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Thermodynamics
Week 6

19-08-2023
Industrial Engineering
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Problematic situation Ana is a final semester industrial engineering student, and she wants
conduct a scientific investigation to explain refrigeration systems and their cycles. Without
embargo, there are some doubts that he would like to clarify before proceeding with his research.
Considering that you graduated with honors in your industrial engineering degree, you have
requested advice on these topics.

Next, carry out the following activities:

1. Describe the characteristics of real and ideal vapor refrigeration cycles, include
the T vs s diagrams for each process and explain.

This ideal refrigeration cycle is composed of four processes:

Process 1-2: Isentropic compression in a compressor.

Process 2-3: Heat rejection at constant pressure in a condenser.
Process 3-4: Choking in an expansion device.
Process 4-1: Heat absorption at constant pressure in an evaporator.

Which is described as follows:

In the first process, the refrigerant is in a saturated vapor state, which

a compressor is introduced allowing the increase of isentropic pressure due to the
compression, after this process the pressure required by the condenser is achieved, in the
second process the refrigerant is in the form of superheated vapor which passes to
through the condenser where it transfers heat to the sides coming out as liquid
saturated at a temperature higher than that of the environment, in step three, the refrigerant is
strangled by an expansion valve allowing to decrease the temperature, achieving
reach the vapor pressure, in the fourth process the evaporator enters as vapor
lower quality humid that absorbs heat from the refrigerated medium. Subsequently the
The refrigerant evaporates to return to the compressor and start the cycle in a process.
closed.

Schematic for the ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle

Source: [Cengel and Boles, (2012)]
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The discrepancies that exist between the actual vapor compression cycles and the cycle of the
ideals are found in the irreversible nature of the system, such as the fluid friction that causes drops
of pressure and heat transfer to the environment or surroundings.

Behavior of a real vapor compression refrigeration cycle.

Diagram for the real refrigeration cycle by vapor compression.

Source: [Cengel and Boles, (2012)]

In step 1, the refrigerant is in a saturated vapor state, but in the process, it is more difficult to
control more accurately and for this reason the design of your system overheats the
refrigerant before reaching the compressor ensuring that it evaporates completely at
enter it, into the real system, the connection that exists between the compressor and the evaporator
it is of greater magnitude which causes a drop in pressure due to friction that
generates with the pipes, therefore, it will require greater input power in the
compressor.
However, the effects of friction that increase entropy and heat transfer
They can decrease or increase the entropy depending on the direction, that is, from the
surroundings (heating), towards the surroundings (cooling).

In conclusion, some aspects that differ between both cycles (ideal, real):

The ideal cycle has greater efficiency in the process than the real cycle.
In the ideal cycle, its cooling and heating processes are isobaric.
In the ideal cycle, the compression is an isentropic process; in the real cycle, there are losses of
energy.
In the real cycle, the specific heat changes with pressure and temperature.

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2. Compare the characteristics of ammonia and R134a as refrigerants and indicate the
ventajas y desventajas de cada uno. Asimismo, señala cuál seleccionaría para un sistema
industrial refrigeration.
Characteristics
Ammonia 134a
Ammonia has excellent properties. R-134a is a synthetic refrigerant, it is used.
thermodynamics, in addition to being a refrigerant in various applications within the market,
natural, it has good performance in the automotive sector and residential housing.
comparison with synthetic refrigerants, (components of air conditioning), this
reaching -70 °C, so the large gas does not damage or affect the ozone layer, just like
Refrigeration and freezing industries using refrigerant NH3 and R134a.
are used, within their main characteristics, a closed system with lower pressures than
its operation in a closed cycle other refrigerants, its boiling point is
continuous, which consists of (evaporation, of -26.2°C
compression, condensation, expansion.
Advantages
Being a natural refrigerant, it does not affect the layer. Refrigerant 134a does not contain chlorine atoms.
ozone, its economic value is lower than others so it does not harm the layer of
refrigerants, its thermodynamic performance is ozone, this refrigerant is not toxic nor
about 3-10% higher than other corrosive materials, it is a good conductor of heat.
sodas, the system with ammonia is more
efficient as it consumes less electric energy
being less costly within its operation.
Disadvantages
Ammonia is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and the R134a refrigerant system consumes a lot.
organs, it is a toxic refrigerant, its demand is the amount of water, it is difficult to notice
low due to the high cost of its facilities, there is some leak since it does not have an odor
ammonia is not compatible with copper which is characteristic, a larger volume is required
reduce its uses. of displacement, so a must be used
main compressor.

Given the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages in a large industrial system.

wingspan would use ammonia, as its energy efficiency is greater than others
soft drinks in that area.

3. A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant 134a as the working fluid is used for
keep the refrigerated space at -30 °C by rejecting its waste heat to water
Cooling that enters the condenser at 18 °C with a mass flow rate of 0.25 kg/s and exits at 26 °C.
The refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 MPa and 65 °C and exits at 42 °C. The state at the entrance
the compressor is at 60 kPa and -34 °C and it is estimated that the compressor gains a net heat of
450 W of the environment. Determine:

Information:
Temperatura de fluido de trabajo: -30°C
Condenser temperature: 18°C
Mass flow. 0.25 kg/s
Output temperature 26°C
Condenser inlet: 1.2 Mpa
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Condenser outlet temperature: 42°C

Compressor inlet: 60 kPa
Compressor outlet temperature: -34°C
Net power: 450W

a) The quality of the refrigerant at the inlet of the evaporator.

We will apply the 4-1 process (heat absorption at constant pressure in an evaporator), since
that in this case pressure and temperature prevail.

P1−T 1=h1 =230,03kJ/ kg

P2−T 2=h 2=295,16kJ/kg
P3−T 3=h 3=111.2 kJ/kg
P4 −T 4=h 4=h3
P3=60kPa−h 4=0.4795

Saturated liquid enthalpy:

h w1=75 kJ/kg
h w2 =108,94kJ/kg

b) The cooling load.

Energy balance for mass flow:

m R¿
mR ( 295.16−111.23 ) =(0 . 2 5 ) (108,94−75.47 )
mR =0.0455

We apply the residual heat formula:

qb qb
COPR= =
w net, entrance wcompressor, input−wturbina ,salida

Qh=mR¿
W compressor=mR¿
8,367−2,513−0.450=5,404Kw
W compressor=2,513 Kw
Qh=5 . 4 k W

Therefore, the cooling load is:

5,404Kw

c) The COP of the refrigerator.

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5,404Kw
COP=
2,513Kw

COP=2 . 1 5

A building needs a 2-ton heat pump to maintain the indoor space at

27 °C when the outside temperature is 5 °C. The heat pump operates in the normal cycle.
vapor-compression refrigeration, and it uses R-134a as the working fluid. The
operating conditions of the heat pump require a pressure in the evaporator of
240 kPa, and a pressure in the condenser of 1,600 kPa. The compressor has an efficiency
isothermal of 85 percent.

The table summarizes the data of refrigerant 134a at the process pressures:

For refrigerant 134a with P = 1.600 kPa and s = 0.9222 kJ/kg · K, the enthalpy h = 285 kJ/kg.
Also consider that: 1 ton = 211 kJ/min. Determine the power required to operate the
heat pump, in kW, and the COP.

Information:
Condenser pressure: 1600 kPa
Evaporator pressure: 240 kPa
Indoor temperature: 27°C
Outside temperature: 5°C
Eficiencia isentrópica: 85%
The enthalpy h: 285 kJ/kg
0.9222 kJ/kg*K
1 ton : 211 kJ/min

Heat pump COP formula:

qH h2−h 3
C O P BC= =
w net, entrance h2−h1

Where: h=h a1y h3 =h

1 gP for the ideal case
fa P 3

(211kJ/min)/(285kJ/Kg)−(121.28)=1,286Kg/min
W entrance=(1286Kg/s)∗(285.28)=81,943 kW
COP=240/81,943 kW=2,928 kW

Thus, the COP is 2.56 and the power needed to operate a cooling load
The 240 kW is 2.928 kW
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Reading text from IACC:

IACC. (2021).Termodinámica. Ciclos de refrigeración. Semana 6

Çengel, Y. and Boles, M. (2012). Thermodynamics. 7th edition. Mexico: McGraw Hill, Education.