (1) the use of spectrally efficient digital speech codecs, (2) mul-
tiplexing several users on the same frequency channel via time division or code division
multiplexing techniques, and (3) tighter frequency re-use enabled by better error per-
formance of digital modulation, coding, and equalization techniques, which reduced the
required carrier-to-interference ratio from 18dB to just a few dB. Voice quality was also
improved through the use of good speech codecs and robust link level signal processing.
2G systems also used simple encryption to provide a measure of security against eaves-
dropping and fraud, which were a source of major concern with first generation analog
systems.
Examples of 2G digital cellular systems include the Global System for Mobile Com-
munications (GSM), IS-95 CDMA, and IS-136 TDMA systems. GSM is by far the most
widely deployed of these systems; IS-95 is deployed in North America and parts of Asia;
IS-54 (later enhanced to IS-136) was initially deployed in North America but was later
discontinued and replaced mostly by GSM. IS-136 was a TDMA-based system that was
designed as a digital evolution of AMPS using 30kHz channels. The Personal Handy-
phone System (PHS) deployed in China, Japan, Taiwan, and some other Asian countries
is also often considered a 2G system. PHS is a cordless telephone system like the Digital
Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT) system but with capability to handover from one
cell to another, and operated in the 1880–1930MHz frequency band. Table 1.3 provides
a summary comparison of the various 2G digital cellular systems.
Besides providing improved voice quality, capacity, and security, 2G systems also en-
abled new applications. Prime among these was the Short Messaging Service (SMS). SMS
was first deployed in Europe in 1991, and quickly became a popular conversational tool

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1.2 Evolution of Mobile Broadband 7

Table 1.3 Major Second Generation Cellular Systems

GSM IS-95 IS-54/IS-136
Year of Introduction 1990 1993 1991
Frequency Bands 850/900MHz, 850MHz/1.9GHz 850MHz/1.9GHz
1.8/1.9GHz
Channel Bandwidth 200kHz 1.25MHz 30kHz
Multiple Access TDMA/FDMA CDMA TDMA/FDMA
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD
Voice Modulation GMSK DS-SS:BPSK, π/4QPSK
QPSK
Data Evolution GPRS, EDGE IS-95-B CDPD
Peak Data Rate GPRS:107kbps; IS-95-B:115kbps ∼ 12kbps
EDGE:384kbps
Typical User Rate GPRS:20-40kbps; IS-95B: <64kbps; 9.6kbps
EDGE:80-120kbps
User Plane Latency 600-700ms > 600ms > 600ms

among younger mobile subscribers. Today, over 2.5 billion SMS messages are sent each
day in the United States alone, and the service has been used for delivering news updates,
business process alerts, mobile payments, voting, and micro-blogging, among other things.
In addition to SMS, 2G systems also supported low data rate wireless data applica-
tions. Original 2G systems supported circuit switched data services (similar in concept
to dial-up modems), and later evolved to support packet data services as well. Early
wireless data services included information services such as the delivery of news, stock
quotes, weather, and directions, etc. Limitations in data rate and available space for dis-
play in handheld devices meant that specialized technologies, such as the Wireless Access
Protocol (WAP), had to be developed to tailor and deliver Internet content to handheld
devices.

[Link] GSM and Its Evolution

In 1982, many European countries came together under the auspices of the Conference
of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) to develop and standardize a pan-European
system for mobile services. The group was called the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) and
their main charter was to develop a system that could deliver inexpensive wireless voice
services, and work seamlessly across all of Europe. Prior to GSM, the European cellular
market was fragmented with a variety of mutually incompatible systems deployed in
different countries: Scandinavian countries had NMT-400 and NMT-900, Germany had
C-450, the United Kingdom had TACS, and France had Radiocom.
By 1989, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) took over
the development of the GSM standard and the first version, called GSM Phase I, was
released in 1990. Shortly thereafter, several operators in Europe deployed GSM. GSM
quickly gained acceptance beyond Europe and the standard was appropriately renamed

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8 Chapter 1 ! Evolution of Cellular Technologies

as the Global System for Mobile Communications. According to the Informa Telecoms
and Media, an industry analyst, GSM and its successor technologies today boast over 4.2
billion subscribers spread across 220 countries, a 90% global market share. The broad
worldwide adoption of GSM has made international roaming a seamless reality.
The GSM air-interface is based on a TDMA scheme where eight users are multiplexed
on a single 200kHz wide frequency channel by assigning different time slots to each user.
GSM employed a variant of FSK called Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) as its
modulation technique. GMSK was chosen due to its constant envelope property providing
good power and spectral efficiency characteristics.
Besides voice and SMS, the original GSM standard also supported circuit-switched
data at 9.6kbps. By the mid-1990s, ETSI introduced the GSM Packet Radio Systems
(GPRS) as an evolutionary step for GSM systems toward higher data rates. GPRS and
GSM systems share the same frequency bands, time slots, and signaling links. GPRS
defined four different channel coding schemes supporting 8kbps to 20kbps per slot. Under
favorable channel conditions, the higher 20kbps rate can be used, and if all eight slots in
the GSM TDM frame were used for data transmission, in theory, GPRS could provide a
maximum data rate of 160kbps. Typical implementations of GPRS provided a user data
rate of 20–40kbps.
Figure 1.2 provides a high-level architecture of a GSM/GPRS network. It is instructive
to review this architecture as it formed the basis from which later 3G systems and LTE
evolved. The original GSM architecture had two sub-components:

• Base Station Subsystem: This is comprised of the base-station transceiver (BTS)

units that the mobile stations (MS) connect with over the air-interface and the base
station controller (BSC), which manages and aggregates traffic from several BTSs
for transport to the switching core, and manages mobility across BTSs connected

BTS: Base Station Transceiver System

BSC: Base Station Controller
CGF: Charging Gateway Function
PSTN
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
HLR: Home Location Register
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
PCU: Packet Control Unit MSC/VLR HLR
RAN: Radio Access Network
AUC
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node SS7
VLR: Visitor Location Register Network
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

BTS GPRS
BSC
IP backbone
(RNC) SGSN
MS

PCU GGSN Internet/

BTS PDN
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Radio Access Network (RAN) GPRS Core Network

Figure 1.2 GSM network architecture.

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1.2 Evolution of Mobile Broadband 9

directly to them. BSCs evolved to become Radio Network Controllers (RNC) in

the 3G evolution of GSM.
• Network Switching Sub-system: This is comprised of the Mobile Switching
Center (MSC) and subscriber data bases. The MSC provides the required switching
to connect the calling party with the called party and is interconnected with the
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The MSC uses the Home Location
Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) to determine the location of
mobile subscribers for call control purposes.

As shown in Figure 1.2, a GSM system may be upgraded to a GPRS system by

introducing new elements, such as the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway
GPRS Support Node (GGSN), and upgrading existing network elements such as the
BTS with a packet control unit (PCU) for handling data. SGSN provides location and
mobility management and may be thought of as the packet data equivalent of MSC.
GGSN provides the IP access router functionality and connects the GPRS network to
the Internet and other IP networks.
The GSM standard got a further boost in its data handling capabilities with the
introduction of Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution, or EDGE, in the early part of
1997. EDGE added support for 8PSK modulation to boost the data rate. This allowed
for a maximum per slot data rate of 59.2kbps—a three-fold increase from GPRS speeds.
Typical user rates for EDGE varied from 80 to 120kbps.

[Link] CDMA (IS-95) and Its Evolution

In 1989, Qualcomm, a then obscure start-up company in San Diego, California, proposed
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as a more efficient, higher quality wireless tech-
nology and demonstrated a system implementation of it. In a remarkable achievement, in
1993, Qualcomm was able to get the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) to
adopt their proposal as an IS-95 standard providing an alternative to the IS-54 TDMA
standard that was adopted earlier as the digital evolution of AMPS. Unlike in other
digital wireless systems like GSM, in an IS-95 CDMA system multiple users share the
same frequency channel at the same time. Instead of time-slicing multiple users in a
given frequency channel, each user is assigned a different orthogonal spreading code that
is used to separate their signals at the receiver. Codes are applied by multiplying user
data symbols by a much higher rate code sequence, which leads to spreading the occupied
bandwidth. IS-95 CDMA uses a 1.25MHz bandwidth to transmit a 9.2kbps or lower voice
signal. Spreading signals over a larger bandwidth provides better immunity to multipath
fading and interference.
IS-95 CDMA systems claimed a number of advantages over TDMA systems for voice.
First, it enabled universal frequency reuse—that is, every cell can use the same frequency
channel—which simplified frequency planning and provided increased capacity. Second, it
used RAKE receivers that effectively combined multi-path signals to produce a stronger
signal thereby reducing the required transmitter power. Third, it improved handoff per-
formance by enabling soft-handoff, where a mobile can make a connection to a new base
station before disconnecting from its current base station; this is possible since all base
stations use the same frequency. Further, it implemented voice activity detection to turn

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10 Chapter 1 ! Evolution of Cellular Technologies

off transmissions during silent periods, thereby reducing the overall interference level and
increasing system capacity. All these features gave CDMA systems a higher voice capac-
ity than GSM. It should be noted, though, that by implementing slow frequency hopping,
GSM countered a lot of the frequency reuse advantages of CDMA. To keep the interfer-
ence in check and improve system capacity, IS-95 implements fast (800Hz on uplink) and
effective power control mechanisms, which were a huge challenge at that time.
In the early days of digital cellular, there was a rigorous debate between the propo-
nents of TDMA and CDMA about which technology provided superior capacity and cov-
erage. Practical deployments have tended to prove that IS-95 CDMA technology offered
better coverage and capacity. This is further evidenced by the fact that even TDMA
proponents adopted a CDMA-based technology as part of their evolution plan for 3G.
IS-95 CDMA systems, however, did not succeed in gaining nearly as broad a global
adoption as GSM. As of 2009, IS-95 and its evolutionary systems had about 480 million
subscribers—most in North America, South Korea, Brazil, and India.
In addition to voice, the original (IS-95A) system supported a single dedicated data
channel at 9.6kbps. A later evolution, called IS-95B, introduced a burst or packet mode
transmission for improved efficiency. It also defined a new Supplemental Code Channel
(SCH) that supported a data rate of 14.4kbps, and allowed for combining up to 7 SCH
channels to provide a peak rate of 115.2kbps.
The CDMA community developed 3G evolution plans and aggressively deployed them
well ahead of similar systems becoming available for GSM operators. They were able to
get 3G rates without changing the 1.25MHz channel bandwidth or giving up on back-
ward compatibility, which made the migration easier on operators. While GSM operators
sought more gradual evolution to 3G through GPRS and EDGE, CDMA operators moved
more rapidly to deploy their 3G networks: CDMA2000-1X and EV-DO.

1.2.3 3G Broadband Wireless Systems

Clearly, 2G digital cellular systems provided significant increase in voice capacity, im-
proved voice quality, and began support for data applications such as Internet access.
The circuit-switched paradigm based on which these systems were built made 2G systems
very inefficient for data, and hence provided only low-data rate support—tens of kilobits
per second, typically—and limited capacity.
Third generation (3G) systems were a significant leap over 2G, providing much higher
data rates, significant increase in voice capacity, and supporting advanced services and
applications, including multimedia. Work on 3G began in the early 1990s when the Inter-
national Telecommunications Union (ITU) began invitation for proposals for 3G systems
(known as IMT-2000) and started identifying spectrum for it. The ITU’s objective was to
create a globally harmonized specification for mobile communication that would facilitate
global interoperability and provide the scale to lower cost. The ITU laid out the following
data rate requirements as the criterion for IMT-2000:

• 2Mbps in fixed or in building environments

• 384kbps in pedestrian or urban environments
• 144kbps in wide area vehicular environments

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1.2 Evolution of Mobile Broadband 11

Besides high data rate, 3G systems also envisioned providing better Quality of Service
(QoS) control tailored for a variety of applications—from voice telephony and interactive
games, to Web browsing, e-mail, and streaming multimedia applications.
A number of proposals were submitted to the ITU over the past 10–15 years, and six
have been accepted so far. One of the more interesting aspects of the 3G proposals was
the choice of CDMA as the preferred access technique for the majority of 3G systems.
Not only did the IS-95 camp propose evolution toward a CDMA-based 3G technology
called CDMA2000, but the GSM camp offered its own version of CDMA, called wideband
CDMA (W-CDMA). So far, the ITU has accepted and approved the following terrestrial
radio interfaces for IMT-2000:

• IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread (IMT-DS): This standard is more com-

monly known as W-CDMA and was proposed as the air-interface for the Univer-
sal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS) solution proposed by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP) as the evolution of GSM systems.

• IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-carrier (IMT-MC): This standard was proposed by

the 3GPP2 organization and represents an evolution of the IS-95 systems. They
are more commonly known as IX-EV-DO.
• IMT-2000 CDMA TDD (IMT-TC): This standard is also proposed by 3GPP
for operation in unpaired spectrum using Time Division Duplexing technology. It is
also known as UMTS-TDD or TD-SCDMA (Time Division, Synchronous CDMA)
and is mostly used in China.

• IMT-2000 TDMA Single Carrier (IMT-SC): This standard was proposed by

the Universal Wireless Consortium in the United States as a lower-cost evolution
to 3G. Also called UWC-136, this is essentially the EDGE standard developed by
3GPP.

• IMT-2000 FDMA/TDMA (IMT-FT): The Digital European Cordless Tele-

phone (DECT) standard was also accepted as an IMT-2000 air-interface, primarily
for indoor and pico-cell applications.

• IMT-2000 IP-OFDMA: This standard, more commonly known as WiMAX or

IEEE 802.16e, was accepted by the ITU as a sixth air-interface in 2007.

Table 1.4 provides a quick summary of the major 3G system characteristics. A more
detailed discussion of the four major 3G technologies is provided in the following sub-
sections.

[Link] CDMA 2000 and EV-DO

The 3G evolution of IS-95 standards was called CDMA2000 by the CDMA community.
Though most of the early work was done by Qualcomm and the CDMA development
group, the official standardization process moved to a collaborative standards body called
the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) in 1999. CDMA2000-1X was the
first evolution of IS-95 toward 3G accepted as an IMT-2000 interface. The 1X term implies

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12 Chapter 1 ! Evolution of Cellular Technologies

Table 1.4 Summary of Major 3G Standards

CDMA2000
W-CDMA 1X EV-DO HSPA
Standard 3GPP 3GPP2 3GPP2 3GPP
Release 99 Release 5/6
Frequency 850/900MHz, 450/850MHz 450/850MHz 850/900MHz,
Bands 1.8/1.9/2.1GHz 1.7/1.9/2.1GHz 1.7/1.9/2.1GHz 1.8/1.9/2.1GHz
Channel 5MHz 1.25MHz 1.25MHz 5MHz
Band-
width
Peak Data 384–2048kbps 307kbps DL:2.4–4.9Mbps DL:3.6–
Rate UL:800– 14.4Mbps
1800kbps UL:2.3–5Mbps
Typical 150–300kbps 120–200kbps 400–600kbps 500–700kbps
User Rate
User-Plane 100–200ms 500–600ms 50–200ms 70–90ms
Latency
Multiple CDMA CDMA CDMA/TDMA CDMA/TDMA
Access
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD FDD
Data Mod- DS-SS: QPSK DS-SS: BPSK, DS-SS: QPSK, DS-SS: QPSK,
ulation QPSK 8PSK and 16QAM and
16QAM 64QAM

that it uses the same bandwidth (1.25MHz) as IS-95. The data capabilities were enhanced
by adding separate logical channels termed supplemental channels. Each link can support
a single fundamental channel (at 9.6kbps) and multiple supplemental channels (up to
307kbps). Strictly speaking, this is less than the 3G requirements, and for this reason,
one may refer to CDMA2000-1X as a 2.5G system. The data rate can be increased up
to 2Mbps through the use of multiple carriers as in CDMA2000-3X. CDMA2000-1X
theoretically doubles the capacity of IS-95 by adding 64 more traffic channels to the
forward link, orthogonal to the original set of 64. The uplink was improved through
the use of coherent modulation; and the downlink through the addition of fast (800Hz)
power control to match the uplink. Advanced antenna capabilities were also integrated
into the new standard through options for transmit diversity as well as supplemental pilot
options for beam-steering. A key to these upgrades is that they are backward compatible.
CDMA2000 and IS-95A/B could be deployed on the same carrier, which allowed for a
smooth migration.
In order to achieve higher data rates (up to 2Mbps) as well as improve overall system
throughput for packet data scenarios, the CDMA2000-1X standard was also evolved to
CDMA2000-1X-EVDO (EV olution, Data Only). As the name implies, the standard is
applicable to data traffic only and there is no support for voice or other real time services.

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