Vol. 3 No.

1 (2025)
Liberal Journal of Language & Literature Review
Print ISSN: 3006-5887
Liberal JournalOnline
of Language & Literature Review
ISSN: 3006-5895
Print ISSN: 3006-5887
Liberal Journal of Language & Literature Review
Online ISSN: 3006-5895
[Link]

Exploring the Intricate Relationship between Semantics and

1
Azhar Ahmad, 2Dr. Ishfaque Ahmed Abbasi,
3
Rashid Hussain Abbasi, 4Bushra Rasheed
1
M. Phil English (Linguistics) Lahore Leads University,
Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Email:
azharscholar313@[Link]
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Maths, Basic
Sciences and Humanities, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh,
Pakistan. Email: ishfaque@[Link]
3
Lecturer department of maths, basic sciences and
humanities, Sukkur IBA university Sindh, Pakistan.
Email: rashidhussain@[Link]
4
MPhil English (Linguistics), Institute of Humanities
and Arts, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Email: bushrarasheed23@[Link]

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Abstract

The main objective of the present study was to explore the intricate relationships between the
two subfields of linguistics known as semantics and computational linguistics. For this
purpose, researcher employed content analysis approach for congregating information from
different written sources available on social media books, articles and newspapers. The
findings of the research unveiled different type of relationships between these two as both are
related as subfields of linguistics; different aspects and functions are also common;
relationships through disciplines of computer science; theory of computation expressing
relationship; semantic analysis expressing relationships; applications of computational
linguistics (Automatic hyphenation, grammar, spelling and style checking, references to
words and words to combinations, information retrieval) are expressing relationships;
semantic computing expressing relationships; and Human Language Technology (HLT). On
the bases of these findings’ researchers presented some recommendations for the future
scholars and researchers.
Keywords: Linguistics, Semantics, Computational linguistics.
Introduction
Before exploring the intricate relationships between semantics and computational linguistics
it is necessary to understand the meanings and worth of both terms known as semantics and
computational linguistics, it is necessary to understand its accurate meaning. Therefore, the
both terms are presented blew concisely to familiarize with these terms.
Semantics
Defining semantics, we can say that the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words,
phrases, and sentences is called semantics. While focusing on its terminology we find that the
noun semantics and adjective semantic are derived from Greek word semantikos meaning
signify (Green et al., 2002; Zhuge, 2010; Ahmad et al., 2021). The renowned French linguist
Michel Boreal is considered as the founder of modern semantics and first of all the term
semantics was used by him in (1833). Semantics is a sub-discipline of linguistics which
emphases on the study of meaning. It attempts to understand meaning of a word or element
language; moreover, it also tries to understand that by what means it is created by language;
likewise, it interpreted, obscured and negotiated by speakers and listeners of a language

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(Green et al., 2002). Semantics has also close linkage with one more sub discipline of
linguistics known as pragmatics which is study of meaning in context. On the other hand,
unlike pragmatics, semantics is an extremely theoretic research perspective, and lonely looks
at meaning in language but pragmatics is additionally more applied subject focusing on the
meaning in the usage of language. In the field of linguistics semantics looks that just how
meaning is created which is significant to understand that how language works as a whole.
The study of semantic originated during ancient times but it was not acknowledged as an
independent field until nineteenth century (Nerbonne, 1995; Gliozzo & Strapparava, 2009).
Computational Linguistics
Computational linguistics is a field ranges between linguistics and computer science with the
help of psychology and logic. It uses computers to simplify treating with linguistic issues. It
is considered as a branch of computer science as well as of linguistics (Muslim, 2007). Farhat,
2019). Computational linguistics originated in late 1950s but the roots of this field goes back
to the early days of computing. The term Computational linguistics was coined and first time
used by David Hayes in 1970s decade. Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field
of linguistics that applies computers while analyzing and comprehending verbal and written
language. It combines linguistics, computer science and artificial intelligence to comprehend
language from a computational perspective. It aids in simplifying our communication with the
help of technological software (Maitlo, Abbasi & Ali, 2024). 2024; Zou, 2024). Computational
linguistics focuses on the system or concept that machine can be computed to understand, learn
or output languages. Whereas Natural Language Processing which is abbreviated as NLP is the
application of processing language which enables a computer program to understand human
language in both written and spoken forms (Smith, 1982; Delmonte, 2007; Zhuge, 2010).
“Computational linguistics is a field ranges between linguistics and computer science
with the help of psychology and logic. It uses computers to simplify treating with linguistic
issues. It is considered as a branch of computer science as well as of linguistics” (Muslim,
2007, p.29). Computational linguistics appeared from the amalgamation of classic linguistics
with computer science field; that makes it purely an innovative discipline (Jeevan et al., 2023;
Younus et al., 2023). But as we go through the pages of history, we find that its early form of
this field was totally abstract (Maitlo et al., 2024; Sadaf et al., 2024) The linguists belong to the
earlier ages often imagined that in the future computer possibly will be able to evaluate
language practically and this idea has been changed in practicality. In the modern age linguists

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are using computer science, artificial intelligence, and in the science of neurology to create
prototypes and models which are making easy for computer devices to progress language
(Blackburn & Bos, 2003; Fox, 2010; Boleda, 2020; Maitlo, Shah & Ahmed, 2024).
Aim of the Study
The present study aims to exploring the intricate relationship between semantics and
computational linguistics. Previously there are some works done to finds different types of
relationships between the different subfields of linguistics. But there is no study conducted to
explore the relationships between these two sub fields of linguistics. Therefore, this study will
pave way for the future researchers and scholars to consider on this topic which was ignored
from a long time.
Significance of the Study
The present study is significant in this regard because earlier no one has made attempt to
explore the relations between these two sub fields. But the in my assignment work I have
tried to find the relationships between these sub field of linguistics known as semantics and
computational linguistics. The study is also valuable in aspect as it will pave way for the
future researchers to work in these areas of linguistics in their contexts.
Limitations of the Study
 The present study has some limitations as it comprises only two subfields of linguistics
disregarding other areas and fields of linguistics; whereas syntax, morphology, pragmatics and
other macro level sub fields are totally overlooked.
 In the present study writer have only attempted to explore the relationships between two
sub fields, while it can be extended to the other areas as features, significance, functions,
purposes etc. these are totally sidestepped in this work.
 The present study is also limited to a particular setting and particular subject.
But instead of all these limitations this study is significant and valuable masterpiece work for
the reason that this is newfangled theme and insignificant work is done on this topic, so the
author made this arduous mission possible and explored many kinds of complex relationships
between these two subfields of linguistics. This is also significant in itself.
Theoretical Framework
“The structure that can support a theory is called theoretical framework; it not only
encompasses the theory, but narrative explanation about how the researcher engages in using
the theory and its underlying assumptions to investigate the research problem” (Ahmad,

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Farhat & Abbas, 2024, p.302). the present study follows the study conducted by Abdullayev
& Kholbekova, (2023) examined the relationships between syntax and semantics in the context
of Uzbekistan State World Languages University, he conducted study to explore the complex
connection concerning semantics and syntax both are important subfields of linguistics earlier
preform vital part in transfer meaning while later manages the organization of words to make
sentence. These both fields related to the micro level of linguistics. In the same way in the
present study is conducted to explore the intricate relationships between semantics and
computational linguistics in Pakistani context and these both are subfields of linguistics. But
in the present study semantic belongs to micro level and computational linguistics is related
to macro level sub field of linguistics.
Literature Review
A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and
sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period (Ahmad et al.,
2025; Jalbani et al., 2023). A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources,
but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis (Rao et
al., 2023; Amin et al., 2024). The literature review of the present study contains on semantics
in computer Science, followed by some previous related research works to the present study.
Semantics in Computer Science
In programming language theory, semantics is the difficult scientific study of the meanings of
programming languages. The semantics gives computational meaning to effective sequences
in programming linguistic composition. That is narrowly connected to and frequently signs
over the semantics of scientific evidences. Semantics refer to the procedures which computer
monitors during performing a database in a particular linguistic set. It might be performed by
defining the linkage among the contribution and production of a database, while providing
clarification that how database will be performed on a definite stage, thus generating models
on a computer (Simmons, 1972).
Previous Related Studies
Pulman, (2007) Formal and computational semantics: a case study. Muslim, (2007) not only
presented an introduction of computational linguistics but also highlighted its advantages and
disadvantages. Fox, (2010) in his book computational semantics the handbook of
computational linguistics and natural language processing. The present study is inclusive
exertion that offers an outline of the ideas, approaches, and presentations in computational

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linguistics and natural language processing (NLP). Jabeen, Gao and Andreae (2020), in the
article entitled “Semantic association computation: a comprehensive survey”. The study
analysed semantic linkage with computer. The findings of this survey research revealed that
semantics has some relations with computational linguistics. Some more researches are
conducted in different contexts which are related to this present topic to some extent as Scott
& Strachey, (1971) studied mathematical semantics for computer languages Jurafsky, (2006)
in his book analysed pragmatics and computational linguistics. Hausser, (2011) analysed
computational linguistics and talking robots in processing content in database semantics.
Research Methodology
“The research methodology is the procedure which is used by the researchers to gather data
for resolving problems of investigation” (Ahmad, Farhat & Choudhary, 2022). The content
analysis approach was employed for congregating information from different written sources
available on social media books, articles and newspapers.
Research Findings
This part of my article contains on relationship as sub-fields of linguistics, computational
linguistics aspects expressing relations, functions of computational semantics expressing
relationships, relationships through disciplines of computer science, theory of computation
expressing relationship, and semantic analysis expressing relationships.
Relationship as Sub-Fields of Linguistics
Semantics is a micro level branch of linguistics which studies language in the abstract
without regard to its meaning. But the computational is macro level field of linguistics that
studies how machines process human language. Here I want to make clear the difference
between micro level and macro level fields of linguistics; the former refers to a narrower field
of linguistics which studies language internally, and it includes phonetics, phonology,
morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics; while the later refers to a border field and its
function is to study that how machine process in human language. The study of how
machines can understand, learn, and output human language is closely linked to Natural
Language Processing NLP. Although there is difference in the levels of semantics and
computational linguistics but in spite of these level differences both are subfield of linguistics
therefore both fields are related with each other (Smith, 1982; Fox 2010).
Semantics and computational linguistics are related fields; computational semantics is
subfield of computational linguistics that studies how to automatically analyze meaning of

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natural language. Semantics refers to study meaning and how it’s linguistically encoded; but
computational linguistics is study of preforming computations on linguistic objects while its
subfield which is known as computational linguistics study that how meaning of a natural
language is analyzed automatically by using computers (Liu et al., 2017; Maruthi et al., 2021;
Aladakatti et al., 2023 ).
The figure number one blew is highlighting the functions of computational linguistics:

Source: ([Link]
Computational linguistics comprises, Natural Language Processing (NLP), search recognition
and machine translation, syntax and semantics analysis, deep language and natural language
networks, corpus linguistics, and information retrieval. These are part of computational
linguistics as showed in the above figure number one.
Computational Linguistics Aspects Expressing Relations
There are some key aspects of computational linguistics expressing relations of computational
linguistics with semantics.
 First aspect is known as Natural Language Processing (NLP) which is a subcategory of
computational linguistics which focuses on the interaction between computers and human
language. It includes set of rules and models which enables computers in understanding,
interpreting and generating human language.

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The figure number two below is presenting the function of natural language processing:

(Source: [Link]
The above figure number two is showing that there are six main functions of Natural Language
Processing (NLP), as the text generation, text preprocessing, and tokenization, part of speech
tagging, and named entity recognition, followed by semantic analysis. That is expressing the
intricate relationship between semantics and computational linguistics.
 The second aspect is known as Speech Recognition which allows computers to convert
verbal language in written text. Speech recognition is a technology which permits computers to
translate verbal arguments in to writing. This is a cross-disciplinary field that combining
computer science, linguistics, acoustics, digital signal processing, artificial intelligence, and
mathematical statistics.
 The third aspect of computational linguistics is recognized as Information Retrieval
which is essential in developing search engines and Information Retrieval system can cognize
the operator’s enquiry and provides related outcomes. It includes evaluating the meaning and
structure of language to develop the accurateness of search systems.
 The fourth aspect of computational linguistics is identified as Machine Translation
which emphases on developing systems that translate text or speech from one language to
another language automatically. It is principally significant in this globalized circle, easing
communication from corner to corner of language borders.
 The fifth aspect of computational linguistics is identified as corpus linguistics which
often works with wide-ranging collections of texts or bodies for the purpose of analyze the
its forms in the use of language. It aids in increasing set of rules and modals for a number of
tasks linked to language.
 Sixth aspect of computational linguistics is identified as Syntax and Semantics Analysis.

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Computational linguistics comprises generating models to analyze grammatical structure of
sentences (syntax) and meaning (semantics). It aids in extracting significant information a
text and develop the context of understanding.
From the above aspects it becomes clear that the computational linguistics is deeply
related to the field of linguistics. The aim of my study is find more and more relationships
between these two fields of linguistics known as semantics and computational linguistics.
Consequently, while probing these relationships between both fields I find that the sub field of
computational linguistics termed as computational semantics which is study of how to automate
the procedure of creating and thinking with meaning demonstrations of natural language
expressing is possible. Computational semantics therefore preform a significant part in natural
language processing and computational linguistics (Saint-Dizier & Viegas, 1995; Fox, 2010).
Functions of Computational Semantics Expressing Relationships
There are some functions of computational semantics which expresses the complex
relationships between the semantics and computational linguists. Firstly, computational
semantics preforms automatic meaning analysis of natural language. Secondly, research in
computational semantics designs meaning signs and develops tools for transmission
automatically. Lastly, computational semantics is not merely preforming particularly
undertaking monumental tasks but it comprises numerous sub-tasks containing sense of
words, constructions of words, disambiguation, multi-word expression analysis, semantic role
classification, syntax and sematic structures, co-reference resolution, and the automatic
induction of semantic evidence from data. Moreover computational semantics not only
studies that just how the meaning of natural language words can be signified and proceeded
on computers but it frequently depend on the understandings of formal semantics and put on
them to problems that can be solved by using computer devices (Green et al., 2002). Some of
its key problems include computing the meaning of complex expressions by analyzing their
parts, holding vagueness, ambiguity, and context-dependence, and using the extracted
information in automatic reasoning (Green et al., 2002). It forms part of computational
linguistics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. Its applications include machine
learning and machine-translation. These functions of the computational semantics are
expressing relationships between semantics and computational linguistics. (Simmons, 1972;
Blackburn & Bos, 2003; Fox, 2010; Abdullayev & Kholbekova, 2023).

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Relationships through Disciplines of Computer Science
Semantics and computational linguistics is also related by the discipline of computer science.
In disciplines of computer science the semantics of a program is how it works as a computer
device works. Semantics differ from syntax that is the specific formula in it directions are
transported. The similar behavior can usually be referred with dissimilar formulas of syntax.
In java script it is the case for commands i+ = 1 and i = i + 1, these are not the same in syntax
way and these terms are increasing the value of the variable by i by one. This variance is
similarly reflecting in diverse programs of linguistic sciences relying on dissimilar syntax
however can be generally engaged to generate databases with similar behaviors on semantic
level. In this regard the semantic is also related to computational linguistics (Rosner &
Johnson, 1992; Rapaport, 1995).
Theory of Computation Expressing Relationship
Computer science is the study of precise descriptions of finite processes; and semantics is
study of meaning in language. In this regard computational semantics embraces any project
which approaches the phenomena of meaning. Therefore, theory of computation or
computational also becomes a source of relationship between semantics and computational
linguistics.
Semantic Analysis Expressing Relationships
Semantic analysis often referred to as meaning analysis is a process used in linguistics, data
analytics, and computer science for the purpose of understanding the meaning of given text or
set of texts. In computer science it is extensively used in compiler design where it ensures
that the code written follows the correct syntax and semantics of the programming language.
In the context of natural language processing and big data analytics it delves in to
understanding the contextual meaning of individual words used not only in the sentences but
also in the entire documents (Simmons, 1972; Muslim, 2007). By breaking down the
linguistic constructs and relationships semantic analysis helps machine to grasp the
underlying significance, themes, emotions carried by the text. In a nutshell, semantics
analysis is a procedure which helps computers in understanding the meanings of the words
and phrases in context. Its key part of natural language processing that allows computers to
understand language. Semantic analysis can understand meaning of words; it can also
understand the meanings of the individual words and the relationship between these words.
Semantic analysis also can analyse meaning of sentences and examines the meaning of the

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words that comes together in the sentence (Simmons, 1972; Muslim, 2007). Moreover,
semantic analysis can interpret tone, feeling and emotion in a text. Furthermore, it can not
only determine connotation whether tone is positive or negative or neutral, but it also help
search engines to understand intent behind a search query. Consequently, it becomes clear
that there is relationship between semantics and computational linguistics (Simmons, 1972;
Rapaport, 1995; Muslim, 2007; Pulman, 2007).
Applications of Computational Linguistics Expressing Relationships
There are some applications of computational linguistics that are expressing relationships
between both fields of linguistics named semantics and computational linguistics. These are
application of automatic hyphenation, application of spelling checking, application of
grammar checking, application of style checking, and application of references to words and
words to combinations followed by application of information retrieval. These applications
are briefly analysed through their functions to explore the relationship between semantics and
computational linguistics.
Automatic Hyphenation
Automatic hyphenation is used to join two elements of compound words or single word at the
end of line. It fits long words in a suitable form by means of computer device.
Spelling Checking
This is a method used in computer to correct typo mistakes in written texts. This application
not only checks spellings but also suggests some word from which the operator can select
correct word. For instance, if user has type presen incorrectly the spelling checker will
provide full form of words by suggesting words present and preset from these suggested
words the user can select required word.
Grammar Checking
This is a method used in computer not merely to check grammar but it also corrects the
grammar. It is useful tool and used for various purposes in the modern times. Written works
and documents are corrected by the grammar checker soft wares. Muslim (2007) pointed out
that a “useful grammar checker should bear a complete syntactic analysis (parsing) system of
a text in order to be an active assistant to the user” (p.36).
Style Checking
“Each literary category has its own style of writing. In official writing; one should choose
constructions far from slang language. The style checker provides the user with the correct

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choice. It also parses the text automatically in order to find out the wrong syntactic
constructions” (Muslim, 2007, p.36).
References to Words and Words to Combinations
The operator can easily get find a combination of words “semantically related to a certain one.
This is achieved by autonomous on-line dictionaries and other which are built in. The user
can get benefit from such references to choose the most appropriate word for text” Muslim,
2007, p.36).
Information Retrieval
This program was planned for searching related evidence that can be finding in several types
of documentation. Dissimilar research approaches are used for the reason that to fulfil the
excessive aspiration of searching for systematic objects existed in documentation.
The above analysed six applications showed that the semantics and computational linguistics
are related fields. Muslim, (2007) also pointed the functions of these applications of
computational linguistics but in the present study these applications of computational
linguistics are analysed regarding the relationship between semantics and computational
linguistics which makes it a valuable work.
Semantic Computing Expressing Relationships
Semantic computing is a field of computing that combines elements of semantic analysis,
elements of natural language processing, elements of data mining, elements of knowledge
graphics, and elements of related fields. Semantic computing discusses three main
complications as firstly, understanding the objectives of semantics that users are
communicating computer machine translation; secondly, understanding the semantics of
computational contents; thirdly, planning the semantics of operators with purpose of content
recovery, organization, creation etc. The name of this field is semantic computing which is
expressing the relationship between semantics and computational linguistics.
Human Language Technology (HLT)
Language technology often called Human Language Technology abbreviated as HLT; it
studies approaches of in which way computer programs or electronic devices such as laptop
etc. can analyze, produce, modify, or respond to human texts and speech. But keep in mind
that working with technology often requires broad knowledge not only about linguistics but
also about computer science. Human Language Technology (HLT) is an interdisciplinary
field that examines how computer programs and strategies can investigate, create transform,

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and answer to human speech and writing. Word sense disambiguation that is abbreviated as
WSD is the processes of analyzing the accurate meaning of an expression in a sentence or in
other situation. It is a normal arrangement problem that is significant in various fields,
including text analytics, information retrieval, and speech acknowledgement. Multi word
expression analysis, semantic role labeling, the construction of sentence semantic structure,
conference resolution, the automatic induction of semantic information from data, and
manually constructed developmental resources in computational semantics. These resources
hypothesize the linguistic constructions to be targeted in automatic analysis and these are
facilitating high quality information organized by humans that can be used to teach machine
learning systems. For instance, WordNet, ProbBank, FrameNet, VerbNet, TimeBank and
many others.
Discussions
Computational linguistics deals with the applications of computers to work with language.
There are number of things that human do with language that can be automated to degree of a
computer translating from one language to another language, recognizing the speech,
pronouncing these words, understanding sentence and large texts, and producing text that
conveys meaning or information. As in computational linguistics, computers work with
language aspects such as translation of languages from one language to another language.
Consequently, in order for the computer to translate words, sentences, and large text to
another language correctly, they should firstly be semantically as well as grammatically
meaningful so as words or sentences in to the second language would also be meaningful.
The wrongly constructed words, sentences, or large text in the first language leads to wrong
translation in the second target language.
In a natural language performing meanings analysis automatically is main function of
computational semantics. The study of computational semantics develops depictions of
meaning and also advances appliances for the purpose of conveying it in automatic way.
Moreover, computational semantics is not merely particular monumental mission but it
entails several sub-tasks as well as word sense dis-ambiguities, investigating multi word
communication, labelling semantic role, building sentence in semantic arrangement,
reference purpose, and automatically generating semantic evidence from facts. The growth of
created properties in manual way is massively significant in motivating and advancing this
field. Instances consist of Word Net, Prop Bank, Frame Net, Verb Net, and Time Bank. These

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properties insist on the language arrangements to be directed in programmed investigation,
and these are providing extraordinary quality human made information which can be
employed to sequence in machine learning systems. Administered machine learning based on
manual way created properties that are generally employed procedures.
Second fundamental element is the generation of to become familiarize to vocabulary
from written documents. For, instance, words can be signified from side to side the
perspectives in which these appeared is named distributional directions and embedding’s, as
in semantic way comparable words have comparable signs. The semantic relations
concerning words can be inferred from forms of words that connected these words. Wide
coverage semantic analysis constantly wants additional information, together the knowledge
of vocabulary and knowledge of the world, and programmed instruction at least relieves the
problematic issues.
Compositionality is a third core theme: the systematic construction of structural
meaning representations of larger expressions from the meaning representations of their parts.
The representations typically use logics of varying expressivity, which makes them well
suited to performing automatic inferences with theorem proverbs. Manual specification and
automatic acquisition of knowledge are closely intertwined. Manually created resources are
automatically extended or merged. The automatic induction of semantic information is
guided and constrained by manually specified information, which is much more reliable. And
for restricted domains, the construction of logical representations is learned from data. It is at
the intersection of manual specification and machine learning that some of the current larger
questions of computational semantics are located.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Concluded that semantic is deeply linked to the computational linguistics, but it is complex to
explore the relations between both subfields of linguistics. The purpose of my study was to
explore these complicated links between semantics and computational linguistics. By
analysing both subfields of linguistics from different perspectives I find some connections
between both as sub-fields of linguistics, computational linguistics aspects, functions of
computational semantics, disciplines of computer science, theory of computation, and
semantic analysis. The study finds that there is least work is done on this theme and it was
severely ignored by the preceding scholars and researchers. Now the young researchers and
scholars must take responsibility on their shoulders to work on this area of linguistics that

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was continually overlooked. The present assignment work will pave way for the future
researchers and scholars and it will become an evidence of masterpiece work in future.
Moreover, it will instigate scholars and researchers to conduct more valuable works on
current subject to benefit the realm of linguistics.
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