Chapter 2

Recall
Express the following fractions in its simplest form.

1 Example:

(a)= (b) =

Evaluate the following sums.

2 Example: 49nalse

Al-DRIVEN
(a)+= (b) - Reca

2.1 Relating Fractions and Decimals

Fractions, decimals and integers are different ways to represent
numbers.

We can convert fractions and decimals from one to anotherusing

long division. For example,

=0.125 0.1 25
However,to convert from decimals to fractions, 8)1 0 00

we need to know that decimals are fractions with 8

denominatorsthat are powers of ten, such as 10, 20
100, 1000, 10 000, etc. For example, 16
40
(a) 0.6 has 1 decimal place. So, we express as a
it
40
fraction with a denominator of 10'.

6
0.6 10

(b) 0.05 has 2 decimal places. So, we express it as a fraction with a

denominator of 102.

0.05 = 10 ×10
5
100

2.1Relating Fractions and Decimals 31

(a)
Evaluate+
Expressyour Worked
answerin (Convert
fractionsto
Example1
fractions, in its decimals.)
simplestform. Convert
(b) thefollowing
fractions to decimals.
Evaluate+ 3 (a)
by
converting (c) 1;
both
fractions
into
decimals. Using long
(c) division,
Convert your
answer in part (a)=0.5 1=1.125
to decimals (a) (b) =1.25 (c)
and
show that it is
thesame as
answer
your
in (b).
Worked Example 2
(Convert decimals
to a
fractions.)

Convertthe following
decimals to fractions.

Try2 (a) 0.25

(b) 0.124
Convert the
following decimals (c) 0.0008
to fractions. (d) 1.23

(a) 0.39

(b) 0.246
(a) 0.25 =
10
25
×10 (b) 0.124 =10 x
124
10 X 10
25 124
(c) 0.025 100 1000

(d) 0.0003 31
250
(e) 12.26

(c) 0.0008 =10× 10 x 10 x 10 (d) 1.23 = 10

123
×10
123
TAKE NOTEO 10000
1
100

1250
For your final answers,
allfractionsmustbe in
simplest form.
Worked Example 3
SE (Convert between improper and mixed fractions.)

Try3 (a) Convert 1 into an improper fraction.

(a) Convert the

following (b)Convert intoamixednumber.
into improper
fractions. (c) Evaluate the sum of ;and Give your answer as a mixed number.

(i)3; (a) 1;=;ti (b)=+

3
(b) Evaluate+R 1+
Give your answer
as a mixed
nurnber. () +$
4 3 7 =1;

and Percentagee
Integers,Fractions, Decimals
32
 Chapter 2

Worked Example 4
(Evaluate basic mathematical operations
relating to improper and
mixed numbers.)
fractions
Try 4
Evaluate the
Evaluate the following. Give your answeras a mixed number in following. Give
its simplest form
where appropriate. your answer as a
mixed numberin
its simplest form
(a) + - where appropriate.
(b)

() x5 (d)
(a) 1+2
(b) 4-2
e) 1}+24 () 6-4 (o 25x3
(g) sx (h) 2+
(e)1
(a) + +
5_7
(b) 9X3 7
20
15

15
4

=1}
TAKE NOTE
(c) x5=x} (d+x
8 x 5 6x3 When adding or
9x1 7x1
40 18 subtracting fractions,
we need to ensure that
the fractions have the
4 =2 same denominator.
However,when

e)1+2+ 329 22 ++} 646-4

multiplying

dividing
or

fractions, the
denominatorsneed
(6-4)+(-) not be the same.

264
15

TAKE NOTE

(h) 2+=+ Whenwe evaluate

the multiplication
or division of mixed
numbers, we should
7x7
always convert the
8x1
49 mixed numbers to

improper fractions.

=6

2.1Relating Fractions and Decimals 33

Chapter 2 end.
For exan oe,
that donot
are decimals
Recurring decimals
=0.333333....

123123..
41 =0.123 W Jse a
333 pattern.
a repeating
end and havepattern. For example.
do not
These decimals therepeated
dot notation
to indicate
= 0.3
0.33333...
= 0.25
0.25252525..

123123...
= 0.123
0.123 tak
Let us
asa fraction.
can be expressed
decimals
All recurring
look atsome examples.

NSE Worked Example

5
Try 5 to
recurring
decimals
fractions.)

(Convert
to fractions.
Convert the decimals
following
Convert the
following decimals 0.32
(b)
to fractions.
(a) 0.i
(a) 0.25 (d) 1.33
(b) 0.392 (c) 0.i23

(c) 0.85
(b) Let
= 0.323232...

(d) 1.04 (a) Let A =0.111111...

100 X =32.3232...
10 x
= 1.11111...
=32.3232... -0.323232...
- 0.11111... 100 x

10 xA -A=111111... =32
TAKE NOTE
Hence, 9
=1
=1
Hence, 99= 32
32

Depending
on the 99

decimal,
recurring
have to 0.32 =
you may
by other
o.i =;
multiply it as
of 10, such
powers
1000.
100 or =0.123123123... (d) 1.32 =l+0.32
(c)Let
1000 ×A =123.123123... From part (b),

1000X -A= 123.123123...-0.123123.. 1.32=1t

32

TAKE NOTE =123

=l39
Use a calculator
to
Hence, 999 =123 USE
Iry to convert the recurring decimal
answer by 123 X Think
check your 999 0.9 using
the fraction the same method.
keying in
it to a 123
and converting 00.123 999
What answer do you get? Can we
decimal. conclude that 0.9 1? =
Fractions, Decimals and Percentages
Integers,
34
 Chapter 2

Exercise 2.1
BASIC LEVEL
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
1. Convert the following factions to decimals. 6. Convert the following recurring decimals
(a) to fractions in their simplest forms.

(b) (a) 0.246

(c) 2 (b) 0.8i)

(c) 0.234Š

2. Convert the following decimals to fractions. (d) 12.i2

(a) 0.2

(b) 0.68 7. Evaluate the following. Express your answers

in decimals.
(c) 0.129
(a)
(d) 1.23
3
(b)
(e) 56.9
9
(c) 20

3. @ Convert the following recurring decimals (d) 1+26

to fractions.

(a) 0.2 8. Evaluate the following. Express your answers

0.51
in improperfractions.
(b)
l1

(c) 0.24 (a)+6

(d) 7.3 (b) 1+31

(c)

(d)
4. Convert the following mixed numbers into
improperfractions. (e)

(a) 1; (f) 1}x

(b) 2 Pers aliseg

Al-DRIVEN WB Further Exercise 2.1

(c) 5 SSesso
rmeo
Inte
5. Convertthe following improperfractions into
mixed numbers.

(a)
15
(b)
25
(c) 12
103
(d) 13

2.1Relating Fractionsand Decimals 35

 2.2
Percentages
Percentageis a way to express how big a numberiscomp
dto
another. The symbol "%"is used to represent the word"perc
Hence,"50%"is read as "50 percent"

A percentageis a number that can be expressed as a fractic

with a
denominator of 100,that is, x% =Tn0- For example, WE an
converta percentage, such as 50%, into a fraction.
50
50% =100

To find the we multiply the

percentageof a quantity,
the percentage. For example, 50% of 10 is equals to o
50 quantity by
X 10 S

USE Worked Example 6

Try6
(Convert percentages to
fractions.)
Convert the
following Convertthe following percentages to fractions.
percentagesto
fractions.
(a) 25.5% (b) 120%
(a) 30%
(b) 110% (c) 85.2% (d) 350%
(c) 39.5%
(d) 1.2%

(e) 0.4%
(a) 25.5% = 25.5
100 (b)) 120% = 120
L00
51
20 ||

(c) 85.2% = 85.2

100 (d) 350% = 350
100
213
250

USE
Worked Example7
Try7 (Convert fractions to percentages.)

Convert the Convertthe following fractionsto percentages.

following fractions
6
to percentages. (a) 25
2 (b)
(a)25
3
(b) 12
15 (a) x100%
(c)
=24% (b)x 100%
=240%

Integers, Fractions, Decimals. and

36 Percentages
 Chapter 2

Discover

In this activity, you will learn to

convert integers to percentage.

(a) Completethe table. An example has been done for you.

Integer Equivalent fraction Percentage

(Denominator =100)
200
2 2 200%
100

15

20

From the table,

(b) how do we convert an integer to a percentage?

(c) how do we convert a percentage to an integer?

Key Results

1. Toconvert an integer to a percentage, we need to the integer by 100.

2. To convert a percentage to an integer, we need to the integer by 100.

RAUSE
We often think of 100% as "fullness". For example, if you
Think
score 100% in a test, you scored "full marks". But what does a
percentage larger than 100% mean? For example, if you have
$10, and I give you 200% of what you have. How much money
did Igive to you?

2.2 Percentages 37
Convertthe 8
Try
Worked
to
(a)
following
percentages. (Convert Example
decimals to
8
0.456 percentages.)
(b) 1.89 Convertthe
following to
(c) 0.2 (a) 0.562 percentages.

(b) 1.84 (c) 0.3

(a) 0.562
= 0.562 × 100% (b) 1.84= 1.84 X 100%
TAKE NOTE = 56.2% =184%
x=
(c)
Percentage 0.3= 0.3x 100%
decimal 100%
=33.3%
GAUSE
Think How can we tell, without doing any calculations,that a

decimal more than 100% when converted to

is
percentage?

RUSE
Try9
Convertthefollowing
Worked Example 9
to decimals. (Convert percentages to
decimals.)
(a) 25%
Convertthe following to decimals.
(b) 120%
(c) 135.5% (a) 30%
(b) 250% (c) 123.4%

(a)30% = 30%
100% (b)250% =250%
100%
TAKE NOTE =0.3
O
=2.5

Decimal = Percentage
100%
(c) 123.4% = 123.4%
100%

=1.234

Worked Example 10
TAKE NOTE (Find percentage of a quantity.)

Find the following.

A percentage ofa
quantity that is less
than 100% is less than (a) 20% of 15
(b) 35%of 110
the quantity itself.

100% of a number is
(c) 200% of 10
(d) 150% of 120
equal to the quantity
itself. A percentage

of a quantity that 20
islarger than 100% (a) 00 X 15 =3
35
is larger than
the
(b)X110=38.5
quantity itself.
lc) 200
100
x 10 =20
(d) l50
x
100 120== 180

Fractions, Decimalsaand
38 Integers, Percentages
 Chapter 2

SE
Try 10

Find the following.

(a) 30% of 100 (b) 25% of 210

(c) 600% of 5 (d) 2100% of 32

Worked Example 11 PAUS

(Solve word problems involving percentage of a quantity)

Try1
The numberof
Atthe beginning of a party, there were 200 cookies. At the end of the party, 75% of students in a school
last year was 2100.
the cookies were eaten. How many cookies were eaten?
The numberof
students was 125%
that of last year.
How many students
Number of cookies eaten =75% of 200 are there this year?
75
= 00X 200
=150

In the examples, we have calculated percentages that are less

Think than 100%. In fact, a percentage can be equal or greater than
100%.What does 100% mean?

USE
Try 12

themepark,th
In a
Worked Example 12 number of visitors
(Solve word problems involving percentage that is over 100% of a quantity.) inJanuary was 320
The number of
visitors in Februar
The earnings of a company in the year 2022were $50 million. In 2023, the earnings
was 180% of that
of the company were 200% of its earnings in 2022. What were the earnings of the
in [Link]

i:
company in 2023? the total number
visitors in January
and February?

Earnings in 2023 =100 x $50 million

200

=$100 million
TAKE NOTE

Since
100 =2, the

statement "200% o
its earning in 2022
means that the
earnings in 2023
v
2times that in 20:

2.2 Percentages 39
 Chapter2

with another
a quantity
We can percentage
use
to compare of
A as a percentage cquanti B,
[Link] eexpress a quantity
we write it as:
x 100%
compared to the
big is the
number 20 20nber
For example,how by expressing as
numbers
40? We can compare thetwo
percentage of 40.
= 50%
oX
20 100%

We say 20 is 50% of 40.

Worked Example 13
PAUSA of another quantity.)
(Express a quantity as a percentage
Try 13
(a) Express 16 as (a) Express 50 as a percentage of 200.
a percentage
of 60.
of 64. (b)Express 24 as a percentage
(b) Express 135 as Express 75 as a percentage of 25.
(c)
a percentage
of 300.
(b) Percentage
=GX
24
60
100%

(c) Express 176as (a) Percentage = -X 100%

50

200 =40%
a percentage
of 11.
=25%
(c) Percentage =X 100%

=300%

Worked Example 14 quantity.)

involving percentage of another
(Solve word problems
of the there were
Try 14 there were 200people. At the end
party,

At the start of the party,

of people that left the party?
the percentage
In a farm,there 150 people. What is
were 60 two-legged
four
animals and
legged animals.
were
If

Percentage of people that left

=X 200
100%

15 animals
animals,
=75%
four-legged of
what percentage
are or decrease. We can express the increase
animals Ouantities can increase
four-legged? the original value.
decrease as a percentage of

change = ncrease decrease

X 100%
or
Percentage original value

Decimals and Percentages

Fractions,
 Chapter 2

Discover

In this activity, youwill learn to

calculate percentage change from one number to another.

interpretthe sign of the calculated percentage change.

(a) Completethe table. If your answeris not a whole number,give your answer
correct to 3 significant figures. Two examples has been done for you.

Original Final Change (Final Increase or Percentage Sign of

value value value -Original decrease percentage
value) change (+/-)

5 9 9-5= 4 Increase
x= 100%
80%

9 5 5–9=-4 Decrease
x 100%
N-44.4%

12

20 32

12 8

32 20

(b)What does the sign of percentage change tell us about the nature of

the change?

Key Results

If the change is an increase, the percentage change will be .Ifthechange is a

decrease, the percentage change will be

2.2 Percentages 41
 Chapter 2

Worked Example 15
USE
Try 15

(Find percentage change)

Find the percentage 1
change from change from to48.
Find the percentage (b) 60
(a) 20to 25,

-
(b) $5to 4. (a) 40to 50,
change = 48
48
6

100%

(b) Percentage =-20%

40 X 100%
(a) Percentage change = 50- 40

=25%
2

SE Worked Example 16
percentage change.)
16 problems involving after a
Try (Solve word month promotion,
to $3000 per
per month
The number of from $2500
Li Ming's salaryincreased
people who visited
a bakery decreased change in his salary.
from 1000 to 750 (a) Find the percentage
in part (a).
after the bakery
the meaningof your answer
increased the price (b) Explain
of its cakes. What
the percentage
is

change in the
(a) Increase =$3000– $2500
number of people
who visited the =$500
S500 y 100%
bakery? Percentage increase =s2500
=20%
20% increase in his salary.
(b) There was a

We learnt to find the percentage of a given quantity. We can

also find the original value of a quantity, given thevalue of a
percentage of it. For example, if 50% of a person's monthly salary
is $2000, we can tell without much calculations that his full

monthlysalary is $[Link] the original value from a given

percentage of called reverse
it is
percentage.

SE
Try 17 Worked Example 17
(a) 75% ofa
If
(a) If 20% of a number is 15, find the number.
numberis 37.5,
find the number. (b) If 120% of a number is 72, find the number.

(b) If250% ofa

number is 175,

find the nurmber. (a)x 100 =75

(b) 2
I20 X 100 =60
42 Integers,,Fractions, Decimals and
Percentages
 Chapter 2

Exercise 2.2
BASIC LEVEL BASIC LEVEL

1. Convert the following percentages to 6. For the following, give your answers correct
fractions.
to 3 sígnificant figures if it is not exact.

(a) 2% (a) Express 12 as a percentage of 26.

(b) 309%
(b) Express 1 2.5 as a percentage of 36.4.

(c) 62.5% (c) Express 52 as a percentage of 24.

(d) 520% (d) Express 52.3 as apercentage of 32.6.

2. Convert the following fractions to 7. Find the percentage change from

percentages. Give your answers correct to (a) 5to 16,
3 significant figures.
(b) 3.2 to 26.1,
(a) (c) 125 to 126,
(b) (d) 62to 55,

(c) (e) 54.3 to 44.5,

(f) 30.2 to 0.
3. Convert the following numbers to
percentages. 8. Find the number in each of the following.

(a) 0.23 (a) 30% of a number is 15.

(b) 0.712 (b) 150% of a number is 45.

(c) 2 INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

(d) 3.54 9. During a sale, a shop put up 85 gift boxesfor

sale and sold approximately 64.,7% of the gift
4. Convert the following percentages to
boxes. Howmany gift boxes were sold?
decimals.

(a) 60% 10. A charity needsto raise $15 000 by June. By

(b) 52.8% the end of April, the charity reached 72% of

the target. How much more money does the
(c) 101%

|
charity need to raise?
(d) 275%
11. €Avworker receives a pay raise of 40%. After
5. Find
the pay raise, his monthly salary is $3500. Find
(a) 50% of 18, his monthlysalary before the pay raise.
(b) 15% of 15.7,
12. A government plans to vaccinate all its
city
(c) 100% of 15,
citizens by the
end of March. By February, it
(d) 120% of 20, was reported that 3584 citizens have received
(e) 500% of 30.1. the vaccination. This was equivalent to 64%
of its citizens. How many citizens are there in

the city?
galse

A-DRIVEN WB Further Exercise 2.2

Ssesso
Interme

2.2 Percentages 43
M

Chapter 2

Review

Put a tick if youare able to do the following tasks.

following:
Icando the
Learning Aim
decimals
recurring
Use the language and notation of the between
Convert versa.
following in appropriate contexts: proper
1
and vice
and fractions
and improper fractions and mixed numbers;
decimals; and percentages. and
decimals
fractions,
between
Convert
Recognise equivalence and convert between
1

percentages.
proper and improper fractions and mixed
numbers; decimals; and percentages.
in their
simplest form.
2. Write fractions

by multiplying
of a quantity
percentage of a quantity. Find the percentage
1
Calculate a given
quantity
by the percentage.
the

express a quantity
Express one quantity as a percentage [Link] the formula
B 100% to

of another. of another.
as a percentage

1. Use the formula

Calculate percentage increase or decrease. increase or decrease
X 100%
Percentage change original value

to find percentage increase or decrease.

2. Identify a percentage change as a percentage

increase when its sign is positive. ldentify a
percentage change as a percentage decrease
when its sign is negative.

Calculate using reverse percentage. 1

Calculate the value of a quantity,given
the value
of a percentage of
it.
44 Integers, ,
Fractions,l
Decimals and
 Chapter 2

Review Questions

1. Convert the following to decimals. 6. Find the following.

5
(a)
8 (a) 5% of 50
11
(b) 4 (b) 90% of 120
15
(c)
10 (c) 45% of 90

(d) 1 (d) 120% of 500

2. Convert the folowing to fractions. Express 7. Express one number as a percentage

your answerin its simplest form. of another.

(a) 0.4 (a) Express 8 as a percentage of 20.

(b) 0.128 (b) Express 40 as a percentage of 160.

(c) 1.25 (c) Express 100 as a percentage of 50.

(d) -0.52 (d) Express 100 as a percentage of 5.

(e) -2.34

8. Find the number in each of thefollowing.

3. Convert thefollowing to fractions. (a) 5% of a number is 6.

(a) 0.5 (b) 30% of a number is 150.

(b) 1.8i (c) 160% of a number is 80.

(c) 0.384

(d) 12.023 9. Find the percentage changefrom

(a) 4 to 5,
4. Convert the following to percentages. (b) 12to 20,

(a) 34 (c) 5to 4,

(b) 6_5
(d) 20 to 12.

(c) |8

10. Pay raise. Jenna receives a pay raise from

$3500 to $4200.
5. Convert the following to fractions. Express your
answer in its simplest form. (a) Find the percentage change in her

(a) 47% monthlysalary.

(b) 0.2% (b) Express her new salary as a percentage of

her previous salary.
(c) 159%

(d) 400%

(e) 3.1%

Integers, Fractions, Decimals and Percentages 45