Lab #02
The Muscular System
Edited by :
[Link]’a Albdarneh [Link]’a zyout
The Muscle
Is a tough group of tissues that make your body
parts move.
Fact: You have over 650 major muscles in the
body and muscles make up 35-45% of the human
body weight.
Function of Muscles
Pushing and pulling , these muscles are deltoids, triceps,
biceps, and pectorals.
Produce movement , these muscles are quadriceps, sartorius,
gastrocnemius, and gluteus maximus.
The muscle system is directly related to these systems:
• Respiratory system.
• Digestive system.
• Skeletal system.
• Circulatory system.
• Urinary system.
Three Types of Muscles
Types of Muscle Tissue
Muscle Major Location Major Mode of
Group Function Control
Skeletal Attached to bones Produces body Voluntary
Muscle by tendons movements and facial
expressions
Smooth Walls of hollow Moves contents Involuntary
Muscle organs, blood through organs;
(visceral) vessels, intestinal vasoconstriction
tract, lung tissue, iris
Cardiac Wall of the heart Pumps blood through Involuntary
Muscle heart (brain)
Skeletal Muscle
► Striated – have visible banding.
► Voluntary – subject to conscious control.
► Are attached by tendons to bones.
► The strongest muscle in the human body is the Masseter, it
fights the force of gravity to keep the mouth closed.
► The most active muscles are in the eyes.
Smooth Muscle
► No striations.
► Individual cells are spindle shaped with centrally located
nuclei.
► Regulated by the autonomic nervous system (involuntary).
► Located in visceral structures.
Cardiac Muscle
► Found only in the heart. It is regulated by the
brain.
► The heart’s rhythm may vary depending on
the vision, hearing, smell or sense of touch.
► Shows striations characterized by
alternating white and dark bands.
► The electrical impulse originates from SA-
node in the right atrium, & spread
throughout the ventricles.
Views of the Skeletal Muscles
Anterior View Posterior View
Muscle Anatomy
► The muscle consists of thousands of
muscle cells, blood vessels, nerves
and connective tissue covering.
► Muscle cells ( fibers):
Muscle fibers are arranged in
bundles, each bundle contains
muscle fibrils, which contain the
protein myofilaments actin and
myosin .
Muscle Anatomy (cont..)
► Connective tissues covering:
• Endomysium – around single muscle fiber.
• Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of
fibers.
• Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle
• Fascia – on the outside of the epimysium.
• Tendon – at either of a muscle narrows to
attach the muscle to the bone.
► There is origin and insertion tendon. The
origin is the fixed attachment, while the
insertion moves with contraction.
Muscles Work in Pairs
They work in Pairs either contracting (shortening) or
extending (lengthening).
Ex. Bicep contracts while Triceps extend
Muscle is Stimulated by Nerve
Skeletal muscles must be
stimulated by a nerve to
contract.
Motor unit:
One neuron
Muscle cells stimulated
by that neuron
Muscle fiber contraction is
“All-or-None”.
► Depolarization of muscle fibers
Acetylcholine (Ach) released into synapse between the
neuron and the muscle and interacts with Ach receptors.
Na+ membrane gates open in the cell membrane, allowing Na+
to diffuse into the muscle cell.
As a result, the muscle cell is depolarized, this triggers Ca++ to
release into sacroplasm.
Ca++ attaches to troponin molecules of the actin, rotating the
actin filaments with attached to troponin and tropomyosin.
Muscular Contraction (cont..)
Depolarization of muscle fibers
Myosin heads use ATP to from ADP, P and energy. Myosin
heads use this energy to pull the actin to shorten the cell.
For relaxation, another ATP is used to release myosin from the
actin.
This process continues as long as Ca++ is rich in the
sacroplasm. This occurs as along as Na+ gates are open, and
Ach is present in the synapse.
Acetylcholinesterase destroys Ach.
Electromyography (EMG)
Electromyography is a technique that measures the
electrical activity of the muscles and the nerves controlling
the muscles (motor neurons). The data recorded is an
Electromyogram (also known as an ‘EMG’ or ‘Myogram’).
There are two methods of recording: needle electrodes
inserted through the skin into the muscle, or skin
electrodes placed on the skin surface.
The size and shape of the waveform measured provide
information about the ability of the muscle to respond
when the nerves are stimulated.
Use of EMG
1. Medical Research( Surgery, orthopedic, functional
neurology).
2. Rehabilitation ( Post surgery/accident, physical
therapy, neurological rehabilitation).
3. Sports Science (Biomechanics, movement analysis,
athletes Strength training).
Block Diagram of EMG Accusation
Data
Body Part of EMG
Accusation Computer
patient electrodes
system
Muscle Diseases
Myasthenia Gravis
- Definition: a disease characterized by great muscular weakness
and progressive fatigability.
- Causes: lack of acetylcholine or excess cholinesterase at the
myoneural junction .
- Symptoms: weakness of the muscle around the face, neck,
trunk, extremities secondarily.
- Treatment: restricted activity, soft liquid diet and medication.
Muscle Diseases (cont..)
Muscle Strain/Sprain
- Definition: the forcible wrenching of a joint, with partial or
other injury.
- Causes: hyperextension of a joint.
- Symptoms: rapid swelling, heat, disability and discoloration
and limitation of function.
- Treatment: hot or cold compresses and banding along with
elevating the joint.
Muscle Diseases (cont..)
Muscular Dystrophy
- Definition: a disorder of the skeletal muscle which result in a
weakness of the muscle.
- Causes: a genetic defect in muscle metabolism.
- Symptoms: a progressive atrophy and wasting away of muscle.
- Treatment: medications and treatment of symptoms.
