NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIA

BOGOTÁ HEADQUARTERS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Workshop 1

Members:

Julian Felipe Ayala Espitia

Juan Esteban Barrera Orduz
Carlos Enrique Osorno Velásquez
Sebastián León Patiño

HYDROLOGY
Teacher: Eng. Erasmo Alfredo Rodriguez Sandoval

Bogotá, D.C., September 12, 2020

 Introduction

In this workshop, the use of the water balance equation will be put into practice,
that will depend on whether it is used in long or average periods and short periods, and the role that
This plays a role in the calculation of various factors that participate in a hydrological basin.
Some of these factors are, for example: precipitation, evaporation,
evapotranspiration, flow rate, runoff coefficient among others.
Likewise, the energy balance will be used to calculate and know the net radiation.
and temperature in specific cases and how it is affected by factors such as cloudiness,
humidity among others.

Objective

Putting into practice the theoretical knowledge acquired in class in practical exercises, with
the end of associating concepts in real-life cases. For this, the equation will be used
water balance and energy balance, and thus be able to provide solutions to the problems that arise
they propose below.

Problems

Problem 1

In 1995, the Regadera II reservoir was built on the Tunjuelo River. The area of the
The watershed up to the dam site is approximately 80 km2. The reservoir has a mirror area of
water from 250 Ha. The farmers from the contributing basin of the reservoir later decided
build a watering trough (small reservoir) for the cattle 5 km upstream of La
Irrigation system, with an area of 25 hectares. Upstream of the watering trough, there is a limnigraph station.
from which it has been determined that the average flow rate of the current is 5 m3/s. The
the average annual precipitation in the area is 2600 mm/year and the average annual evaporation
it is 900 mm, with an infiltration of 250 mm/year. Knowing that due to restrictions of the
CAR (Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca) the downstream channel of the reservoir
it must remain with a residual flow of 2.8 m3/s it is requested: a) Determine for
design purposes of the future treatment plant of the San Benito neighborhood and neighbors, the
safe flow that can be guaranteed from the reservoir b) Determine the number of
inhabitants who could benefit from the new supply of drinking water knowing that the
The average allocation per inhabitant is 90 lt/capita-day c) Estimate the runoff coefficient
from the basin. Explain and justify any assumption you make.

Development
Problem data:
Total area of the basin: 80 km^2
La Regadera II reservoir area: 250 Ha = 2.5 km^2
 Watering area: 25 Ha = 0.25 km^2
Distance from the reservoir to the watering place: 5 km
●Precipitación: 2600 mm/año
●Evaporación: 900 mm/año
●Infiltración: 250 mm/año
Flow measured before the trough: 5 m^3/s

Procedure:

Se asume que los fenómenos de precipitación, evaporación e infiltración ocurren en el área

total basin area, 80 km^2.

Area above the limnigraph station

It has a flow rate of 5 m^3/s above the limnigraph station, so it must be

calculate what the area of the basin is that is located below it. They are equalized
inputs and losses and the area is cleared.

Entries
2600mm/year × A km2×K
Outputs
((900mm/year + 250mm/year) × A km × 2K) + 5m3/s ˆ

By clearing it up, it is obtained that the area corresponds to 60.646 km2.

Water balance

For this, it is assumed that a third of the total basin is measured by the station.
limnigraph that is located above the watering place, which is why the balance is made
water for the remaining two thirds.

Entries
ˆ + ((2600mm/year) × (19.354km) ×2 K)
5m3/s
Outputs
((900mm/year + 250mm/year) × ((19.354km2 ) × K) + Q1

As observed, all units must be converted to meters and seconds, so K will be used.
for this process. When isolating we have to Q15.951 m3/s. ˆ

a) The usable flow rate to maintain a residual flow of 2.8 m3/s isˆ
3.151 cubicˆmeters per second
 If a flow of 3.151m3/s were used,ˆ it would benefit 3,025,219 inhabitants.
c) The runoff coefficient is 0.902.

Problem 2

The Aves River basin has a drainage area of 150 km2 with an average precipitation
annual of 1,000 mm and a runoff coefficient of 0.27. Due to the effects of climate change
possible changes are anticipated in this basin of about -15% for precipitation and +17%
for the average annual evapotranspiration. In light of this data, it is requested to determine the
runoff coefficient of the basin for future conditions.

Development
Problem data:
●Coeficiente de escorrentía:0.27
●Precipitación: 1000 mm/año
Drainage area: 150 km^2

Procedure:

Calculate flow

As a first step, the flow rate in the system will be calculated, with K being the conversion factor of
units.

0.27 × 1000mm/año× 150km2 ×K=Q

ˆ
This results in a flow rate of Q11.284 m3/s. With this value, the calculation will be made.
evaporation.

Water balance
Entries
1000mm/year × 150km2×K
Outputs
ˆ
((E mm/year) × 150km2 × K) + 1.284m3/s

Clearing, evaporation results in: E= 730mm/year

If precipitation decreases by 15%, it will go from 1000mm/year to 850mm/year, and in the

if the evaporation case increases by 17%, it will go from 730mm/year a. How can we demonstrate the
evaporation is greater than precipitation, so the flow in the new system is negative
or rather from 0.
And having a flow of 0, the new runoff coefficient is also 0.
Problem 3

For the period between October 1, 2016, and January 1, 2017, the data is available
average monthly precipitation falling on the Magdalena River basin upstream of
Betania reservoir, calculated using the Thiessen polygon method. The area of
The basin up to the dam site has been estimated at 15,705 km2. From the studies
preliminary hydrological assessments have yielded the following data: i) The
{"runoff_coefficient":"the runoff coefficient of the basin is 0.40.","average_daily_evaporation":"the average daily evaporation is 4 mm."}

and iii) The average monthly infiltration is 35 mm. Since the Betania reservoir is a
project already in operation, there are storage vs level curves, storage
vs area and storage vs download whose equations are:

Knowing that the reservoir level on October 1 was 35 m, you are asked to determine the flow rate.
average evacuated by the Betania reservoir spillway during this period and the level
from the reservoir on January 1st. Explain and justify any assumptions you make.

Development
Problem data:
●Coeficiente de escorrentía:0.40
●Precipitación: 240 mm/90 días
Catchment area: 15705 km^2
Evaporation 4mm/day
Infiltration 105 mm/90 day

Procedure:

Calculation of the inlet flow Qe :

We calculate the inflow rate using the runoff coefficient, the area, and the
precipitation during the three measured months.

0.40 × 240mm/90días× 15705km2×K=Qe 1000m 2 1m 1 day

conK= ( 1Km
) * 1000mm * 86400 seconds

Qe= 193, 89m3 /s

Water balance:
 ΔS
I−O= Δt
ΔS
I=Qe+P;O=Qamb+Ego+in +Qvp; Δt

We calculate the area of the reservoir, the storage, and the discharge flow for the initial height.
of 35 m using the given functions:

Ai= 2070627, 9m2S i= 72471977, 3m3 the discharged flow will be zero because for
that value of S i= 72471977, 3m the function is equal to 0.
3

We consider Qamblike 10% of the Qe.

Because it does not have the final area of the reservoir, we leave it expressed as a function of the
height of the reservoir at that same moment.

1.5
0.240m 2070627,9 + 10000h
* f
I= 193, 89 + ( 90 days *( 2 )
2.5 1.5
1.5 1.5 10000h*
2070627.9 + 10000h 2070627.9 + 10000h f
* 0.105m * 0,1*( 1,000,000 )
O= 19, 39m3 /s+(09,036d0íams *( 2
f
) + ( 90 days * ( 2
f
)+ 2

10000h*2.5f -72471977.3
ΔS
Δt = 90 days

In this way, we have an equation with the variable [Link] and which is equal to 0 of the
form:I−O− = 0 using ΔS the respective values K.
Δt
Using Excel; Solver we obtain the hf :

Image. Function in the Excel formula bar. x = hf.

We obtain the value of hf= 53, 94m

The reservoir level on January 1 is 53.94 m.

Calculation of the amount of water S and average flow rate poured Qvp:
We replace the value of hf in the function of the amount of water:

S = 10000 h*2.5S= 10000 53.94*2.5S= 213742568.2m3

With this value of Sla, the spill flow function is different from 0 so we calculate
the flow discharged using the following function:

1.5
For S >= 100000000 Q =v 0, 10 (* S
) Qv= 312, 49m3 /s
1,000,000

As we wish to calculate the average flow rate discharged over the three months, we consider [Link]
as the sum of the initial discharged flow plus the final discharged flow, all divided by two:
Qvi +Qvf 0+312,49
Qvp= 2 whereQvp= 2 Qvp= 156, 24m3 /s
The average flow discharged by the spillway of the Betania reservoir during the three months
it is 156.24m3 /s.

Problem 4

Perform the energy balance over Lake Tominé assuming a cloudy day (2
hours of sunshine), the incident radiation is 205 W/m2 and the ambient temperature of
13.5 oC. Suponga que el albedo de la superficie es igual a 0.18. Repita los cálculos
considering a completely clear day (11 hours of sunshine). Conclude about the
results obtained for both conditions.
Development
Problem data:
Incident radiation: 205 W/m2
●Temperatura:13.5C°
●Albedo: 0.18
Potential solar hours: 11 hours
Number of hours of sun for a cloudy day: 2 hours
Number of hours of sun for a sunny day: 11 hours

Procedure:

Area above the limn station

Taking into account the Boltzmann equation and the correction factors due to brightness of
sun and atmospheric humidity, it is known that the longwave radiation balance is:

Rb = eσT4 (0.90Nn (+ 0.10)(0.34 − 0.139√ed)

Long wave radiation balance for a cloudy day

Rb= 17.13 W/m2

Longwave radiation balance for sunny day

Rb= 64.99 W/m2

The net radiation over the surface is given by the following equation:

Rn = Ri(1 - α) - Rb

Net radiation over the surface for cloudy day

Rn=150.96W/m2

The net radiation over the surface for a cloudy day

Rn= 103.11 W/m2

Problem 5

Knowing that the average temperature in Armenia is 19°C, the relative humidity is 77% and
the average annual precipitation of 1,700 mm, calculate the dew point temperature in
this city under these conditions. For a mass of air over Armenia with these
characteristics determine the rise that the air mass should experience to reach
saturation.

Development
Problem data:

●TemperaturaT= 19°C
Relative humidity of 77%
Average annual precipitation of 1700 mm

Procedure:

With the saturation pressure curve equation, we calculate e.s a 19° C:

17.27°C
* 17.27*19°
es = 611 e* 237.3 + T° replacing with T = 19° C; es = 611 and * 237.3 + 19°

es= 2198

Considering the relative humidity of 77% and es = 2198we have to:

ea
es * 100 = HR clearing and replacing es we have to a e= 2198 *0, 77

ea= 1693
Using the equation of the saturation pressure curve and the value of ea1693 our
unknown is Td° dew point temperature:
17.27 degrees
*
ea= 611 e* 237.3 + Td° replacing with ea= 1693;

17.27Td°
*
1693 = 611 *e 237.3+Td° We clear and obtain the value Td°:

17.27Td°
*
2, 770 =e 237.3 + Td°

17.27Td°
*
ln(2, 770) = 237.3+Td°

1,010,237.3
* + 1,019Td° = 17.27Td°

241, 783 = 16, 251Td°

Td° = 14, 878°C

The dew point temperature will be equal to 14.878° C.

Considering the relationship between altitude and its temperature is linear and where the change
6,5°C
corresponds to Km we have the following function:

6,5°C Km
ΔT° = Δz * Km
y Δz= ΔT° * 6,5°C

The change in temperature will be equal to19° − 14, 878° = 4, 122°C

Km
Δz = ΔT° * Km
replacing ΔT° we have Δz = 4, 122° * 6,5°C
6,5°C

Δz = 0.634 km

The ascent that the air mass should experience to reach saturation is 634 m.