Accumulator battery

The accumulator, commonly known as a battery, is one of the important parts for the
operation of the electrical system and in general of the automobile. Currently, the development of
automotive technology features sophisticated accessories that provide many comforts to
the motorists and that would not be possible if there were no electrical system, and above all,
with the accumulator
The battery's mission is to collect and store the electrical energy produced by the generator.
to supply it to the different consumers who need it at a given moment.
The battery is the element capable of supplying electrical energy to drive the engine of
starter that transmits its rotation to the vehicle's engine until it starts to turn on its own
means.
Lead accumulators are fundamentally used in automobiles, capable of
to transform electrical energy into chemical energy, this chemical phenomenon is called electrolysis.

The battery is a secondary cell, that is, it transforms energy in a reversible manner, which means
It can be charged by an electric current in the opposite direction to the discharge current.

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Accumulators can be classified by:
-Constitución: - De plomo (electrolito ácido)
From nickel (alkaline electrolyte)
Silver (alkaline electrolyte)
-Function: - For starting
For traction
Stationary items
Laptops
In automotive applications, those that are used are the ones that have the starting function.

Car batteries must be small, withstand shocks and vibrations without

to break down, supply a high current intensity in a short time and require almost no maintenance.

Dissolutions and Electrolytes

A solution is one that consists of a mixture of two or more types of molecules:
The ones of a solvent
The ones of a solute.
When in a solution a certain number of molecules dissociate, separating into ions.
negatively charged, from positively charged ions, is called an electrolyte.
Ionization phenomenon
The liquid where the ionization of the molecules has occurred is called an electrolyte. The ions
Positives are called cations and negatives are called anions.

In every electrolyte, there is the same number of anions as cations, making the liquid result
electrically neutral.
Electrolytes allow the passage of electric current through them.
Electrolysis
If we immerse two metal electrodes in a container that contains distilled water, then
platinum example, and it connects to the network, there is no electricity.
If salt is poured into the container, there is a flow of electric current.
This phenomenon is called 'electrolysis' and the liquid 'electrolyte.'
An electrolyte is a substance in aqueous solution that allows current to pass through it, resulting in the occurrence of reactions within it.

chemical reactions. The products of these reactions appear in the immediate proximity of
the electrodes.
Electrolysis is a process by which, by passing an electric current through
a substance (in solution or melted) separates into the ions that form it,
Acumuladores de Plomo
A device that can transform electrical energy is called an accumulator.
chemical energy, keeping it stored in this form, and being able to also transform it from
new in electrical energy when necessary.
A battery does not produce electrical energy, it only returns the energy we have provided to it.
previously.
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If we take two oxidized lead plates and immerse them in sulfuric acid dissolved in water
distilled we will have a lead accumulator. In the electrolyte, ionization has occurred.
sulfuric acid, under these conditions if we connect a generator current flows,
what causes the electrolysis of water.
Here I add an explanation about electrolysis in lead accumulators found in the
network that I think clarifies it more:

Lead accumulator
It is used to provide electrical energy to automobiles, consisting of two plates or grids.
lead (Pb) submerged in diluted sulfuric acid
The plate that acts as a cathode is coated with lead oxide and the one that functions as an anode
It is made of lead.

The reactions that take place during discharge (half-cell reactions) are the
next:
At the anode, oxidation takes place.

Reduction takes place at the cathode:

The complete reaction of the process is:

During the discharge process, lead sulfate is formed.

and water, and sulfuric acid is consumed
When a direct current generator (such as an alternator in the case of the
automobiles) between the poles of the discharged battery and electric current is passed, the reaction
It is invested, so it is said that the accumulator has been recharged.
The voltage obtained in a battery (a cell) is 2.1 v, so 3 should be connected to
6 accumulator cells in series (forming a battery), since a car requires 6 to 12
A lead accumulator stores electrical energy with an efficiency of 80%.
The volume changes of diluted sulfuric acid can cause the disintegration of the
plates, therefore it is necessary to be careful with this aspect.
Structure of a Lead Accumulator
In a battery we can distinguish a box called hand block, divided into several
compartments or cells, generally made of ebony that acid does not attack, although
Currently, polypropylene is also used due to its lighter weight and better characteristics.
Inside each of the cells, a series of plates made of a
lead and antimony alloy framework in the form of a grid, in whose gaps an is embedded
paste called active matter. The grid serves the purpose of distributing the current
evenly across the plate, preventing the active material from detaching from them during the
loading and unloading.
The plates in a battery, some are positive and some are negative, differentiated by
its color and there is always one more negative plate than positive.

The active material that fills the grids of the positive plates is lead peroxide (PbO2) and the
The plates are sponge lead (Pb).
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All the plates are joined together through a bridge or connector. This assembly remains
submerged in a liquid called electrolyte, sulfuric acid and distilled water.
Between a positive plate and the adjacent negative plates, an insulator or separator is interposed to prevent
the electrical contact between them preventing metallic conduction between plates of different polarity
and allowing the electrolyte to pass through its structure to chemically react with
the plates. They must be resistant to the corrosive action of acid. It is manufactured from various
materials, such as micro-porous rubber, perforated plastic, etc.
The elements or the cells are covered by a lid made of the same material as the box.
Each glass has a central opening for the filling plug that fits in by pressure or screwing.
an opening that allows the exit to the outside of the gases produced as a result of the
charging and discharging reactions.
In a battery, each element of a lead accumulator has the property of storing
Energy at a voltage of two volts is 6v when 3 elements are joined and 12v is used.
6 elements.
In order for the plates of a battery to generate energy, it is necessary for them to be
soaked in sulfuric acid as it produces the necessary chemical reaction. The electrolyte is the
current conductor between the plates and therefore its level must exceed them by 1 cm.
less.
The electrolyte of the fully charged battery is 36% sulfuric acid and 64%
water.
Downloaded is composed of 12% sulfuric acid and 88% water.

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Electrical characteristics of batteries
A battery is defined by its nominal voltage and by the amount of electricity it is capable of
suministrar.
Nominal Voltage:
The total voltage of a battery is the product of the voltage of a cell by the number of them.
connected in series that she behaves. The voltage of an element in a lead accumulator is
of 2V, for which a battery of six elements has a nominal voltage of 12 V.
When a battery is subjected to a charging current, the voltage per cell can reach
2.5V and when subjected to a discharge voltage it can drop to 1.6V.
Battery Capacity
It can be defined as the amount of energy capable of being stored or also as the amount of
energy capable of supplying when it is fully charged.
The capacity of batteries is measured in Amperes/Hour. The nominal capacity is listed in the
labels attached to the batteries (e.g.: 12V 55Ah 240) where 55Ah is the nominal capacity and 240A
the maximum discharge rate capable of supplying.
The capacity of a battery depends on several factors:-
Plate dimensions.
Number of plates.
Amount of active substance
Volume of the electrolyte
Density of the electrolyte
The capacity of the battery that equips a vehicle is determined by the problem of
starting the engine cold, therefore, the larger the engine, the greater the capacity at regime of
fast charging will have to have the battery. The performance of a battery is generally of
80%.
Battery Maintenance
If the maintenance of the battery has been correct, it can last five years or more.
Pouring natural water instead of distilled water adds impurities that harm the battery.
When changing a battery, another of equal or greater capacity must be placed in its place.
When changing a battery, it is necessary to check where it was placed in case there is corrosion.
due to electrolyte losses. To prevent terminal corrosion, they can be coated with
Vaseline.
To connect a battery, first connect the positive terminal and then the negative one.
disconnect it first by removing the negative terminal and then the positive one.
To keep the batteries in perfect condition, the following things should be done:
If the electrolyte level is low, distilled water will be added; natural water should not be used because
produces impurities that can corrode the plates among other harmful things.

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The battery should never be filled with acid.
Monitor the electrolyte level and do not overfill, when necessary, refill it.
The breathers of the filling plugs must be kept clean.
The terminals should be cleaned periodically and greased with petroleum jelly.
The battery must be securely fastened to avoid excessive impacts and vibrations.
Never leave tools on the battery.
If you want to store a battery for some time, it must be stored completely.
loaded.
Battery Chargers
The most commonly used charger today is the rectifier of
current, is composed of: a transformer, a switch
of tension, a rectifier group and a rheostat.
It works by connecting the primary of the transformer to the network, in
the different secondaries of the transformer produce a
appropriate electric tension for battery charging. By means of
A rheostat can regulate the intensity of the current that is...
establish in the external circuit from the positive terminal to the
negative of the charger.
The rectifier is of the full wave type and is made up of two
or four diodes that manage to transform alternating current into
direct current.
Whatever type of charger it is, the connection to batteries at
The charger is made using cables equipped with clips.
whose caps are red for positive and black for negative
for the negative.

Battery Charging Process

Before starting to charge a battery with a charger, the following steps must be taken
operations:
Wash the battery externally with water.
Clean the terminals carefully.
Check the electrolyte level and refill it with distilled water if necessary.
During the loading, the caps of the cups will be removed.
Correctly connect the terminals of the charger to those of the battery.

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Several batteries can be connected to the charger at the same time (in series or in parallel) and charged by two.
different procedures:
Constant intensity: It passes the same amount of current intensity throughout the entire charge.
10% of its nominal load capacity.
Variable intensity: In a first phase, it goes twice the intensity of its load capacity.
nominal and in a second phase half of its nominal load capacity.
When the batteries are not discharged in the same way, it is advisable to connect them in
series.
A battery is considered fully charged when the voltage and density values
the electrolyte levels do not vary significantly in an hour. Another symptom is the perception of a
Gas release at the end of the charge forming droplets around the vessels.
The voltage of a fully charged battery measured right after charging is 2.5
Per element, when the load is interrupted after 10 minutes, the voltage drops to 2.2V.
element. A voltage difference of 0.1V just after charging the battery between any of the
elements indicate a defect, such as broken spacers, internal short circuit, etc.
The density of a freshly charged battery is from 1.270 to 1.290 at 25ºC.
When a discharged battery starts charging, the current intensity is very small.
due to the fact that the internal resistance of the battery is very high but at the same time it is charging
the intensity is increasing and the resistance is decreasing, therefore it is necessary to regulate the intensity of
current with the rheostat to properly adjust the load intensity.
Fast chargers, capable of providing currents of up to 80A carry a
automatic watch system that controls the charging intensity.
A fully charged battery that loses its electrolytes will remain charged until
100% while a battery with its electrolytes full and fully charged will start losing
charge for his inactivity.
In the battery charging processes with the charger, the following must be followed
recomendaciones:

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When batteries of different capacities are charged in series, they must be charged at the rate of
intensity that corresponds to the lowest capacity.
The charging should be done in a ventilated area and in a cool environment.
Distilled water will not be stored to refill the electrolytes in metal containers.
A flame should never be brought close to the battery.

At the end of the charging, disconnect the charger and then remove the positive terminal and then
the negative terminal.

The battery should be charged as soon as possible once it has been discharged.
The battery temperature during charging should not exceed 50ºC.
Spontaneous Discharge and Overload of a Battery
Due to inactivity, a battery can gradually lose charge.
All batteries must be charged before installation in the vehicle.
When the voltage of a battery drops below 2V per cell or is below 1.230.
Intensity needs to be recharged. The batteries mounted in unused cars must
to be treated the same as stored batteries.
The battery subjected to inadequate load and stored for a long period of time is
it is sulfated, therefore it deteriorates.

When a battery is completely charged and continues to receive current.

high decomposition of the electrolyte water occurs quickly, which can lead to a
short circuit. Overloading can damage the battery for the following reasons:
A strong corrosion and decomposition of the positive grids.
The decomposition of water carries active matter.
A strong concentration of electrolyte especially at high temperatures and for a long time.
it deteriorates the elements.

Measurement of the Electrolyte Density

Since when a battery discharges, sulfuric acid combines with the plates, it
understand that by measuring the specific density of the rest of the electrolyte, it is possible to calculate the
amount of electrical energy that we have left in the battery.
The concentration of the electrolyte is measured with the
densimeter.
Esta formado por una probeta de cristal, en la parte
the superior has a rubber pear and at the bottom
a rubber tube. Inside the test tube is housed
a graduated glass tube.
It is operated by placing the densimeter in position.
vertical, sucking the electrolyte using the pear of
rubber until filling the vial, the level of the liquid
will reach a certain height on the scale, which
determine the density of the electrolyte.
A density between 1.270 and 1.290 indicates
that the battery is fully charged. A value

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ranging from 1,200 to 1,240 indicates medium load and values below 1,150 indicate that the
the battery is dead.
The density measurement should not be carried out after a heavy battery discharge.
The amount of electrolyte taken from a battery to measure its
density must be returned once the measurement is completed.
There are hydrometers graduated in degrees Beaumé.

There are also ball densimeters, in which.

replace the float with three appropriate balls. When making the
measurement if they float the three is that the battery is charged, if
only two float indicates half load and if only one floats it means
that battery is dead.
Maintenance-free batteries are equipped with a
battery charge indicator. If this indicator is green
the battery is charged correctly, if the battery is
completely discharged the warning light color would be yellow.
Battery Voltage Measurement
The voltage of a battery is measured under resting conditions with a voltmeter. In this state and
With a properly charged battery, the voltages per cell are 2.2V, 2V if it is
half charged and 1.5V if it is discharged. If the measurement is taken while it is subjected to
an intense discharge yields 1.7V when fully charged, 1.5V at half charge, and 1.2V when it is
downloaded.
To measure the discharge voltage, a special voltmeter is used that has a resistor.
between the test points.
Evolution of Starting Batteries
The old batteries with an ebonite case and a top closure with filling material were
replaced by the 'monoblock'. With this type of batteries, a model began to be used
thinner plates with a larger surface area, with radial type grids and lower resistance separators
electric and shorter elements that improve cold starting.
Currently, low-maintenance batteries are manufactured, in which water loss is
almost negligible, so it is not necessary to periodically refill the electrolyte. These batteries have
these advantages:
Reduction of self-discharge
Reduction of vapor formation by decreasing current at the end of the charge.
Improves the conservation of the load
Decrease in internal resistance, which increases the discharge in cold.
They do not require any additional water throughout their entire useful life.
They produce minimal corrosion at the connection terminals.
Supply greater power
Another modification is the manufacture of the plates in lead-calcium alloy grids, which prevents
completely the download.
Maintenance-free batteries have a compact polypropylene box.
thickness that allows a great capacity of the elements to accommodate the largest number of plates
and electrolyte, which increases the power for the same volume.

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Verification and Control of the Batteries
The symptoms displayed by an aging battery are usually noticeable.
at the moment of starting the car, if it fails to put in
the starter motor is that the battery needs to be
replaced.
When a battery has been drained due to forgetting it
lights or another electrical consumer to start the car
will help from another battery and once started, an attempt will be made to do the
longest possible route for the alternator to recharge
the battery.
In cases where full recharge is not achieved or is
an involuntary discharge will proceed to verify the battery using the
voltmeter and the densitometer, and if necessary, the electrical circuit would be verified with the battery
disconnected in case there was a fault in it.
Battery Failures
Three types of faults can be established:
External origin:
They come from the electrical system and are due to a
inadequate and excessive battery work. This produces
overloads, which would require adding water
frequently. The remedy would be the repair of the
charging circuit whose malfunction causes the
overload. The external load is also a fault.
deficient, the solution to this problem would be to review the
connections. Finally, if a battery cannot move the
the starter motor must be replaced as it is not
capable of maintaining the normal load introduced into it.
Purely mechanical:
It is the breakages of the box due to shocks or excessive vibrations, loss of plugs that
they allow the release of electrolyte and shedding of active material from the plates.
The most common are defective separators, sediments deposited at the bottom of
the box, impurities and sulfatation of plates

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MAGNETISM
1.- Magnetism
There exists a mineral in nature.
magnetite called stone a magnet that has the
property of attracting iron, cobalt, nickel and
certain alloys of these metals. This property
it receives the name of demagnetism.

The magnets:
A magnet is a material capable of producing an external magnetic field.
and attract iron (they can also attract cobalt and nickel). Magnets
that manifest their properties permanently can
natural, such as magnetite (Fe3O4artificial ones, obtained from
of alloys of different metals. We can say that a magnet
permanents those that retain magnetism after having been
Imantado. An imantemporal retains its magnetism after being
remodeled.

In a magnet, the attraction capacity is greater at its ends or poles.

These poles are called north and south, because they tend to orient themselves
according to the geographic poles of the Earth, which is a gigantic natural magnet.

The region of space where the action of a magnet is manifested is called the magnetic field.
field is represented by force lines, which are imaginary, closed lines that go from
north pole to south pole, outside the magnet and in the opposite direction inside it; it is represented with the
letter B.

It has been known for a long time that an electric current generates
a magnetic field around it. Inside the matter
there are small closed currents due to the movement of
the electrons contained in the atoms, each of them originates
a microscopic magnet or dipole. When these small magnets
they are oriented in all directions their effects cancel out
mutually and the material does not exhibit magnetic properties; in
change if all the magnets align they act as a single magnet
and in that case we say that the substance has been magnetized.

Magnetizing a material is organizing its atomic magnets.

In the right figure, a material is first observed without

magnet and below a magnetic material.

Magnetism is produced by natural or artificial magnets.

In addition to their ability to attract metals, they have the property of polarity. Magnets have two poles.
different magnets called North or South. If we face the South poles of two magnets, they will repel each other.
and if we face the south pole of one, with the north pole of another, they attract. Another peculiarity is that if the
Magnets break in half, and each of the parts will have both poles.

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When a magnet is passed over a piece of iron, it in turn acquires the ability to attract.
other pieces of iron.
The attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles decreases as the square of the distance increases.
distance between them.
Magnetic field:

The term magnetic field refers to the region of space in which the action of a magnet is manifested.

A magnetic field is represented by field lines.

A magnet attracts small pieces of iron filings, nickel and

cobalt, or substances composed of these metals
(ferromagnetic).

Magnetization is transmitted at a distance and by direct contact.

region of space surrounding a magnet and in which it
The manifestation of magnetic forces is called a magnetic field.

The lines of the magnetic field reveal the shape of the field.
The magnetic field lines emerge from a pole, surround the
magnet and penetrate through the other pole.

Outside the magnet, the field is directed from the north pole to the pole
The intensity of the field is greater where they are closer together.
the lines (the intensity is maximum at the poles).

Magnetism is closely related to electricity.

Electric charge is surrounded by an electric field, and if it is
moving, also from a magnetic field. This is due to the
"distortions" that the electric field suffers when moving the
particle.

The electric field is a relativistic consequence of the magnetic field. The movement of the charge
produce a magnetic field.

In a common bar magnet, which seems to be motionless, is composed of atoms whose electrons are
they are in motion (rotating on their orbit. This moving charge constitutes a tiny
current that produces a magnetic field. All rotating electrons are tiny magnets.

A moving charge produces a magnetic field

The compass:

The compass points to the magnetic north of the earth,

which does not coincide with the geographic north, since
conoce había explicado antes los polos opuestos se
like attracts like and opposites repel, in the north
the south pole is located on the geographic surface of the earth
magnetically speaking, so its opposite (the
north in this case) points in the opposite direction in a
compass

The Earth is a magnet. Earth's magnetic field

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2. ELECTROMAGNETISM
The Oersted experiment:

Hans Oersted was preparing his physics class at the University of Copenhagen, one afternoon in the month of
April, when moving a compass near a wire that was carrying electric current, he noticed that the needle ...
it deflected until it was in a position perpendicular to the direction of the cable. Later, he repeated the
I experimented a great number of times, confirming the phenomenon. For the first time, a had been found a
connection between electricity and magnetism, in an incident that can be considered as the birth
of electromagnetism.

From Oersted's experiment, it is deduced that;

A moving charge creates a magnetic field in the
space that surrounds it.

An electric current that flows through a conductor generates a his

around a magnetic field whose intensity depends on the
intensity of electric current and distance from the conductor

Magnetic field created by a straight conductor:

A straight current creates a magnetic field around it, the intensity of which increases as it increases.
the intensity of the electric current decreases as the distance from the conductor increases

In 1820, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted

he discovered that between magnetism and charges of the
electric current flowing through a conductor existed a
close relationship.
When that happens, electric charges or electrons what
they are in motion at that moment,
originate the appearance of a magnetic field such as its
around, that can deviate the needle of a compass.

Magnetic field created by a coil:

The magnetic field created by a loop through which current flows

Electric current increases with the increase in intensity of the
electric current

Magnetic field created by a solenoid:

The magnetic field created by a solenoid increases when

increase the current intensity by increasing the number of
spirals and when introducing a piece of iron into the inside of the
coil (electromagnet).

Air core solenoid coil made with wire

copper wire wrapped in a spiral shape and protected
with insulating varnish. If we supply current to this coil
electric using any source of electromotive force,
like a battery, for example, the flow of the current that
circulation through the coil will promote the emergence of a
magnetic field of a certain intensity around it

Solenoid coil into which a core has been inserted

metallic like iron (Fe). If we compare the previous coil
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with an air core with the coil in this illustration, we will see that now the lines of magnetic force
they are found to be much more intensified due to having become an electromagnet

3.- Induced currents

In 1831, Michael Faraday observed that a magnet generated an electric current in its vicinity.
a coil, as long as the magnet or the coil were in motion. The theoretical explanation was:
A variable magnetic field (magnet, coil, or moving wire) is necessary to create a
electric current in the cable or in the coil.
Esta corriente se conoce como corriente inducida, y el fenómeno, como inducción electromagnética.
The induced electric current exists as long as the variation of the magnetic field lasts.

The intensity of the electric current is greater the stronger the magnetic field is and
the faster the magnet or coil moves.

Condition to induce an electric current:

The induced electric current exists as long as this variation lasts, and its intensity is greater.
the faster that variation is.

An electric current creates a magnetic field around it, and a variable magnetic field.
induced, in turn, an electric current in a circuit.
The direction of the induced current (Lenz's Law):
The induced current tends to oppose the cause that produces it.
produce.
The circuit in the figure consists of a conducting bar (1-2) that
slides over two straight conductors. The circuit remains
closed through a resistance marked as R and the
turn on a switch.

It is immersed in a magnetic field B which is

perpendicular to the plane defined by the circuit and directed towards it
interior of your screen.

If we set the rod in motion with a velocity v how does it

indicates, in the loads that exist on the rod will be produced
forces (Lorentz).

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4. Application of induced currents
Electromagnetic induction is the basis of the alternator and the dynamo, devices that
generate current, as well as transformers and electric motors, which convert the
electrical energy in mechanics (motion).

The alternator and the dynamo.

A generator is formed by a fixed magnet and a coil capable of rotating between the poles of the magnet.
The alternator produces alternating current.
An alternator consists of two fundamental parts,
the inductor, which is the one that creates the magnetic field
and the induced which is the conductor which is
intersected by the lines of force of that field

Elements of a simple alternator.

A rectifier transforms alternating current into direct current.

continue, that is, rectify the alternating current.

A dynamo consists of a magnet that spins inside a core of soft iron, which has
A coil has been rolled. A dynamo produces direct current.

Faraday showed that another way to induce current was

moving the electric conductor while the magnetic source
remained stationary. This was the beginning of the dynamo of
disk, which featured a conductor disk spinning inside of
a magnetic field (see the drawing) moved by a
belt and a pulley on the left. The electrical circuit is
completed with stationary threads that touch the disc in its
border and on its axis, as shown on the right side of the
drawing. It was not a very practical design of the dynamo (unless
that we sought to generate enormous currents at very low
voltage), but in the large-scale universe, most of the
currents are produced, apparently, through similar movements.

The transformer. A transformer consists of two

winding of wire on a core of soft iron and
it is used to modify the voltage of alternating current.

The electric motor.

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An electric motor is a device that transforms energy
electric energy into mechanical energy.

There are different types of engines, but among all of them perhaps
are the so-called "direct current motors" that
they allow you to see in a simpler way how to achieve movement
thanks to the magnetic field created by a current.

The chart schematically shows the main parts

of a direct current motor.

The element located in the center is the part of the engine that generates movement. It is called
armature or rotor, and consists of an electromagnet that can rotate freely around an axis. This
The rotor is surrounded by a permanent magnet, whose magnetic field remains fixed.

The electromagnet receives the current through the contact established between the brushes and the
commutator. The brushes remain fixed, while the commutator can rotate freely
among them following the movement of the rotor.
When the current flows through the electromagnet, its poles are attracted and repelled by the
poles of the fixed magnet, so that the rotor will move until the north pole of the electromagnet is aligned.
looking at the south pole of the permanent magnet. But as soon as the poles of the rotor become
Looking at the poles of the magnet, a change occurs in the direction of the current passing through the
rotor. This change is due to the fact that the commutator, as it rotates, modifies the contacts with the
brushes and changes the way the electromagnet receives current from the battery.

By changing the sign of the poles of the electromagnet, the poles of the rotor will be repelled by the
fixed magnet poles, as in this new situation there will be opposing poles of the same sign, with what
the rotor is forced to keep turning. Again, when the poles of the electromagnet are
aligned with the opposite poles of the fixed magnet, the contact between brushes and commutator
It will change the direction of the current, causing the rotor to be forced to continue spinning.

PROF: LIC: CAMPOS ALTAMIRANO, JESUS

ELECTRICITY I
STARTING SYSTEM OF
automobile
In the past, the explosion or combustion of engines could be initiated with systems
manuals such as the crank, spring compression, compressed air, etc.

When the first internal combustion engine was designed and built
gasoline, one of the problems it had was giving the first push to the crankshaft
to achieve the first living time. The solution was found by using a
crank, moving by hand until finding the precise point to
to achieve the first push or spark that starts the engine's operation.
This first problem was overcome with the construction and use of the starting engine.
(start) mechanically operated with a contact on the floor, in the manner of
button that was in itself, the bridge to connect the electric circuit that would move the
starter and at the same time, it moved the crankshaft and it was possible to easily find the
first impulse to start the engine operation; in this way it was left
to use the starter crank. Currently, there is a modern starter.
with a magnetic control activated by a button on the dashboard or a contact of

automatic return in the ignition key or contact key.

THESYSTEMFROM STARTUP
The starting system is intended to crank the engine's crankshaft to achieve the
first living impulse or first time of expansion or force that initiates its functioning.
The starter consumes a large amount of current to convert it into mechanical energy to provide
crankshaft movement and overcome the hugeresistancewhat opposes the mixture when compressed in the
combustion chamber.
PROF: LIC: CAMPO ALTAMIRANO, JESUS
ELECTRICITY I
A fully charged battery can become depleted in a few minutes when activated by
a long time the starter system switch, it is estimated that the starter has
aconsumptionfrom 400 to 500 amperes of current and then we form an idea that a
the battery can be completely drained in a short time, so it is not advisable
abuse in the operation of the start switch.

PURPOSE OF THE STARTING SYSTEM

Since an engine cannot start on its own, its crankshaft must be turned by
an external force so that the air-fuel mixture can be drawn in, to give rise to the
compression and for the start of combustion to occur. The starter mounted on the block of
cylinders push against a drive gear when the ignition switch is turned, a
the zipper hooks onto the steering wheel and the crankshaft is rotated.

OPERATION OF THE STARTING SYSTEM

A basic starting system consists of four parts: - Battery: Supplies energy to the circuit.
Ignition switch: Activates the circuit. - Solenoid (engine switch): Engages the
starter motor with the flywheel.- Starter motor: Drives the flywheel to start
the engine. When the ignition switch is activated, a small amount of
current from the battery to the solenoid and back to the battery through the ground circuit.
The solenoid serves two functions: it engages the pinion with the flywheel and closes the switch inside.
of the solenoid between the battery and the starter motor, closing the circuit and allowing the
current flows to the starter motor. The starter motor takes electrical energy from the battery and
it converts it into rotary mechanical energy to start the engine. The process is similar to that of others
electric motors. All electric motors produce a torque force by the action of the
magnetic fields inside the engine. Because the battery is a fundamental part of the whole
electrical system.

From this scheme, we can complicate it in various ways, such as by adding a relay.
intermediate in order to avoid burning the key with excess current, place a switch in
the transmission to avoid starting with a gear engaged, and other variants.

PROF: LICENSE: CAMPOS ALTAMIRANO, JESUS

ELECTRICITY I
PROF: LIC: CAMPOS ALTAMIRANO, JESUS
ELECTRICITY I