16.
1 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Classes are used. Within a class, there are data members and member functions.
- Data Members: Information belonging to the object (e.g., name, age)
- Member Functions: Operations like print, calculate
- Object: An instance of a class. It occupies memory.
!!!!
In C++, OOP increases code reusability.
The code becomes modular: each object carries its own responsibility.
Main principles of OOP:
1. Encapsulation: Preventing direct access to data, using setters/getters instead
2. Inheritance: A class inherits properties and methods from another class, reducing code repetition
3. Polymorphism: The same method name can function differently in various classes
4. Abstraction: Highlighting only essential features of a complex system/object, ignoring other details
- Function declaration: class Car { void start(); }; (Does not include a body since the result is not defined yet!)
- Definition: void write() { cout << "Hello"; } (Includes a body - result is "Hello")
To include a body: You need curly braces + a defined outcome
16.2 Defining a Class with Member Functions
class Car {
public:
void start() {
cout << "Car started!" << endl;
};
public defines elements accessible from outside.
Car bmw;
[Link](); // Output: "Car started!"
Functions defined inside the class can be used directly.
The semicolon ; at the end of a class definition is mandatory.
16.3 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter
- Member function with parameter: void write(int);
- Functions can take input (parameters) to be more flexible:
class Student {
public:
void greet(string name); // Declaration only
};
// Defined outside the class
void Student::greet(string name) {
cout << "Hello, " << name << "!" << endl;
This structure is preferred in large projects for better code organization.
16.4 Data Members, Set and Get Functions
Data Member: Variables defined inside a class, usually private:
class Student {
private:
string name;
};
Set and Get Usage:
Student stu;
[Link]("Ayse");
cout << [Link](); // Output: "Ayse"
Why private + set/get?
- Ensures encapsulation: Data cannot be directly modified, giving us control
- Protects against invalid data input
16.5 Constructors
- Run automatically, are assigned automatically
- Constructor name must be the same as the class
- No return type (no void, int, etc. DO NOT WRITE!)
- Constructors can be overloaded:
class Car {
public:
Car() { cout << "Default\n"; }
Car(string brand) { cout << "Brand: " << brand << endl; }
};
16.6 Placing Class in a Separate File
1. Header (.h) file = Declares the class. Written at the top.
2. Source (.cpp) file = Defines the functions. Written at the bottom.
Advantages:
- Improves code readability
- Reduces code duplication
- Facilitates teamwork
