Fuzzy Logic - Introduction

Fuzzy Logic
History of Fuzzy Logic

Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh

[Link]

In 1965, Lotfi A. Zadeh of the University of California at Berkeley

published "Fuzzy Sets," which laid out the mathematics of fuzzy
set theory and, by extension, fuzzy logic. Zadeh had observed
that conventional computer logic couldn't manipulate data that
represented subjective or vague ideas, so he created fuzzy logic
to allow computers to determine the distinctions among data with
shades of gray, similar to the process of human reasoning.

Source: August 30, 2004 [Link]

(Computerworld)
 Fuzzy Logic
What is Fuzzy Logic?
A computational paradigm that is based on how humans think

Fuzzy Logic looks at the world in imprecise terms, in much the same way
that our brain takes in information (e.g. temperature is hot, speed is slow),
then responds with precise actions.

The human brain can reason with uncertainties, vagueness, and

judgments. Computers can only manipulate precise valuations. Fuzzy logic
is an attempt to combine the two techniques.

“Fuzzy” – a misnomer, has resulted in the mistaken suspicion that FL is

somehow less exacting than traditional logic
 How to represent fuzzy set
• fuzzy set A A set of duples
• A = {(x, µA(x))| x Є X} where µA(x) is called
the membership function for the fuzzy set
A. X is referred to as the universe of
discourse.
• The membership function associates each
element x Є X with a value in the interval
[0,1].
 Trapezoid membership
[0,1] μ - range function
[10,0.7]
[15,.1] 1
A [20,0]
[12,.2]

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13,1,15

X UOD - domain

NOTE: 7,15 are parameters

of the trapezoid membership function
• X can be discrete or continuous
• Range is typically continuous
 Fuzzy sets with a discrete
universe
• Let X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} be a set of
numbers of Televisions a family of 4 may
possibly have.
• fuzzy set A with “sensible number of TVs
in a family of four” may be described by
• A = { (0, 0.1), (1, 0.3), (2, 0.1), (3, .7),
(4, 0.3), (5,0) }
 Fuzzy sets with a continuous
universe
• X = R+ be the set of possible ages for
human beings.
• fuzzy set B = “about 50 years old” may be
expressed as
• B = {(x, µB(x)∣x Є X}, where
• µB(x) = 1/(1 + ((x-50)/10)4
 We use the following notation to
describe fuzzy sets.

•
 Overlapping classes
young middle aged old
1.0

0.0

age
• Support(A) is set of all points x in X such
that
• {(x∣ µA(x) > 0 }
• core(A) is set of all points x in X such that
• {(x∣ µA(x) =1 }
• Fuzzy set whose support is a single point
in X with µA(x) =1 is called fuzzy singleton
• Crossover point of a fuzzy set A is a point
x in X such that
• {(x∣ µA(x) = 0.5 }
• α-cut of a fuzzy set A is set of all points x in
X such that
• {(x∣ µA(x) ≥ α }
• Convexity µA(λx1 + (1-λ)x2 ) ≥min(µA( x1),
µA( x2)). Then A is convex.
• Bandth width is |x2-x1| where x2 and x1
are crossover points.
• Symmetry µA( c+x) = µA( c-x) for all x Є X.
Then A is symmetric.
• Containment or Subset: Fuzzy set A is
contained in fuzzy set B (or A is a subset
of B) if μA(x) ≤ μB(x) for all x.
• Fuzzy Intersection: The intersection of
two fuzzy sets A and B , A∩B or A AND B
is fuzzy set C whose membership function
is specified by the
• μC(x) = μA∩B = min(μA(x), μB(x)) = μA(x) ٨
μB(x).
• Fuzzy Union : The union of two fuzzy sets
A and B written as A∪B or A OR B is
fuzzy set C whose membership function is
specified by the
• μC(x) = μA∪B = max(μA(x), μB(x)) = μA(x) ٧
μB(x).
• Fuzzy Complement: The complement of
A denoted by Ā or NOT A and is defined by
the membership function μ Ā (x) = 1 -
μA(x).
 Membership functions of one
dimension
• A triangular membership function is
specified by three parameters {a, b, c}:
• Triangle(x; a, b, c) = 0 if x ≤ a;
• = (x-a)/(b-a) if a ≤ x ≤ b;
• = (c-b)/(c-b) if b ≤ x ≤ c;
• = 0 if c ≤ x.
 A trapezoidal membership function is specified by four
parameters {a, b, c, d} as follows:

• Trapezoid(x; a, b, c, d) = 0 if x ≤ a;
• = (x-a)/(b-a) if a ≤ x ≤ b;
• = 1 if b ≤ x ≤ c;
• = (d-x)/(d-c) 0 if c ≤ x ≤ d;
• = 0, if d ≤ x.
A sigmoidal membership function is
specified by two parameters {a, c}:
• Sigmoid(x; a, c) = 1/(1 + exp[-a(x-c)])
where a controls slope at the crossover
point x = c.
• These membership functions are some of
the commonly used membership functions
in the fuzzy inference systems.
 Fuzzy Logic
What is Fuzzy Logic?

FL is in fact, a precise problem-solving methodology.

It is able to simultaneously handle numerical data and linguistic

knowledge.

A technique that facilitates the control of a complicated system without

knowledge of its mathematical description.

Fuzzy logic differs from classical logic in that statements are no longer
black or white, true or false, on or off.
In traditional logic an object takes on a value of either zero or one.
In fuzzy logic, a statement can assume any real value between 0 and 1,
representing the degree to which an element belongs to a given set.
 Pioneering works
20 years later after its conception
•Interest in fuzzy systems was sparked by Seiji Yasunobu and
Soji Miyamoto of Hitachi, who in 1985 provided simulations that
demonstrated the superiority of fuzzy control systems for the
Sendai railway. Their ideas were adopted, and fuzzy systems
were used to control accelerating and braking when the line
opened in 1987.

•Also in 1987, during an international meeting of fuzzy researchers

in Tokyo, Takeshi Yamakawa demonstrated the use of fuzzy
control, through a set of simple dedicated fuzzy logic chips, in an
"inverted pendulum" experiment. This is a classic control
problem, in which a vehicle tries to keep a pole mounted on its
top by a hinge upright by moving back and forth.

•Observers were impressed with this demonstration, as well as

later experiments by Yamakawa in which he mounted a wine
glass containing water or even a live mouse to the top of the
pendulum. The system maintained stability in both cases.
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Yamakawa eventually went on to organize his own fuzzy-systems

research lab to help exploit his patents in the field.
 Sample Applications
For washing machines, Fuzzy Logic control is almost
becoming a standard feature
fuzzy controllers to load-weight, fabric-mix, and dirt sensors and automatically set the
wash cycle for the best use of power, water, and detergent.
GE WPRB9110WH Top Load Washer Haier ESL-T21 Top Load Washer

LG WD14121 Front Load Washer

Miele WT945 Front Load All-in-One Washer / Dryer AEG LL1610 Front Load

Washer

Zanussi ZWF1430W Front Load Washer

Others: Samsung, Toshiba, National, Matsushita, etc.

 Sample Applications
NASA has studied fuzzy control for automated space
docking: simulations show that a fuzzy control system can
greatly reduce fuel consumption

Canon developed an auto-focusing camera that uses a

charge-coupled device (CCD) to measure the clarity of the
image in six regions of its field of view and use the information
provided to determine if the image is in focus. It also tracks the
rate of change of lens movement during focusing, and controls
its speed to prevent overshoot.
The camera's fuzzy control system uses 12 inputs: 6 to obtain the current clarity data
provided by the CCD and 6 to measure the rate of change of lens movement. The
output is the position of the lens. The fuzzy control system uses 13 rules and
requires 1.1 kilobytes of memory.

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 Sample Applications
In the city of Sendai in Japan, a 16-station subway system is
controlled by a fuzzy computer (Seiji Yasunobu and Soji
Miyamoto of Hitachi) – the ride is so smooth, riders do not need
to hold straps

Nissan – fuzzy automatic transmission, fuzzy anti-skid braking

system
CSK, Hitachi – Hand-writing Recognition Sony - Hand-printed
character recognition Ricoh, Hitachi – Voice recognition

Tokyo’s stock market has had at least one stock-trading

portfolio based on Fuzzy Logic that outperformed the Nikkei
exchange average
 Membership functions of two
dimensions
• One dimensional fuzzy set can be
extended to form its cylindrical extension
on second dimension
• Fuzzy set A = “(x,y) is near (3,4)” is
• µA(x,y) = exp[- ((x-3)/2)2 -(y-4)2 ]
• µA(x,y) = exp[- ((x-3)/2)2 ] exp -(y-4)2 ]
• =gaussian(x;3,2)gaussian(y;4,1)
• This is a composite MF since it can be
decomposed into two gaussian MFs
 Fuzzy intersection and Union
• μA∩B = T(μA(x), μB(x)) where T is T-norm
operator. There are some possible T-Norm
operators.
• Minimum: min(a,b)=a ٨ b
• Algebraic product: ab
• Bounded product: 0 ٧ (a+b-1)
• μC(x) = μA∪B = S(μA(x), μB(x)) where S is
called S-norm operator.
• It is also called T-conorm
• Some of the T-conorm operators
• Maximum: S(a,b) = max(a,b)
• Algebraic sum: a+b-ab
• Bounded sum: = 1 ٨(a+b)
 Linguistic variable, linguistic term
• Linguistic variable:A linguistic variable is a
variable whose values are sentences in a
natural or artificial language.
• For example, the values of the fuzzy
variable height could be tall, very tall, very
very tall, somewhat tall, not very tall, tall
but not very tall, quite tall, more or less tall.
• Tall is a linguistic value or primary term
• Hedges are very, more or less so on
• If age is a linguistic variable then its term
set is
• T(age) = { young, not young, very young,
not very young,…… middle aged, not
middle aged,… old, not old, very old, more
or less old, not very old,…not very young
and not very old,…}.
 Concentration and dilation of
linguistic values
• If A is a linguistic value then operation
concentration is defined by CON(A) = A2,
and dilation is defined by DIL(A) = A0.5.
Using these operations we can generate
linguistic hedges as shown in following
examples.
• ● more or less old = DIL(old);
• ● extremely old = CON(CON(CON(old))).
 Fuzzy Rules
• Fuzzy rules are useful for modeling human
thinking, perception and judgment.
• A fuzzy if-then rule is of the form “If x is A
then y is B” where A and B are linguistic
values defined by fuzzy sets on universes
of discourse X and Y, respectively.
• “x is A” is called antecedent and “y is B” is
called consequent.
 Examples, for such a rule are

• ● If pressure is high, then volume is small.

• ● If the road is slippery, then driving is
dangerous.
• ● If the fruit is ripe, then it is soft.
 Binary fuzzy relation
• A binary fuzzy relation is a fuzzy set in X ×
Y which maps each element in X × Y to a
membership value between 0 and 1. If X
and Y are two universes of discourse, then
• R = {((x,y), μR(x, y)) | (x,y) Є X × Y } is a
binary fuzzy relation in X × Y.
• X × Y indicates cartesian product of X and
Y
• The fuzzy rule “If x is A then y is B” may
be abbreviated as A→ B and is interpreted
as A × B.
• A fuzzy if then rule may be defined
(Mamdani) as a binary fuzzy relation R on
the product space X × Y.
• R = A→ B = A × B =∫X×Y μA(x) T-norm μB(y)/
(x,y).
 References
• Zadeh, L. (1965), "Fuzzy sets",
Information and Control, 8: 338-353
• Jang J.S.R., (1997): ANFIS architecture.
In: Neuro-fuzzy and Soft Computing (J.S.
Jang, C.-T. Sun, E. Mizutani, Eds.),
Prentice Hall, New Jersey