Page 1: Introduction to Linux
Linux is a free, open-source operating system kernel first released by Linus Torvalds in
1991. It is the foundation for various "Distributions" (Distros) that serve different purposes.
Core Philosophy
Open Source: Anyone can view, modify, and distribute the source code.
Multi-user & Multi-tasking: Multiple users can run multiple processes
simultaneously.
Stability & Security: Highly resistant to crashes and malware compared to other
OSs.
Popular Distributions
Distro Focus Package Manager
Ubuntu User-friendly, General use APT
CentOS/RHEL Enterprise, Servers YUM/DNF
Kali Linux Penetration Testing APT
Arch Linux Customization, Advanced Pacman
Export to Sheets
Page 2: Linux Architecture
The Linux system is built in layers, moving from the hardware up to the user.
Key Components
1. Hardware: The physical layer (CPU, RAM, Disk).
2. Kernel: The "heart" of the OS. It manages hardware resources and communicates
between software and hardware.
3. Shell: The interface that interprets your commands (e.g., Bash, Zsh).
4. Applications/Utilities: Programs like web browsers, editors, or compilers.
Page 3: The File System Hierarchy (FHS)
Unlike Windows, Linux does not use drive letters (C:, D:). Everything starts from the Root
Directory (/).
Essential Directories
/bin & /usr/bin: Executable terminal commands (ls, cp).
/etc: System configuration files.
/home: Personal folders for users.
/root: Home directory for the Superuser (Admin).
/var: Variable data like system logs.
/tmp: Temporary files (cleared on reboot).
Page 4: Basic Commands & Navigation
The CLI (Command Line Interface) is where the power of Linux lies.
Navigation
pwd: Print Working Directory (shows where you are).
ls: List files and folders. (ls -la shows hidden files).
cd [path]: Change directory.
cd ..: Move up one level.
File Operations
mkdir [name]: Create a new folder.
touch [file]: Create an empty file.
cp [source] [dest]: Copy files.
mv [source] [dest]: Move or rename files.
rm [file]: Remove a file. (rm -r for folders).
Page 5: File Permissions & Ownership
Linux is a strict permission-based system. Every file has an Owner, a Group, and Others.
Permission Types
1. Read (r) = 4
2. Write (w) = 2
3. Execute (x) = 1
Managing Permissions
chmod: Change Mode.
o Example: chmod 755 [Link] (Owner=rwx, Group=rx, Other=rx).
chown: Change Owner.
o Example: sudo chown user:group [Link].
Page 6: Package Management
Installing software in Linux is usually done via repositories rather than downloading .exe
files.
Debian/Ubuntu (APT)
sudo apt update: Refresh the list of available software.
sudo apt install [package]: Install software (e.g., git, vim).
sudo apt upgrade: Update all installed software.
RedHat/CentOS (DNF/YUM)
sudo dnf install [package]
sudo dnf remove [package]
Page 7: User & Group Management
Linux handles multiple users with specific security levels.
Common Commands
sudo: "SuperUser Do" – execute a command with root privileges.
useradd [name]: Create a new user.
passwd [user]: Change a user's password.
whoami: Displays the current logged-in user.
/etc/passwd: The file containing user account information.
Page 8: Process Management & Monitoring
Linux allows you to monitor and control every running program (process).
Tools
top: Real-time view of running processes and CPU usage.
htop: An interactive, colorized version of top.
ps aux: Snapshot of all running processes.
kill [PID]: Stop a process using its Process ID.
Memory & Disk
free -m: Shows RAM usage in Megabytes.
df -h: Shows disk space in "Human Readable" format.
Page 9: Networking Basics
Linux is the backbone of the internet, making networking tools essential.
Essential Commands
ip addr: Check your IP address.
ping [address]: Check connectivity to a server.
ssh user@host: Securely log into a remote machine.
scp: Securely copy files between two machines over a network.
netstat or ss: View active network connections and ports.
Page 10: Introduction to Shell Scripting
A script is a file containing a series of commands that the shell executes.
Anatomy of a Script
1. Shebang (#!/bin/bash): Tells the system which interpreter to use.
2. Comments (#): Non-executable notes.
3. Variables: NAME="Linux User"
A Simple Script Example
Bash
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, what is your name?"
read USERNAME
echo "Welcome to Linux, $USERNAME!"
To run it:
1. chmod +x [Link]
2. ./[Link]
Would you like me to expand on any of these sections (e.g., more advanced Shell
Scripting or Networking) before you save it?
Page 1: Introduction to Linux
Linux is a free, open-source operating system kernel first released by Linus Torvalds in
1991. It is the foundation for various "Distributions" (Distros) that serve different purposes.
Core Philosophy
Open Source: Anyone can view, modify, and distribute the source code.
Multi-user & Multi-tasking: Multiple users can run multiple processes
simultaneously.
Stability & Security: Highly resistant to crashes and malware compared to other
OSs.
Popular Distributions
Distro Focus Package Manager
Ubuntu User-friendly, General use APT
CentOS/RHEL Enterprise, Servers YUM/DNF
Kali Linux Penetration Testing APT
Arch Linux Customization, Advanced Pacman
Export to Sheets
Page 2: Linux Architecture
The Linux system is built in layers, moving from the hardware up to the user.
Key Components
5. Hardware: The physical layer (CPU, RAM, Disk).
6. Kernel: The "heart" of the OS. It manages hardware resources and communicates
between software and hardware.
7. Shell: The interface that interprets your commands (e.g., Bash, Zsh).
8. Applications/Utilities: Programs like web browsers, editors, or compilers.
Page 3: The File System Hierarchy (FHS)
Unlike Windows, Linux does not use drive letters (C:, D:). Everything starts from the Root
Directory (/).
Essential Directories
/bin & /usr/bin: Executable terminal commands (ls, cp).
/etc: System configuration files.
/home: Personal folders for users.
/root: Home directory for the Superuser (Admin).
/var: Variable data like system logs.
/tmp: Temporary files (cleared on reboot).
Page 4: Basic Commands & Navigation
The CLI (Command Line Interface) is where the power of Linux lies.
Navigation
pwd: Print Working Directory (shows where you are).
ls: List files and folders. (ls -la shows hidden files).
cd [path]: Change directory.
cd ..: Move up one level.
File Operations
mkdir [name]: Create a new folder.
touch [file]: Create an empty file.
cp [source] [dest]: Copy files.
mv [source] [dest]: Move or rename files.
rm [file]: Remove a file. (rm -r for folders).
Page 5: File Permissions & Ownership
Linux is a strict permission-based system. Every file has an Owner, a Group, and Others.
Permission Types
4. Read (r) = 4
5. Write (w) = 2
6. Execute (x) = 1
Managing Permissions
chmod: Change Mode.
o Example: chmod 755 [Link] (Owner=rwx, Group=rx, Other=rx).
chown: Change Owner.
o Example: sudo chown user:group [Link].
Page 6: Package Management
Installing software in Linux is usually done via repositories rather than downloading .exe
files.
Debian/Ubuntu (APT)
sudo apt update: Refresh the list of available software.
sudo apt install [package]: Install software (e.g., git, vim).
sudo apt upgrade: Update all installed software.
RedHat/CentOS (DNF/YUM)
sudo dnf install [package]
sudo dnf remove [package]
Page 7: User & Group Management
Linux handles multiple users with specific security levels.
Common Commands
sudo: "SuperUser Do" – execute a command with root privileges.
useradd [name]: Create a new user.
passwd [user]: Change a user's password.
whoami: Displays the current logged-in user.
/etc/passwd: The file containing user account information.
Page 8: Process Management & Monitoring
Linux allows you to monitor and control every running program (process).
Tools
top: Real-time view of running processes and CPU usage.
htop: An interactive, colorized version of top.
ps aux: Snapshot of all running processes.
kill [PID]: Stop a process using its Process ID.
Memory & Disk
free -m: Shows RAM usage in Megabytes.
df -h: Shows disk space in "Human Readable" format.
Page 9: Networking Basics
Linux is the backbone of the internet, making networking tools essential.
Essential Commands
ip addr: Check your IP address.
ping [address]: Check connectivity to a server.
ssh user@host: Securely log into a remote machine.
scp: Securely copy files between two machines over a network.
netstat or ss: View active network connections and ports.
Page 10: Introduction to Shell Scripting
A script is a file containing a series of commands that the shell executes.
Anatomy of a Script
4. Shebang (#!/bin/bash): Tells the system which interpreter to use.
5. Comments (#): Non-executable notes.
6. Variables: NAME="Linux User"
A Simple Script Example
Bash
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, what is your name?"
read USERNAME
echo "Welcome to Linux, $USERNAME!"
To run it:
3. chmod +x [Link]
4. ./[Link]
Would you like me to expand on any of these sections (e.g., more advanced Shell
Scripting or Networking) before you save it?
Page 1: Introduction to Linux
Linux is a free, open-source operating system kernel first released by Linus Torvalds in
1991. It is the foundation for various "Distributions" (Distros) that serve different purposes.
Core Philosophy
Open Source: Anyone can view, modify, and distribute the source code.
Multi-user & Multi-tasking: Multiple users can run multiple processes
simultaneously.
Stability & Security: Highly resistant to crashes and malware compared to other
OSs.
Popular Distributions
Distro Focus Package Manager
Ubuntu User-friendly, General use APT
CentOS/RHEL Enterprise, Servers YUM/DNF
Kali Linux Penetration Testing APT
Arch Linux Customization, Advanced Pacman
Export to Sheets
Page 2: Linux Architecture
The Linux system is built in layers, moving from the hardware up to the user.
Key Components
9. Hardware: The physical layer (CPU, RAM, Disk).
10. Kernel: The "heart" of the OS. It manages hardware resources and communicates
between software and hardware.
11. Shell: The interface that interprets your commands (e.g., Bash, Zsh).
12. Applications/Utilities: Programs like web browsers, editors, or compilers.
Page 3: The File System Hierarchy (FHS)
Unlike Windows, Linux does not use drive letters (C:, D:). Everything starts from the Root
Directory (/).
Essential Directories
/bin & /usr/bin: Executable terminal commands (ls, cp).
/etc: System configuration files.
/home: Personal folders for users.
/root: Home directory for the Superuser (Admin).
/var: Variable data like system logs.
/tmp: Temporary files (cleared on reboot).
Page 4: Basic Commands & Navigation
The CLI (Command Line Interface) is where the power of Linux lies.
Navigation
pwd: Print Working Directory (shows where you are).
ls: List files and folders. (ls -la shows hidden files).
cd [path]: Change directory.
cd ..: Move up one level.
File Operations
mkdir [name]: Create a new folder.
touch [file]: Create an empty file.
cp [source] [dest]: Copy files.
mv [source] [dest]: Move or rename files.
rm [file]: Remove a file. (rm -r for folders).
Page 5: File Permissions & Ownership
Linux is a strict permission-based system. Every file has an Owner, a Group, and Others.
Permission Types
7. Read (r) = 4
8. Write (w) = 2
9. Execute (x) = 1
Managing Permissions
chmod: Change Mode.
o Example: chmod 755 [Link] (Owner=rwx, Group=rx, Other=rx).
chown: Change Owner.
o Example: sudo chown user:group [Link].
Page 6: Package Management
Installing software in Linux is usually done via repositories rather than downloading .exe
files.
Debian/Ubuntu (APT)
sudo apt update: Refresh the list of available software.
sudo apt install [package]: Install software (e.g., git, vim).
sudo apt upgrade: Update all installed software.
RedHat/CentOS (DNF/YUM)
sudo dnf install [package]
sudo dnf remove [package]
Page 7: User & Group Management
Linux handles multiple users with specific security levels.
Common Commands
sudo: "SuperUser Do" – execute a command with root privileges.
useradd [name]: Create a new user.
passwd [user]: Change a user's password.
whoami: Displays the current logged-in user.
/etc/passwd: The file containing user account information.
Page 8: Process Management & Monitoring
Linux allows you to monitor and control every running program (process).
Tools
top: Real-time view of running processes and CPU usage.
htop: An interactive, colorized version of top.
ps aux: Snapshot of all running processes.
kill [PID]: Stop a process using its Process ID.
Memory & Disk
free -m: Shows RAM usage in Megabytes.
df -h: Shows disk space in "Human Readable" format.
Page 9: Networking Basics
Linux is the backbone of the internet, making networking tools essential.
Essential Commands
ip addr: Check your IP address.
ping [address]: Check connectivity to a server.
ssh user@host: Securely log into a remote machine.
scp: Securely copy files between two machines over a network.
netstat or ss: View active network connections and ports.
Page 10: Introduction to Shell Scripting
A script is a file containing a series of commands that the shell executes.
Anatomy of a Script
7. Shebang (#!/bin/bash): Tells the system which interpreter to use.
8. Comments (#): Non-executable notes.
9. Variables: NAME="Linux User"
A Simple Script Example
Bash
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, what is your name?"
read USERNAME
echo "Welcome to Linux, $USERNAME!"
To run it:
5. chmod +x [Link]
6. ./[Link]
Would you like me to expand on any of these sections (e.g., more advanced Shell
Scripting or Networking) before you save it?
