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Matrices & Determinants

The document provides an overview of various types of matrices including row, column, square, diagonal, scalar, unit, triangular, null, symmetric, skew-symmetric, singular, non-singular, unitary, orthogonal, idempotent, involutary, and nilpotent matrices. It also discusses matrix operations such as addition, multiplication, transposition, and properties of inverses, along with methods for solving systems of linear equations. Key definitions and examples illustrate the concepts, emphasizing the relationships and characteristics of different matrix types.

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64 views12 pages

Matrices & Determinants

The document provides an overview of various types of matrices including row, column, square, diagonal, scalar, unit, triangular, null, symmetric, skew-symmetric, singular, non-singular, unitary, orthogonal, idempotent, involutary, and nilpotent matrices. It also discusses matrix operations such as addition, multiplication, transposition, and properties of inverses, along with methods for solving systems of linear equations. Key definitions and examples illustrate the concepts, emphasizing the relationships and characteristics of different matrix types.

Uploaded by

pineapplecustardapplemango
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
‘Two matrices are said to be equal if they have the same order and each element of one is equal to the corresponding element of the other. ROSS Comune Lue Row Matrix ‘A matrix having a single row is called a row matrix. @.9. [1 3 5 7) Column Matrix 2 ‘Ammatrix having a single column is called a column matrix. e.g.| 3 5 Square Matrix ‘An m xn matrix A is said to be a square matrix if m = n ie. number of rows = number of columns and the order of square matrix is also said to be m or n i 29 Forexample: A=| 2 3 0} is a square matrix of order 3 345 Note: G1 Ina square matrix the diagonal from left hand side upper corner to right hand side lower corner jg known as leading diagonal or principal diagonal. In the above example square matrix containing the elements 1, 3, 5 is called the leading or principal diagonal Trace of a Matrix The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace of jg H(A). Thus if A = [aio Diagonal Matrix ‘A square matrix whose non-diagonal elements are zero, is called a diagonal matrix. For a square matrix ‘A= [ain to be a diagonal matrix, aj = 0, whenever i» j 30 0] Forexample: A=|0 0 0 | isa diagonal matrix of order 3x3. 00 1] ‘Note: Here A can also be represented as diag(3, 0, - 1) ‘A diagonal matrix whose all the elements are equal is called a scalar matrix. Fora square matrix A= [aijunto be a scalar matrix,)=1° —|*! where m0. 5 For example: A=|0 0 0 0| is a scalar matrix. s ‘Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix ‘A diagonal matrix of order n which has unity for all its elements, is called a unit matrix of order n and is denoted by In ‘Thus a square matrix A = [ain is a unit matrix if ay = 100 Forexample: |, =|0 1 0 00 th, Triangular Matrix ‘A square matrix in which all the elements below the principal diagonal are zero is called an Upper Triangular matrix and a square matrix in which all the elements above the principal diagonal are zer0 is called a Lower Triangular matrix. Given a square matrix A = aij, for upper triangular matrix, a 0, 1> j and for lower triangular matrix, =O, i AA’ =| Al, we have be unitary Orthogonal Matrix, ‘Any square mati A of order ns said tobe orthogonal f AA Idempotent Matrix A square matrix Ai called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A?= A For example: The matix A 2 AeAA|-4 3 Involuntary Matrix A matrix such that A?= is called an involutary matrix Nilpotent Matrix I there exists @ positive inleger’m such ny Ate mac Ais ced «potent mati ove eve 6 Foe aoe A” = O. If m is the least posiive integer such that A” matric A abe lustration 1: Sup rumbers such that abc = 1.1 A= | © 8! 18 such thy Mustration +: Suppose a, b,c are real numb eo ‘NA= |, then find te value ofa? + b+ Solution: Note a'= A. Thus, 1= AA = AA= Ai IAP = [A= 21 IA|== 1. But/Al =a? + b+ c#— Sabe Thus, a? +b?+o!— gabe =+1 sade Pec der n cofactor of a in A. Then the transpose of the Sine son oka dis denoted by a fn Ce Call [Cy Cys Gy: HA, then, aA=|Cy, Cy Cy} =|Cy Cy Cy]: Cy Ce Cry] [es Cy Cy} inere C; denotes the cofactor of ain A. SS & Peoptrb to 4 Ayer age Rel Jagal= al" 5 \agj Cay ADL = 1a OP W) [Arad Al = 1A A” s) Aley Ale (ogA-R = IN : skew a matrx f edd ovdey , ode ongb he Ane odd porvere Uf a skew dgmm. 4 naan ave. Theo ~aprm whi riled OL pe tre powers are sporti 1 The agjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the Giagoral cloments and changing the signs of off-diagonal let hand side lower corner to right hang side upper corner) elements, Inverse of a Matrix ‘A non-singular square matrix of order is i such that AB = In= BA, In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we write, A-! = B IAs invertible, then the inverse of Ais given by A= adi A, invertible if there exists a square matix B of the same order Al Properties of Inverse of a Matrix () Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse. (i) (Reversal Law) if and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is invertible and (ABy* = B1A", In general, if A, B, C, .... are invertible matrices then (ABC. 9 CIB IA, (il) IFAis an invertiole square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)! = (A). (iv) If Ais anon-singular square matrix of order n, then jadjA| = |A[>" (¥) If Aand B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (ad A. (vi) IfAis an invertible square matrix, then adj(A") = (adj A)! (vil) IfAis a non-singular square matrix, then adj(adjA) = JAI" A. Solution of a Non-Homogeneous System of Linear Equations ‘There are two methods of solving a nonhomogeneous sytem of simultaneous near equations. () Cramer's Rule (i) Matix Method (Cramer's Rue: is cscussedin the Choper Determinants (i) Matrix Method: Consider the equations ax thy +62 = d, axt by + or axt by + oz oe 0 4 ie bg x 4, Lay bso lz] os then the equation i)is equivalent to the matic equation AX=D, @ “Mutipying both sides of i) by the inverse matrix A“, we get AMAX)EATDS K= AID fs AtASI] pi Ar Ae As] [dy corolla S fy & Cc, CC 5 were As, Bet, are the cofactors of a,b a. in the determinant lm by | oe ee ey a) (fis @ non-singular mati, then the system of equations given by AX = D has a unique solution siven by X= AD, (i) As a singular mati, and (adjA)D = ©, then the system of equations given by AX = D is consistent, with infiitely many solutions. (ii) Ais a singular matrix, and (adiAJD + ©, then the system of equation given by AX = D is Inconsistent, Solution of Homogeneous System of Linear Equations: Let AX= 0 be a homogeneous system of n linear equation with n unknowns. Now i Ais non-singular then the system of equations wil have a unique solution Le. tral solution and ifs singular then the system of equations vill have infritly many solutions fmwstration 2: the system of equations x + ay ~2= tival solution, then find the value ofa 2x-y+az= and ax + y +22 = 0 has a non- i) rows be changed remains unaltered, lurns and columns into the rows, then the values of the determinant PEE LT nie ca, resulting determinant i (3) any two row (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the resulting isthe negative oe oral Glenn i (i) tWo rows (or two columns) ina determinant have corresponding Vale of determinant eau o zr tis multiplied by non toy Wea i cena nr (cores) oo dla mules by Torco Consiak then heen geteminnl ok amesthe orga determinate () each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is writen, (elie terme ‘hon te darren canbe wan asthe sum of oor more dl elements that are equal, the pa eof ‘Mlustration 1: Without expanding, show that |1 bP ca) =O. pe ee ge ht a a) a be} Solution: LHS.= | > vi b cal ho ca a (On th second determinant operate a BR and han tke abe common ot of Cs hoa al oe | aut 1 Ob F | fo ce ek ¢ 4 Inerchange Candy and ten Cand C, oe eee: So that LHS. =|1 > b- b o feo cil Wh ce: teal {v)__ 1110 each element ofa ine (row or column) of a determinant be added the equimutiples ofthe corresponding elements of one or more parallel lines, the determinant remains, unaltered Jay +ia, +may a, | fa, a +H, +b, by by) = fo, by by ley+lep-+mes cz cs] fey cy | ‘Mustration 2: Evaluate here is cuba root of unity Solution: Appling C1» C1 + Ca + Cs we got firore? © oF ow of A=fisora oF 1]/2/0 a? 1] (-t4ore?=0) tora? 4 P 1 o °. (wi) teach element in any row (or any column) of determinant is zero, then the valve of determinant is equal to zero, (il) fa determinant vanishes forx =a then (x-)s factor of, n other words, i wo rows (or two columns) bacome identical for x= a. then (x= a isa facor of D. In general fr rows (orr columns) become identical when a is substtuted fr x, then (x- "is a fador of. We can write Jadies festin | fora, +b), +7, ay +byBy +eryp yay +P #409 JabeealaaBare|=[enm + bap, + cary apt + Bafa tare ata +brBs +s Jesbacaltisfars] Faas +B, +7 aya +i +6a%g 8409 +DsBs +7 Here we have multiplied rows by rows. We can also multiply rows by columns or columns by rows, OF columns by columns. Differentiation of a Determinant Fre) 0 em pcp =e? OY ts ie Let a=) mel ment bn stall ai) all If we write A(x=|C,C,Cy| then A"(x)=[C,"C_Cy|+|C\C "Ca)+(C,C,Cs | ; | | Silay if (x)= Re), then 4°00) = Ra +R) + Re "| Ral Rs] | ‘Summation of | Determinants I) a Lew, Jal") bm), where a,b,c |,m and n are constants independent of hr) © ol St) a1 om Sa -fB) ho © «| Here functions ofr can be the elements of only one row or column. None ofthe elements other of than ‘that row or column should be dependent on ation 6 (a1? an? 4n-2 |. Show that > Ka-1 an? 3n? an) oe Mustration 4: Let a, Special Determinants 1. Symmenie determinant “The element siuated at equa dtance rom the agora are equal bth in agate srdsion. os ( 2 4 Pb that e aigh-f? by? oh to bo 2% Skew symmerie determinant ‘Nhe lagna eoments are zero and he elements sustd a 0 quan magutudebut oppose in sign The vate of skew sym ya stance fom the diagonal are ‘determinant of 8 ors 20, ob fb oe ek «0 3 Creer dete The cena of eon sus) ene argo eae bc dea sates ane “ bg -(e-np-ele-s) | bo 4 s > G)=la-pi-efe-ata-8+0 yy a de Charocktristic 4™ 2 lee AR be @ square wnaknx , A be cg. baker thn |A-atle? we cabltd ae thaructenéshe 9°" ae ao mat A- 4 The ote of charackevieee 6) art knew an Chor Foot | ecgtm va kures., 5 the 4um et We upon. volved fa amatnx fe uk equal do He troce. 4 The produce ob eigen volt £ 4 a mies is "Tad to determinank. 2 The us valves A and A ork + toye bey - Hermione tert 7 oie amostr} 30 Aakisfies ite chow: + axa modax » NCAA +(det4)T =0 3x3. A? Ex (A) A + (fermi. Singoms) ® - (det A)1=0 for (et Pea] ORE 2s f “1 28

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