Year 8
2025 Mathematics 2026
Unit 7 Booklet
HGS Maths Tasks Dr Frost Course
Name: _____________________
Class: ______________________
Contents
1 Prime Factorisation
1.1 Prime Factors
1.2 Product of Prime Factors
1.3 Using Product of Prime Factors
1.4 Factors from Prime Factors
1.5 Types of Numbers from Prime Factors
1.6 Using Prime Factorisation to Simplify Fractions
1.7 Using Prime Factorisation to Find Roots
1.8 The Number of Digits and Trailing Zeroes
1.9 Number of Factors
2 Probability
2.1 Probability Scale
2.2 Probability of Single Events
2.3 Mutually Exclusive Events
2.4 Exhaustive Events
2.5 Expectation
2.6 Relative Frequency
2.7 Listing Outcomes
2.8 Sample Space Diagrams
3 Expanding Single Brackets
3.1 Expanding Single Brackets without Powers
3.2 Expanding Single Brackets with Powers
3.3 Expanding Single Brackets with Index Laws
3.4 Expanding and Simplifying Single Brackets
Page 2
1 Prime Factorisation
Page 3
1.1 Prime Factors
3 is a prime factor of 36 (True / False)
9 is a prime factor of 36 (True / False)
1 is a prime factor of 36 (True / False)
2 is a prime factor of 36 (True / False)
7 is a prime factor of 36 (True / False)
Page 8
Intelligent Practice
7 is a prime factor of 12 (True / False)
6 is a prime factor of 12 (True / False)
5 is a prime factor of 12 (True / False)
4 is a prime factor of 12 (True / False)
3 is a prime factor of 12 (True / False)
2 is a prime factor of 12 (True / False)
1 is a prime factor of 12 (True / False)
1 is a prime factor of 27 (True / False)
2 is a prime factor of 27 (True / False)
3 is a prime factor of 27 (True / False)
7 is a prime factor of 27 (True / False)
9 is a prime factor of 27 (True / False)
13 is a prime factor of 27 (True / False)
13 is a prime factor of 26 (True / False)
3 is a prime factor of 26 (True / False)
2 is a prime factor of 26 (True / False)
2 is a prime factor of 25 (True / False)
5 is a prime factor of 25 (True / False)
12.5 is a prime factor of 25 (True / False)
Page 9
1.2 Product of Prime Factors
Product of Prime Factors Yes / No ?
9 × 11
19 × 11
19 × 11!
2 × 19 × 11!
2 × 19 × 101!
Page 12
Intelligent Practice
Product of Prime Factors Yes / No ?
5+7
5×7
4×7
3×7
2×7
1×7
1×7×9
2×7×9
2 × 7 × 11
2 × 7 + 11
2 × 7 × 11 × 21
2 × 7 × 11 × 31
1 × 2 × 7 × 11 × 31
2 × 7 × 7 × 11 × 31
2 × 7! × 11 × 31
2! × 7! × 11 × 31
2" × 7! × 11 × 31
2" × 7! × 11# × 31$
1" × 7! × 11# × 31$
2" × 7! × 11# × 41$
Page 13
Worked Example Your Turn
Express 24 as a product of Express 48 as a product of
prime factors prime factors
Dr Frost 161a
Page 15
Worked Example Your Turn
Express 924 as a product of Express 588 as a product of
prime factors prime factors
Dr Frost 161b
Page 16
Worked Example Your Turn
Express 2" × 3 as an ordinary Express 3! × 5 as an ordinary
number number
Page 18
1.3 Using Product of Prime Factors
Page 28
Worked Example Your Turn
84 = 2! × 3 × 7 84 = 2! × 3 × 7
How is 840 written as its How is 504 written as its
product of prime factors? product of prime factors?
Page 29
Worked Example Your Turn
/ = 378 × 12$ 0 = 242 × 15!
Write / as a product of its prime Write 0 as a product of its
factors. prime factors.
Dr Frost 161c
Page 30
Worked Example Your Turn
1 = 2% × 3& 4 = 2' × 5(
a) 31 a) 34
b) 51 b) 74
c) 251 c) 274
Dr Frost 161d
Page 31
1.4 Factors from Prime Factors
10 is a factor of 2 × 5 × 7 × 11 × 17 (True / False)
10 is a factor of 2 × 5" × 7 × 11 × 17 (True / False)
15 is a factor of 2 × 5" × 7 × 11 × 17 (True / False)
25 is a factor of 2 × 5" × 7 × 11 × 17 (True / False)
22 is a factor of 2 × 5" × 7 × 11 × 17 (True / False)
Dr Frost 164a
Page 35
Intelligent Practice
2 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
3 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
5 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
7 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
4 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
6 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
14 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
21 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
15 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
15 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
30 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
Page 36
Intelligent Practice
9 is a factor of 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
9 is a factor of 2 × 3! × 5 × 7 × 13 (True / False)
9 is a factor of 2 × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
4 is a factor of 2 × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
4 is a factor of 2" × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
8 is a factor of 2" × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
16 is a factor of 2" × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
2 is a factor of 2" × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
28 is a factor of 2" × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
28 is a factor of 2! × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
28 is a factor of 2 × 3! × 5 × 7 × 23 (True / False)
Page 37
1.5 Types of Numbers from Prime Factors
• Square numbers have even powers in their prime factorisation.
• Cube numbers have powers which are multiples of 3.
Product of Prime Factors Square Number Cube Number Neither
5! × 11
5! × 11"
5# × 11"
5# × 11$
5# × 11$ × 17%&
Dr Frost 164b
Page 42
Intelligent Practice
Product of Prime Factors Square Number Cube Number Neither
2×3
3×3
3!
3&
3& × 7
3& × 7!
3& × 7&
3! × 7!
5! × 7!
2 × 5! × 7!
2! × 5! × 7!
2& × 5! × 7!
2& × 5& × 7&
Page 44
Intelligent Practice
Product of Prime Factors Square Number Cube Number Neither
2' × 5' × 7'
2( × 5( × 7(
2# × 5# × 7#
2) × 5) × 7)
2" × 5" × 7"
2$ × 5$ × 7$
2$ × 5$ × 7#
2! × 5$ × 7#
2& × 5$ × 7#
2# × 5%" × 7%!
2# × 5%" × 7%! × 11
2# × 5%" × 7%! × 11!
2# × 5%" × 7%! × 11&
Page 45
1.6 Using Prime Factorisation to Simplify Fractions
Page 48
Worked Example Your Turn
)*" )*"
Simplify Simplify
+*!# ++##
Dr Frost 162g
Page 49
1.7 Using Prime Factorisation to Find Roots
Page 50
Worked Example Your Turn
a) Find 784 a) Find 324
! !
b) Find 216 b) Find 512
Page 51
1.8 The Number of Digits and Trailing Zeroes
Page 52
Worked Example Your Turn
a) Determine the number of a) Determine the number of
trailing zeros in the number trailing zeros in the number
2& × 3 × 5' 2! × 3! × 5( × 7
b) Determine the number of b) Determine the number of
trailing zeros in the number trailing zeros in the number
2%!× 5%( × 11 2!% × 3( × 5# × 13
c) Determine the number of c) Determine the number of
trailing zeros in the number trailing zeros in the number
8! × 5) × 11 3 × 4) × 25)
Page 54
Worked Example Your Turn
Determine the number of digits Determine the number of digits
in the number 3 × 8) × 25* in the number 3 × 4$ × 5, × 7
Dr Frost 164c
Page 55
1.9 Number of Factors
To get the number of factors of a number in prime factorised form,
add one to each power and times the powers together.
Page 56
Worked Example Your Turn
a) How many factors does 36 a) How many factors does 72
have? have?
b) How many factors does 37 b) How many factors does 73
have? have?
c) How many factors does 38 c) How many factors does 74
have? have?
Dr Frost 164d
Page 58
2 Probability
Page 60
2.1 Probability Scale
• Probability is a numerical measure of how likely or unlikely an
event is to occur.
• Probabilities are usually written as fractions, but can be written
"
in any form equivalent to that fraction, e.g., = 0.75 = 75%
$
• Probabilities can be anywhere between 0 (impossible) and 1
(certain):
Page 63
Worked Example Your Turn
Describe using impossible, Describe using impossible,
unlikely, even chance, likely or unlikely, even chance, likely or
certain the probability that: certain the probability that:
a) You will walk to Mars. a) You roll an even number on
b) The day after Monday is a fair die.
Tuesday. b) The day after Monday is
c) You roll a three on a fair die. Wednesday.
d) You flip a tails on a fair coin. c) You roll a number between 1
and 6 on a fair die.
d) You will go to space in your
life.
Dr Frost 247b
Page 68
2.2 Probability of Single Events
Page 71
Worked Example Your Turn
A bag of sweets contains only 4 A bag of sweets contains only 8
red sweets, 2 yellow sweets and red sweets, 4 yellow sweets and
4 green sweets. 8 green sweets.
a) What is the probability of a) What is the probability of
choosing a red sweet? choosing a red sweet?
b) What is the probability of b) What is the probability of
choosing a red or yellow choosing a red or yellow
sweet? sweet?
c) What is the probability of c) What is the probability of
choosing a mint? choosing a mint?
Dr Frost 248a and 248c
Page 74
Worked Example Your Turn
Albert throws a fair six-sided Spencer throws a fair six-sided
dice. Select the letter that dice. Select the letter that
matches the probability of the matches the probability of the
dice landing on a number which dice landing on a number which
is 2 or more. is 5 or more.
Dr Frost 247f and 248d
Page 75
Worked Example Your Turn
There are 8 counters in a bag. There are 6 counters in a bag.
There is at least one counter that is There is at least one counter that is
brown, one that is white and one white, one that is blue and one that
that is yellow. There are no other is red. There are no other colours of
colours of counter in the bag. counter in the bag.
Thiago will remove one counter at Fatima will remove one counter at
random from the bag. random from the bag.
The chance it is brown is evens. The The chance it is white is evens. The
chance it is white is more likely than chance it is blue is more likely than
yellow. red.
Determine how many brown Determine how many blue counters
counters were initially in the bag. were initially in the bag.
Dr Frost 247c
Page 78
Worked Example Your Turn
Each section of the spinner Each section of the spinner
below is the same size. below is the same size.
Heitor wants the spinner to only Thomas wants the spinner to
have the numbers 1, 2, 3, or 4 only have the numbers 1, 2, 3,
on it, and for the following or 4 on it, and for the following
statements are true: statements are true:
It is equally likely to get a 3 or 2 It is equally likely to get a 3 or 4
It is more likely that you will get It is more likely that you will get
a 4 than a 2 a 2 than a 3
It is more likely that you will get
Determine the numbers Heitor a 3 than a 1
must put on the spinner.
Determine the numbers Thomas
must put on the spinner.
Dr Frost 247e
Page 79
2.3 Mutually Exclusive Events
Page 80
Worked Example Your Turn
A bag contains counters of A bag contains counters of
different colours. different colours.
The table shows the probability The table shows the probability
that a counter selected at that a counter selected at
random from the bag will be of random from the bag will be of
the given colour. the given colour.
Find the probability of selecting Find the probability of selecting
a green or a red counter. a blue or a brown counter.
Dr Frost 250b
Page 88
Worked Example Your Turn
A fair spinner has 6 sides. A fair spinner has 5 sides.
Each side is labelled 1 or 2 Each side is labelled 1 or 2
The probability of the spinner The probability of the spinner
! $
landing on 1 is landing on 1 is
" #
Here is the spinner with 3 sides Here is the spinner with 3 sides
labelled. labelled.
Label the other sides with 1 or 2 Label the other sides with 1 or 2
to give the correct probability of to give the correct probability of
landing on a 1 landing on a 1
Dr Frost 250e
Page 89
Worked Example Your Turn
A bag contains counters of A bag contains counters of
different colours. different colours.
The table shows the probability The table shows the probability
that a counter selected at that a counter selected at
random from the bag will be of random from the bag will be of
the given colour. the given colour.
There are 125 counters in the There are 75 counters in the
bag. bag.
Work out the total number of Work out the total number of
red counters in the bag. blue counters in the bag.
Dr Frost 250f
Page 90
Worked Example Your Turn
A bag contains counters of A bag contains counters of
different colours. different colours.
The table shows the probability The table shows the probability
that a counter selected at that a counter selected at
random from the bag will be of random from the bag will be of
the given colour. the given colour.
There are 3 black counters in There are 21 purple counters in
the bag. the bag.
Work out the total number of Work out the total number of
counters in the bag. counters in the bag.
Dr Frost 250g
Page 91
Worked Example Your Turn
A bag contains counters of A bag contains counters of
different colours. different colours.
The table shows the probability The table shows the probability
that a counter selected at that a counter selected at
random from the bag will be of random from the bag will be of
the given colour. the given colour.
There are 12 purple counters in There are 112 purple counters
the bag. in the bag.
Work out the total number of Work out the total number of
blue counters in the bag. yellow counters in the bag.
Dr Frost 250h
Page 92
2.4 Exhaustive Events
Page 93
Worked Example Your Turn
There are green, red and blue It is either raining or not raining.
counters in a bag.
The chance that it rains
The chance of picking a green tomorrow is 0.55.
counter is 0.1.
What is the chance that it does
The chance of picking a red not rain?
counter is 0.3.
What is the chance of picking a
blue counter?
Dr Frost 248b and 250a
Page 95
Worked Example Your Turn
The sides of a spinner are labelled with The table shows each of the probabilities
colours. The spinner is biased. The table that a counter taken at random will be
shows the probability that the spinner red, green, yellow, blue or black. The
will land on each of the colours red, black, probability for Green is twice as likely as
purple or blue. The probability for Black is for Red. Work out the probability that a
twice as likely as for Purple. Work out the counter taken at random will be red.
probability the spinner will land on black. Colour Red Green Yellow Blue Black
Probability 0.15 0.25 0.3
Colour Red Black Purple Blue
Probability 0.1 0.3
Dr Frost 250d and 250c
Page 98
2.5 Expectation
Page 99
Worked Example Your Turn
The table shows each of the The sides of a spinner are
probabilities that a counter labelled with colours. The
taken at random will be white, spinner is biased. The table
black, yellow or purple. shows the probability that the
spinner will land on each of the
colours black, blue, red or white.
Amelia selects a counter at
random 50 times. Work out an
estimate for the total number of Harry spins the spinner 60
times the counter will be white. times. Work out an estimate for
the total number of times the
spinner will land on red.
Dr Frost 251e and 251d
Page 100
Worked Example Your Turn
Victor works at the local dog The table shows the
shelter. probabilities of a biased die. The
probability for rolling a 1 is
He has five types of dog food to missing.
feed the dogs.
The table below shows the
probabilities that Victor will take Ámbar rolls the die 180 times.
a tin of the given flavour.
Work out an estimate for the
total number of times the dice
will land on 1 or 6
Victor has 300 tins of dog food.
Work out the number of tins of
lamb dog food he has.
Dr Frost 251h
Page 101
Worked Example Your Turn
Keith designs a game. It costs Bob designs a game. It costs
£1.60 to play the game. 509 to play the game.
The probability of winning the The probability of winning the
! +
game is game is
# $
The prize for each win is £3 The prize for each win is £1.50
80 people play the game. 100 people play the game.
Work out an estimate of the Work out an estimate of the
profit that Keith should expect profit that Bob should expect to
to make. make.
Dr Frost 251i
Page 102
Worked Example Your Turn
There are only yellow counters, pink There are only blue counters, white
counters and orange counters in a bag. counters and pink counters in a bag.
number of yellow counters : number of number of blue counters : number of
pink counters : number of orange white counters : number of pink counters
counters = 5 ∶ 3 ∶ 14 = 14 ∶ 8 ∶ 1
Ámbar takes at random a counter from Quinn takes at random a counter from
the bag and records the colour of the the bag and records the colour of the
counter. counter.
She then puts the counter back in the They then put the counter back in the
bag. bag.
Ámbar does this a number of times. Quinn does this a number of times.
She records a total of 30 yellow counters. They record a total of 112 blue counters.
Work out an estimate for the total Work out an estimate for the total
number of times Ámbar takes a counter number of times Quinn takes a counter
from the bag. from the bag.
Dr Frost 251j
Page 103
2.6 Relative Frequency
Page 104
Worked Example Your Turn
A coin is flipped 30 times. The A coin is flipped 20 times. The
results are: results are:
HTHHHHHHTTTHHTT THTTTTTHHH
TTTHHHTTHHTHTHH HHTHTHHHHH
a) What are the relative a) What are the relative
frequencies for heads and frequencies for heads and
tails? tails?
b) The coin is flipped 300 b) The coin is flipped 100
times. Estimate how many times. Estimate how many
times the coin will land on times the coin will land on
tails. tails.
Dr Frost 251a and 251e
Page 115
Worked Example Your Turn
There are 24 counters in a bag. There are 19 counters in a bag.
8 of the counters are white. 8 of the counters are brown.
13 of the counters are black. 3 of the counters are purple.
The rest of the counters are 5 of the counters are green.
green. The rest of the counters are
white.
12 more counters are put in the
into the bag. 16 more counters are put in the
into the bag.
When a counter is taken at
random from the bag, the When a counter is taken at
probability that it is green is random from the bag, the
+ probability that it is white is
now
$ !
now
-
Find out how many of the
counters that were put in the Find out how many of the
bag are green. counters that were put in the
bag are white.
Dr Frost 251b
Page 116
2.7 Listing Outcomes
Page 118
Outcomes and Events
When we roll a six-sided die there are 6 outcomes.
The outcomes are the results we could get from rolling the die.
Outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
An event is one or more outcomes.
Event Outcome(s)
A square number
A3
A factor of 8
A multiple of 3
Here is a spinner numbered 1 to 8.
List the outcome(s) for each event.
Event Outcome(s)
An even number
A number less than 3
A number greater than 7
An integer
A5
A 2-digit number
Page 120
Worked Example Your Turn
List all the ways of arranging the List all the ways of arranging the
letters in the word: letters in the word:
CAT DOG
Page 121
Worked Example Your Turn
I flip a coin and then roll a six- I flip a coin and then roll a 4-
sided die. List the possible sided die. List the possible
outcomes. outcomes.
Page 123
Worked Example Your Turn
The first five positive integers The four square numbers are
are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. I choose two 1, 4, 9, 16. I choose two
numbers from this list without numbers from this list without
repeats. Write down all possible repeats. Write down all possible
combinations of two numbers I combinations of two numbers I
can choose. can choose.
Dr Frost 249a
Page 124
2.8 Sample Space Diagrams
Page 126
Worked Example Your Turn
Elisa throws a spinner with faces Elisa throws a spinner with faces
labelled R, G, B and Y and a four- labelled R, G, B and Y and a four-
sided dice numbered -1, -2, -3 sided dice numbered 2, 4, 6 and
and -4 at the same time. 8 at the same time.
Draw a sample space diagram. Draw a sample space diagram.
Dr Frost 249b
Page 133
Worked Example Your Turn
Noel throws a four-sided dice Kayleigh throws a four-sided
and a four-sided dice at the dice numbered 2, 4, 6 and 8 and
same time and adds up the a four-sided dice at the same
scores. time and adds up the scores.
Draw a sample space diagram. Draw a sample space diagram.
Page 134
Worked Example Your Turn
Carolina throws a four-sided Carolina throws a six-sided dice
dice numbered 1, 3, 5 and 7 and and a four-sided dice numbered
a four-sided dice numbered -1, - -1, -2, -3 and -4 at the same
2, -3 and -4 at the same time time and multiplies the scores.
and multiplies the scores.
Draw a sample space diagram.
Draw a sample space diagram.
Page 135
Worked Example Your Turn
Paul throws a four-sided dice Kayleigh throws a four-sided
numbered 2, 4, 6 and 8 and a dice and a six-sided dice at the
four-sided dice numbered 1, 3, 5 same time and find the
and 7 at the same time and find difference between the scores.
the difference between the
scores. Draw a sample space diagram.
Draw a sample space diagram.
Dr Frost 249c
Page 136
Worked Example Your Turn
Lisa throws a four-sided dice Joel throws a four-sided dice
and a six-sided dice at the same numbered 2, 4, 6 and 8 and a
time and find the difference four-sided dice at the same time
between the scores. The sample and find the difference between
space diagram below shows all the scores. The sample space
the possible outcomes. diagram below shows all the
possible outcomes.
Find the probability that Joel
Find the probability that Lisa gets a difference which is 4 or
gets a difference which is 3 or less.
more.
Dr Frost 249d
Page 137
Worked Example Your Turn
I spin these two spinners then I spin these two spinners then
add the numbers together to get add the numbers together to get
a score. a score.
Work out the probability that I Work out the probability that I
get a score of 4. get a score of 4.
3 1 4 1 3 1 4 2
5 3 5 3
Dr Frost 249e
Page 138
3 Expanding Single Brackets
Page 141
3.1 Expanding Single Brackets without Powers
Page 144
Worked Example Your Turn
Expand: Expand:
a) 2 > − 3 a) 2 3 − >
b) −2(> − 3) b) −2(3 − >)
Dr Frost 252a and 252b
Page 145
3.2 Expanding Single Brackets with Powers
Page 146
Worked Example Your Turn
Expand: Expand:
a) 2> > − 3 a) 2> 3 − >
b) −2>(> − 3) b) −2>(3 − >)
Dr Frost 252c
Page 147
3.3 Expanding Single Brackets with Index Laws
Page 148
Worked Example Your Turn
Expand and simplify: Expand and simplify:
a) !! "#(10" " # " + 9!" ) a) !! " # (3!! " + 7!" $ #)
b) 4!# " " (3!$ " $ − 5" " ) b) 7/ # 0 $ (6/ " 0 + 5/ $ 0)
Dr Frost 252d and 252e
Page 149
3.4 Expanding and Simplifying Single Brackets
Page 152
Worked Example Your Turn
Expand and simplify: Expand and simplify:
a) 4 + 7(6> − 5) a) −5 + 2 4? − 1
b) 8> + 6 + 7(5> + 9) b) 6@ + 3 + 5(7@ + 2)
Dr Frost 252f
Page 153
Worked Example Your Turn
Expand and simplify: Expand and simplify:
a) 2 > − 1 + 3 > − 4 a) 2 > − 1 + 5 > − 4
b) 2 > − 1 − 3(> − 4) b) 2 > − 1 − 5(> − 4)
Dr Frost 252g, 252h and 252j
Page 154
Worked Example Your Turn
Expand and simplify: Expand and simplify:
a) 2> > − 1 − 3> > − 4 a) 2> > − 1 − 5> > − 4
b) 2> > − 1 − 3(> − 4) b) 2> > − 1 − 5(> − 4)
Dr Frost 252l
Page 155
Worked Example Your Turn
Expand and simplify: Expand and simplify:
a) 5 − (2 − 3>) a) 5> − (> − 6)
b) 3> 5> + 4 − (2> − 1) b) 5 1 − 5> − (> + 3)
Dr Frost 252i and 252k
Page 156
Worked Example Your Turn
Find an expression for the area Find an expression for the area
of the shape below. of the shape below.
Give your answer in its simplest Give your answer in its simplest
form. form.
Dr Frost 198h
Page 157
