STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I

ING. DIAZ BETETA

UNIVERSITYNATIONAL OF SANTA
FACULTYOFENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL ACADEMIC SCHOOL OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING

PORTAL METHOD

Authors:

HUAMAN TORREJON DAVI JERSON

JOEL CHAUCA MEJIA
ENCISO POLO BRANDON
REY RODRIGUEZ LUIS RICARDO
CENIZARIO PONTE WILLINGTON
ADRIAN ESTRADA JORGE LUIS
Course:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS I

Advisor:
ENG. DIAZ BETETA ROBERT CESAR

May 2016
New Chimbote-Peru

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SOURCES
NOTES ON STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, RODOLFO LÓPEZ RUELAS
2

CHAPTER 6 - NOTES
3
EXERCISE 4-6

BUILDING ANALYSIS, ANGEL SAN BARTOLOMÉ

7-8
EXERCISE 9

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS R.C HIBELLER 8TH EDITION

10-13
EXERCISE1 14-16
EXERCISE2 17-20

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS CLASSICAL AND MATRIX METHOD - JACK C MC

CORMAC 21-24

NOTES ON STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1 JOSÉ LUIS CAMBA C.

25
EXERCISE 26-27

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES JAIRO URIBE ESCAMILLA 2ND EDITION

27-31
EXERCISE 32-37

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PORTAL METHOD

Source:
Notes from the E.N.E.P. ARAGON - National Autonomous University of
Mexico. "Notes on Structural Analysis I". Rodolfo López Ruelas,
January. 1990.

Concept:

This method was developed by Engineer Hardy Cross, through observations.

of girder diagrams with lateral forces, seismic forces, and winds, in
of which he was able to realize that 85% to 90% of them went through the
center of the clearing, whether a beam or a column, which led to the conclusion that it could
introduce joints at those points to reduce the degree of
hyperstaticity of the structure.

The portal method has its greatest application in development.

of preliminary projects, since it is not as precise as the cross method or the
spin method is used to obtain results quickly.

This method uses the following hypotheses:

The inflection points of beams and columns are found at their points
means.
The total shear on each floor is divided among the columns of the same floor,
in such a way that each interior column supports double the shear of each
one of the outer columns.

The steps to follow for the application of this procedure are indicated at
continuation:

a. The shear force at each floor or level is determined.

b. The shear in each column is determined using this hypothesis.
2).

3. Calculate the moments at the ends of the columns according to what

established in hypothesis 1).

4. Determine the moments at the ends of the beams by equilibrium with the
moments of the columns at each end. It is necessary to do it initially
at the nodes where a single beam occurs and consider that the moments in
the ends of a beam are equal.

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5. Obtain the shear forces in the beams starting from the moments.
acting at their ends.

6. Obtain the axial forces in the columns by summing, starting from the part
higher, the shear forces transmitted by the beams.

Although the axial forces in the beams are not of great importance for the
design, can be obtained in a manner analogous to step 6) by adding, from
On one hand, the shear forces transmitted by the columns, obviously, must be
include in that sum the effects of the lateral loads themselves.

PORTAL METHOD
Source:
CHAPTER 6 - NOTES
The figure shows frames (or portals) embedded at their base that
they support lateral loads, finding that the points of inflection are
are presented approximately in the center of each beam and column. The frame
from a building bends in the same way as a portal, (see Fig. 6.6a) and
For this reason, it is appropriate to assume that inflection points occur in the center
of the columns and beams. If we consider each bay of the frame as
composed of a series of portals, Fig. 6.6b, then, as a hypothesis
Additionally, the interior columns would represent the effect of two columns of
portal and would then support double the shear force V regarding the
that support the two outer columns.

In summary, the portal method for the analysis of building frames

embedded in its base, requires the following hypotheses:*
1.- A joint is placed in the center of each beam as it is assumed that
this is a point of zero moment.
2- A joint is placed in the center of each column as it is supposed
that this is a zero moment point.
3.- At a given floor level, the shear force at the joints of
interior columns are double

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that in the joints of outside columns since the frame is

consider it as a superposition of portals.

These hypotheses provide an adequate reduction of the framework to one that

it is statically determined and stable under load.
Compared to the more accurate statically indeterminate analysis, the
the portal method is more suitable for low-rise buildings and
uniform structuring. The reason for this has to do with the
behavior of the structure under load. Regarding this, I considered that the
Marco acts like a cantilever beam anchored in the ground. Remember that the
material mechanics where shear resistance becomes more important
in the design of short beams, while bending is more important if the
The beam is long. The portal method is based on the hypothesis related to the
shear distribution as established in section 3
The following example illustrates how to apply the portal method in analysis of
frame of a building.

APPLICATION EXERCISE
Determine approximately the reactions at the base of the
columns of the framework
shown in the Figure Use the portal method for analysis.

SOLUTION: First, joints are inserted in the centers of the

beams and columns of the frame, taking free bodies from the upper portion
from the frame starting from the sections at the joints O, P, Q and J, K, L gives the

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diagrams shown

The shear forces in the columns are calculated as follows:

Fx= 0; 20—4V= 0 V = 6KN
Fx= 0; 20 + 30 — 4V’ = 0 V'= 12.5 KN

Using these results, one can proceed to analyze each part of the framework,
starting at the OGR corner, as shown in Fig. 6.8a, in which it
they only have three unknown forces; Ry, Rxy Oytherefore it is enough to apply
the equilibrium equations to obtain the values for each of these
forces represented in the Fig. With these results, the node is now analyzed
D, that from the joints the OJM segment is formed as
shown in Fig. 6.8b; then, the successive segments until completion of the
analysis. The free body diagrams for each of the segments and the
The corresponding forces acting are presented below

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In summary, the answer to this problem is: Ax12.5 KN, Ay=

15.625 KN and MA37.5 KN.m at support A; Bx= 25 KN, By= 0 and MB= 75 KN.m
in support B and; C* = 12.5 KN, Cy15.625 KN and Mc37.5 KN.m at support C.

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PORTAL METHOD

Source:
Building analysis, Ángel San Bartolomé, PONTIFICAL UNIVERSITY
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF PERU, EDITORIAL FUND 1998

In this method, the position of the point must first be estimated.

inflection (PI) in the columns, as demonstrated below

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After having located the inflection points in the columns, and

known as lateral force equilibrium, the shear force that exists
In each intermediate floor (Q) corresponding to the portico under analysis, the steps that are
they are orderly in the method of the Portal are:

1.- Assume that the internal columns absorb 1.5 times the shear that
they take the external columns; then, by equilibrium of horizontal forces, it
calculate the shear in each column.

2.- Calculate the bending moments in the columns (MA and MB) and graph them.
DMF.
3.- Determine the moments in the beams, distributing the moment.
unbalanced in the knots proportionally to the stiffnesses of the beams (1 /
L) And plot your DMF.
4.- Evaluate the shear in the beams by equilibrium.
5.- Calculate the axial force in the columns.

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APPLICATION EXERCISE
Using the Portal method, the shown portal will be resolved in
the figure. In this example, the characteristics are unknown.
geometric shapes of the cross-sections of beams and columns.

In this case, for each mezzanine it is given: Q = V + 1.5 V + V = 3.5 V → V = Q / 3.5;

where: Q1 = 5 + 10 = 15 tons and Q2 = 10 tons.

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After graphing the DMF of the columns, the unbalanced moments in

the central knots have been distributed over the beams in inverse proportion
of their length (1/5 and 1/6), while the moments at the external nodes
The beams have been obtained through equilibrium in a direct manner.

Figure 6.3A shows the DMF (in ton-m), the shear forces (ton) in
beams and columns, and the axial tensile force in the outer column
left, the same as obtained by accumulating (from top to bottom) the
shear forces existing in the beams of the left span.

METHOD OF THE PORTAL

Source:
Structural Analysis by R.C. Hibeller 8th Edition

In this section, the action of lateral loads on the frames was analyzed.
portal and it was found that for a fixed frame supported at its base, the points of
Inflections occur approximately at the center of each beam and column and that
the columns support the same shear loads.

Firmly supported. The portals with two fixed supports,

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They are statically indeterminate of third degree, since there is a total of

six unknowns in the supports. If the vertical elements have lengths and
equal cross-sections, the frame will deform as shown
continuation:

In this case, it will be assumed that the inflection points occur at the points
means of the three elements and, therefore, the hinges are placed on these
points. Consequently, the reactions and moment diagrams for
each element can be determined by disassembling the frame at the hinges and
by applying the equilibrium equations for each of the four parts. The
results are shown in figure 7-8c.

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Please note that as in the case of the articulated portal, the reactions
horizontal (shear force) at the base of each column are equal. The
The moment diagram for this frame is shown in the figure.

A building scaffold deforms in the same way as a frame of

portal

and therefore, it would be advisable to assume that the inflection points are
they are produced in the center of the columns and beams. If it is considered that each
The structure's framework consists of a series of portals,

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So as an additional assumption, the inner columns would represent the

effect of two columns of the portal and, therefore, they would withstand double the force
V-shaped cutter that the two outer columns.

In summary, the portal method for analyzing construction frames

Firmly supported requires the following assumptions;
In the center of each beam, a hinge is placed, since it is assumed that
this is a point of zero moment.
2. A hinge is placed in the center of each column, as it is assumed
that this is a point of zero moment.
3. At a given floor level, the shear force at the column hinges.
interiors double than in the hinges of the exterior column, since the
Marco is considered a superposition of portals.
These assumptions provide an appropriate reduction of the framework to a
statically determinate structure but stable under load.
Compared to the statically indeterminate analysis that is more
exactly, the portal method is the most suitable for buildings with
short height and uniform structure. The reason for this is related to
with the action of the structure under load. In this regard, consider that the
the beam acts as a cantilever that is fixed to the ground. Remember of the
study of the mechanics of materials that the resistance to shear force is
becomes more important in the design of short beams, as the resistance
The flexural is more important if the beam is long. The portal method is based on.
in the assumption related to the shear force as indicated in point 3
previous. The following examples illustrate how to apply the method of
portal to analyze a building easel

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EJERCICIO DE APLICACION
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the
columns of the frame shown in the figure. Use the method of
portal analysis.

SOLUTION
When applying the first two assumptions of the portal method, we place
hinges in the centers of the beams and columns of the structure. A
section through the column hinges in I, J, K, L produces the diagram of
free body shown

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This is where the third assumption applies in relation to the shear forces in the
columns. It is required
∑f y = 0; 1200-6V = 0 V = 200 lb
Based on this result, the framework can now be disassembled into the
hinges and determine their reactions. As a general rule, always start this
analysis at the corner or joint where the horizontal load is applied. Therefore,
the free body diagram of the IBM segment is

The three components of the reaction at the hinges Iy, Mx, and Myse
determine when applying ∑M m = 0, ∑ fx =0, ∑ fy = 0,
respectively. Next, the adjacent segment MJN is analyzed.

Followed by the NKO segment,

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and finally the OGL segment

Using these results, the free body diagrams of the columns with
the reactions on their supports are as shown

Si se consideran los segmentos horizontales de trabes el diagrama de

moment for the beam is as shown in the figure

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APPLICATION EXERCISE
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the
columns of the frame shown in the figure use the method of
analysis of the portal.

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SOLUTION
First, the hinges are placed in the centers of the beams and the
columns of the frame. A section through the hinges at O, P, Q and J, K, L
generate the free body diagram shown in the figure

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Shear forces in the columns are calculated as follows:

∑f x = 0; 20 - 4V = 0 V = 5 kN

∑f x = 0; 20 + 30 - 4V´ =0 V' = 12.5 kN

Using these results, one can continue with the analysis of each part.
from the frame. The analysis begins with the corner segment OGR

The three unknowns Or, Rxand Rythey have been calculated using the equations
of equilibrium. With these results, the OJM segment is analyzed next.

then the segment JA

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RPS

PMKN

Finally KB

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Complete this example and analyze the SIQ segments, then QNI. and for
last LC also shows that Cx= 12.5 kN, CyL5.625 kN. and Mc=37.5
kN • m. Additionally, use the results to demonstrate that the diagram of
moment for DMENF is as shown in the figure

PORTAL METHOD
SOURCE:

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Analysis of structure classic and matrix method - JACK C MC CORMAC

ELLING, alfaomega editorial.
The most common approximate method to analyze building frames for
lateral loads were once the method of the portal. Due to its simplicity,
probably more was used than any other approximate method to
determine the collic forces in building frames. This method that was
presented by Albert Smith in the Journal of the Western Society of Engineers
In April 1915, it was supposedly satisfactory for the majority of the
buildings up to 25 stories high.
At least three hypotheses must be made for each individual portal or
for each beam. In the portal method, the frame is theoretically divided into
independent portals

and the following three hypotheses are formulated:

The columns bend in such a way that there is a point of inflection.

at half the height (figure 19.9).

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The beams flex in such a way that there is a point of inflection in them.
central axes.

3. The horizontal shear forces at each level are distributed

arbitrarily between the columns. A commonly used distribution (and
what is illustrated here) is to suppose that the shear force is divided between the
columns according to the relationship of a part to the columns
exteriors and two parts to the interior columns. The reason for this relationship
can be seen in the previous figure. Each of the inner columns serves to
two bends, while the outer columns serve only one.
Another common distribution is to assume that the shear force V taken by each
the column is proportional to the floor area it supports. The distribution of force
The cutting for both procedures would be the same for a building with bays.
equal, but for one with unequal crunches the results would differ from
floor area method, probably yielding more realistic results.

For this framework, there are 27 redundants; to obtain their values, it has been done.
a hypothesis regarding the position of the inflection point for each of
the 21 columns and beams. Three hypotheses are made for each level regarding
the shear force that is divided in each individual portal, or the number of
shear force hypothesis is equal to one minus the number of columns for
each level. For the framework, 9 shear force hypotheses are made, giving a
a total of 30 hypotheses and only 27 are redundant. More hypotheses are made than the
necessary, but they are consistent with the solution (that is, if only they are
they used 27 of the hypotheses and the remaining values were obtained through statistics, the
the results would be identical

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Framework analysis
The framework of the figure is analyzed based on these hypotheses. The arrows
shown in the figure indicate the direction of the shear forces in the beams and
of the axial forces in the columns. The reader can visualize the condition
of efforts of the frame if it is assumed that the wind tends to push it to the left
to the right, extending the outer left columns and compressing the
right exterior columns. Briefly, the calculations were made as
continue.

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I. Shear forces in the columns

First, the shear forces were obtained in each column of the different
levels. The total shear force at the upper level is 15 klb. Since there are two
outer columns and two inner ones can be written as the following expression:
x + 2x + 2x + x = 15 klb
x = 2.5 klb
2x = 5.0 klb
The shear force in column CD is 2.5 klb; in GH it is 5.0 klb, etc. In
in a similar manner, the shear forces were determined for the columns in the
first and second levels, where the total shear forces are 75 and 45
klb, respectively.

2. Moments in the columns

It is presumed that the columns have inflection points halfway up their height;
Therefore, its upper and lower moments are equal to the forces
cutting forces in the columns multiplied by half of the heights of the
columns.

3. Moments and shearing forces of the beams

For any joint of the frame, the sum of the moments in the beams is equal.
a la suma de los momentos en las columnas. Los momentos de las columnas
have been determined previously.
Starting in the upper left corner of the frame and working from
from left to right, adding or subtracting the moments as the case may be, the
Moments of the beams were found in this order: DH, HL, LP, CG, GK, etc.
It is concluded that with inflection points on the central axes.
In the beams, the shear forces in the beams are equal to the moments.
of the divided beams
for the semi-length of the beams.
4. Axial forces in the columns
Axial forces in the columns can be obtained directly from the
shear forces of the
beams. Starting at the top left corner, the axial force in the
The community in CD is numerically equal to the shear force in beam DH. The
axial force in the GH column is equal to the difference between the two forces
cuts of the DH and HL beams, which is equal to zero in this case.
If the width of each of the portals is the same, the shear forces in
the beam at one level will be equal, and the interior columns will have no strength
axial, since only lateral loads are considered.)

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PORTAL METHOD
SOURCE:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS NOTES 1 José Luis Camba C. Francisco
Chacón G. Francisco Pérez A. NATIONAL AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF
MEXICO FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DIVISION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEODETIC. DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURES

This method is based on the following hypotheses:

a) The inflection points of beams and columns are found at their points.
means.
b) The shear force in each of the exterior columns of a floor is
equal to half of that which corresponds to each inner column. In this way
the problem turns into an isostatic one.
Summary of the calculation sequence:
1. The shear force is determined at each floor.
Using hypothesis (b), the shear force in each column is determined.
3. Considering hypothesis (a), the bending moments are determined in
the ends of the columns.
4. Determine the moments at the ends of all the beams
balancing the moments of the columns at each end. It is needed
start at nodes with a single beam and consider that the moments in the
the ends of the same beam are equal.
5. Obtain the shear forces in the beams from the moments of
its extremes.
6. Determine the axial forces in the columns from the shear forces.
of the beams.

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APPLICATION EXERCISE

The shear force in the first floor is worth

Vc = 2666. 6 interior columns
Vc = 13 33. 3 exterior columns

The shear force in the second floor is V= 3000 kg

Ve=1000 interior columns
Ve=500 exterior columns

With the previous values, the moments in the columns are calculated and
for balance the of the beams

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METODO DEL PORTAL

SOURCE:
ANALISIS DE ESTRUCTRURAS , Jairo Uribe Escamilla , 2da edición ,
Editorial Colombian School of Engineering

The simplest method for the approximate analysis of frames

orthogonal is that of the portal or simple portal, named so because its
assumptions are derived from likening the real structure to an assembly of
simple symmetric porticos of a single story and a single span. Indeed, such
the portal presents a deformation in which, due to antimetry, the point of
The deflection of the beam is located exactly at its center. On the other hand,
part, if the rigidity of the beam is much greater than that of the columns, the
The inflection points of these will be found very close to their midpoint.
Consequently, it is to be expected that the values of internal forces
obtained from the assumption that such inflection points are
exactly at the midpoints, they will not involve appreciable errors.
For that portal, the approximate analysis then leads to the
next:

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The values of the lower section and those of the right half of the portal are
they obtained using the principle of action and reaction and the condition
antimetric of the deformed structure.
If we now consider a portal with two equal spans, it is logical to assume
that the central column has double the rigidity of the columns
extremes. In such a case, the portico will
could be replaced by the sum of two identical portals, each of them
similar to what was studied before, that would resist half of the horizontal force
applied. Therefore
the approximate analysis, indicated below, would lead to the conclusion that the
interior column takes half of the total load and the columns
the other half, that is to say a
quarter each one.

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Consequently to the other corner and the

central section

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The values of the lower sections of the columns and the reactions can be
obtain by inspection:

Repeating the same reasoning for a portico of three equal lights, the
the corresponding figures would be a third of the load for the columns
interiors and a sixth for the extremes. It is easy to extend this concept

to porticos of any number of lights and floors, concluding as

basic hypothesis of the method that the inner columns will take the
double the load of the exteriors. The procedure remains, then,
specified as follows:
1. Suppose that inflection points are presented in the center of all
the beams and columns.
2. Suppose that the inner columns take double the forces
of the exterior cuts, and based on this assumption, distribute it among
all the columns the cutting force of the floor taken into consideration.
3. Starting from the upper floor, calculate the moments in the
ends of the columns based on the shear forces evaluated at
the previous point.
4. Considering the equilibrium of nodes, evaluate the moments in the
ends of the beams
5. Using the previous moments, calculate the shear forces.
on the beams.
6. Based on the individual free body diagrams and the forces
in the cutting of beams and columns, find the axial forces in
columns and beams, respectively.
7. Repeat steps 2 to 6 for all floors until reaching the
foundation. If the columns of the first floor are considered
articulated, it is obvious that on that floor the
inflection points should be placed at the base of the columns.
The previous process will be illustrated later with an example.
Evidently, the greatest advantage of the method lies in its simplicity;
however, I disregard that not taking into account the dimensions of

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beams and columns can lead to

great mistakes when the structure deviates from the conditions
ideal assumptions in their deduction. That's why some prefer to use the
cantilever structure method, described later, that when
less takes into account the dimensions of the columns.

APPLICATION EXERCISE

Analyze by the portal method the structure shown at

continuation

Following the steps indicated above:

Joints are supposed at the midpoints of all
members.
2. Cut in the columns of the upper floor.

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3. Moments in the extremes of

the same ones columns:

4.

Moments in which extremes

respective of the beams:

For having the inflection point at the center of the light

Verification

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So the moment diagram for the upper floor looks like this:
5. Cut at the beams, starting from the respective free body diagrams:

6. axial forces in beams and columns. Again, the diagrams are used.
free body and the forces already obtained:

Verification

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Now the same steps are repeated for the intermediate floor.
with the following results:

2. Shear forces in columns

3. Moments at the ends of the columns:

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4. Moments in the ends of the

beams

Verification

5. Cut in the beams

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6. Axial forces in beams and columns

Verification at the central knot

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Finally, the diagrams for the lower section are drawn.

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