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PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

1.1 Tutorial Problems on Course Outcome No :1

1. If the velocity profile of a fluid over a plate is parabolic with the vertex of 20 cm from the plate, where the velocity is 120
cm/sec. calculate the velocity gradients and shear stresses at a distance of 0 cm,10 cm and 20 cm from the plate.
Assume viscosity of oil as 0.85 Pa-s.

2. A 50-cm × 30-cm × 20-cm block weighing 150 N is to be moved at a constant velocity of 0.8 m/s on an inclined surface
with a friction coefficient of 0.27. (Figure 2) (a) Determine the forceF that needs to be applied in the horizontal direction.
(b) If a 0.4-mm-thick oil film with a dynamic viscosity of 0.012 Pa.s is applied between the block and inclined surface,
determine the percent reduction in the required force.

3. A block of mass M slides on a thin film of oil. The film thickness is h and the area of the block is A. When released, mass
m exerts tension on the cord, causing the block to accelerate. Neglect friction in the pulley and air résistance. Develop
an algebraic expression for the viscous force that acts on the block when it moves at speed V. Derive a differential
equation for the block speed as a function of time. Obtain an expression for the block speed as a function of time. The
mass M=5 kg, m=1 kg, A=25 cm2, and h=0.5 mm. If it takes 1 s for the speed to reach 1 m/s, find the oil viscosity μ. Plot
the curve for V(t).(Figure 3)

Figure 3 Figure 4

4. a.) The thin outer cylinder (mass m2 and radius R) of a small portable concentric cylinder viscometer is driven by a
falling mass m1 attached to a chord as shown in figure 4. The inner cylinder is stationary. The clearance between the
cylinders is a. neglect the bearing friction, air resistance and the mass of the liquid in the viscometer. Obtain an
 algebraic expression for the torque due to viscous shear that acts on the cylinder at angular speed ω. Develop and
solve a differential equation for the angular speed of the outer cylindrical shell as a function of time.

b) A concentric cylinder viscometer may be formed by rotating the inner member of the pair of closely fitting cylinders
as shown in figure 4. For small clearances, a linear velocity profile may be assumed in the liquid filling the annular gap.
A viscometer has an inner cylinder of 75mm diameter and 150mm height with a clearance gap width of 0.02mm. A
torque of 0.021 Nm is required to turn the inner cylinder at 100 rpm. Determine the viscosity of the liquid in the
clearance gap of the viscometer.

5. A circular aluminum shaft mounted in a journal is shown in figure 5. The symmetric clearance gap between the shaft
and journal is filled with SAE 10W-30 oil at 30°C. The shaft is caused to turn by the attached mass and cord. Develop
and solve a differential equation for the angular speed of the shaft as a function of time. Calculate the maximum
angular speed of the shaft and the time required to reach 95% of this speed.

Figure 5
 1.2 Tutorial Problems on Course Outcome No :1

1. a) Calculate the gauge pressure and the absolute pressure within i.) A droplet of water 0.4cm in diameter; ii.) A jet of
water 0.4 cm in diameter. Assume the surface tension of water as 0.073 N/m and the atmospheric pressure as 1 atm.

b) The water strider bug shown in figure 1 is supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension acting along the
interface between the water and the bug’s legs. Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support
the bug. Assume the bug weighs 10-4 N and the surface tension force acts vertically upwards.
c) Repeat Problem 1 (b) if surface tension were to support a person weighing 750 N.

Figure 1 Figure 2
2. Calculate the capillary effect in millimetres in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter, when immersed in (i) water and (ii)
mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20°C and the values of the surface tension of wafer and mercury at 20°C
in contact with air are 0.073575 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The angle of contact for water is zero and that for
mercury is 130°. Take density of water at 20°C as equal to 998 kg/m3

3. Two water tanks are connected to each other through a mercury manometer with inclined tubes, as shown in
Fig.2. If the pressure difference between the two tanks is 20 kPa, calculate a and θ.

4. a) The pressure difference between an oil pipe and water pipe is measured by a double-fluid manometer, as shown
in

Fig. 3. For the given fluid heights and specific gravities, calculate the pressure difference ΔP = PB -PA.

b) A multifluid container is connected to a U-tube, as shown in Fig.4. For the given specific gravities and fluid
column heights, determine the gage pressure at A. Also determine the height of a mercury column that would
create the same pressure at A.
 Figure 3 Figure 4
5. The pressure of water flowing through a pipe is measured by the arrangement shown in Fig. 5. For the
values given, calculate the pressure in the pipe.

Figure 5
 1.3 Tutorial Problems on Course Outcome No :1

1. The velocity components for a fluid flow are : u = a + by – cz, v = d – bx – ez , w = f + cx – ey where a, b, c, d, e

(1) Show that it is a possible case of fluid flow.

(2) Is the fluid flow Irrotational? If not, determine the Vorticity and rotation.

2. A fluid flow field is given by V = x 2 y i + y2 z j – (2xyz + yz2) k. Prove that it is a case of possible steady
incompressible flow. Calculate the velocity and acceleration at the point (2, 1, 3)

3. A three-dimensional velocity field is given by

u (x,y,z) =Ax+2By+C

v (x,y,z) = Ay+D

w (x,y,z) = -2Az+E where A, B , C , D, E are constants.

Find the components of (a) the strain rates for the above velocity field (b) the rotational velocity, and

(c) The Vorticity

4. a.)Fluid flows steadily through a converging nozzle of length L. Flow can be approximated as one-dimensional
such that the axial velocity varies linearly from entrance to exit. The velocities at entrance and exit are V 0 and
4V0 respectively. Find out an expression of the acceleration of a particle flowing through the nozzle.

b.)Fluid flows at a constant rate of Q through a convergent pipe of length L having inlet and outlet radii of R 1 and
R2 respectively. Assuming that the velocity to be axial and uniform at any cross section, find out the
acceleration at the exit.

5. A conical pipe 10cm inlet diameter, 20cm outlet diameter and 100cm long is placed horizontally. The velocity
over any cross section may be considered to be uniform. Determine the local and convective acceleration at a
section where the diameter is 15cm for the following cases: a) constant inlet discharge of 0.2m 3/s. b) inlet
discharge varying linearly from 0.2m3/s to 0.4m3/s over 2 seconds. The time of interest is when t=1 second.
6. a.) A flow is described by velocity field, V=ai + bxj, where b = 1/s and a = 2m/s. coordinates are measured in
meters. Obtain the equation of the stream line passing through point (2, 5). At t=2s, what are the coordinates
of the particle that passed through point (0, 4) at t=0s?

b.) A three-dimensional velocity field is given by u= -x, v = 2y, w = 5- z. Find the equation of streamline through
(2, 2, 1).

7. a.)The stream function for a two dimensional flow is given by Ψ = 2 x y. Calculate the velocity at the point P
(2,3). Find the velocity potential function φ.

b.) If for a two dimensional potential flow, the velocity potential is given by : φ = 4x(3y – 4), determine the velocity
at the point (2,3). Determine also the value of stream function Ψ at the point (2,3).