ELECTRICITY

If a net electric charge (Q) flows through a cross-section of a conductor in time t, then,

Where I is electric current, Q is a net charge and t is a time in second.

SI unit of Electric Charge-coulomb (C). One coulomb is nearly equal to charge of6 ×
1018 electrons.
S.I. unit of electric current is ampere (A). 1 A = 1 C/1 s,.
Electric Potential: The amount of electric potential energy at a point is called electric potential. Potential
Difference: Electric potential difference is known as voltage, which is equal to the amount ofwork done to
move a unit charge between two points against static electric field.
Therefore, Voltage = work done
charge
Voltage or electric potential difference is denoted by V’. Therefore,
V = W/Q
Where, W = Work done and Q = Charge
S.I. unit of electric potential difference is volt and denoted by ‘V’
When1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to another in an electric
circuit the potential difference is said to be 1 volt.
1V = 1Joule/1Coulomb = 1J/1C
Voltmeter: An apparatus to measure the potential difference or electric potential difference between two
points in an electric circuit.
Electric Circuit: Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current.
Ohm’s Law V 𝖺 I , V = RI Therefore I = V/R.
R = V /I
Where, R is constant for the given conductor at a given temperature and is called resistance.
Resistance: Resistance is the property of conductor which resists the flow of electric current through it.
S.I. unit of resistance is ohm. Ohm is denoted by Greek letter Ω.
1 Ohm: 1 ohm of resistance is equal to the flow 1A of current through a conductor between two points having a
potential difference equal to 1V.
1Ω=
The graph of V (potential difference) versus I (electric current) is always a straight line.
Factors on Which Resistance of a Conductor Depends:
Nature of Material
Length of Conductoror, R 𝖺 l …(i)
Area of Cross Section, R𝖺 ….(ii)

From equations(i) and (ii)

R𝖺
R=ρ
Where, ρ (rho) is the proportionality constant. It is called the electrical resistivity of the material of conductor.
or ρ =

Resistivity: It is defined as the resistance offered by a cube of a material of side 1m when current flows
perpendicular to its opposite faces.

The S.I. unit of Resistivity: (ρ) = Thus,

S.I. unit of resistivity (ρ) Ωm.
Resistivity depends on the nature of the material and temperature.
Materials having a resistivity in the range of 10-8 Ωm to 10-6 Ωm are considered as very good conductors.
Insulators have a resistivity in the order of 10-12 Ωm to 10-8 Ωm.

Variable Resistance: The component of an electric circuit which is used to regulate the current, without
changing the voltage from the source, is called variable resistance.

Rheostat: This is a device which is used in a circuit to provide variable resistance.

Combination of resistors

Resistors in Series: Rs =R1 + R2 + R3

When the resistors are connected in series, the current flowing through each resistor is the same and is equal
to the total current
Resistors in Parallel:

1/Rp = 1/R1 +1/ R2 +1/ R3

Heating Effect of Electric Current: The heating of resistor because of dissipation of electrical energy is
commonly known as Heating Effect of Electric Current. Heating effect is used in many appliances, such as
electric iron, electric heater, electric geyser, etc.
Joule’s Law Of Heating: It states that heat produced in a resistor is directly proportional to the square of
current given to the resistor, directly proportional to the resistance for a given current and directly
proportional to the time for which the current is flowing through the resistor
H = I2Rt
Electric Power
The rate of doing work or rate of consumption of electrical energy is called Electric Power. If W is workdone in
time t, then
P=W/t.
S.I unit is Watt (W).
One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference of 1 V.P=
VI or P=I2R or P=V2/R
The commercial unit of electrical energy is a kilowatt-hour (kWh) or unit.
1kWh = 3.6×106 J
One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when 1kW of power is used for 1 hour.
Multiple choice Questions
1. The resistivity does not change if
a) The material is changed
b) The temperature is changed
c) The shape of the resistor is changed
d) Both material and temperature are changed
2. Two resistors of resistances 2 Ω and 4 Ω when connected to a battery will have
a) Same current flowing through them when connected in parallel
b) Same current flowing through them when connected in series
c) Same potential difference across them when connected in series
d) None of these
3. In an electric circuit three incandescent bulbs of rating 40W, 60W and 100W respectively are
connected in parallel to an electric source. Which of the following is likely to happen regarding
their brightness
a) Brightness of all the bulbs will be the same
 b) Brightness of bulb A will be the maximum
c) Brightness of bulb B will be more than that of A
d) Brightness of bulb C will be less than that of B
4. A cylindrical conductor of length l and uniform area of cross section A has resistance R. Another
conductor of length 2l and resistance R of the same material has area of cross section
a) A / 2 (b) 3A / 2 (c) 2A (d) 3A
5. The resistance of an electric iron drawing a current of 4A when connected to a 220V mains would
be
a) 1000 Ω (b) 55 Ω (c)44 Ω (d)64 Ω
6. Ohm’s law states the relationship between
(a) Electric current and heat produced in it (b) Electric power and work done
© Electric current and potential difference (d) Electric current and electric charge
7. The unit of resistivity is
a) Ohm (b) Ohm metre2 (c) Ohm metre (d) Ohm per metre
8. An electric kettle consumes 1kW of electric power when operated at 220V. The rating of fuse
wire that must be used would be
a) 1A (b) 2A (c) 4A (d) 5A
9. Unit of electric power may also be expressed as
a) Volt ampere (b)Kilowatt hour (c) Watt second (d) Joule second
10. If 25 joule of work is done in moving a charge of 5C across two points A and B the potential
difference between these points would be
a) V (b) 125V (c) 5V (d) 625V
Answers: 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)

Assertion and reasoning questions

The following questions consists of two statements –Assertion(A)and Reason (R). Answer these
questions selecting the appropriate option given below.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
c) A is true but R is false
d) A is false but R is true.
1. Assertion (A): Longer wires have greater resistance and the smaller wires have lesser resistance.
Reason(R): Resistance is inversely proportional to the length of the wire.
2. Assertion (A): Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating devices.
Reason(R): Alloys do not oxidize at high temperatures.
3. Assertion (A): If a graph is plotted between potential difference and current the graph is a
straight line passing through the origin.
Reason(R): current is directly proportional to the potential difference.
4. Assertion (A): A cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Reason(R): A cell maintains a potential difference across its terminals due to chemical reactions.
5. Assertion (A): When resistances are connected between the same two points they are said
to be in series.
Reason(R): When resistors are connected in series the current through each resistor is the same. Ans) 1. (c)
2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5, (d)
Answer in a word or sentence ( 1 mark)
1. What is the resistance of an ideal voltmeter?
Ans. Infinite
2. Mention the conditions under which current can flow in a conductor?
Ans. a) Circuit is closed b) There is a potential difference along the conductor.
3. When do we say that potential difference between two points in a circuit is 1 volt?
Ans. When 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to the other.
4. What is the amount of charge when a current of 4A flows in a circuit for 10 minutes?
Ans. Q = I x t = 4x 10x 60 = 2400C
5. How will be the resistance of a conductor change if its area is doubled?
Ans. Resistance will become half as R is inversely proportional to area.
Short Answer Questions (3 marks)

1. Two wires of equal length, one of copper and the other of manganin (an alloy) have the
same thickness. Which one can be used for i) electrical transmission ii) electrical heating devices?Why?
Ans) i) Copper wire can be used for electrical transmission lines because copper has very lowresistivity
and hence it is a very good conductor of electricity.
ii) Manganin can be used for electrical heating devices because it has very high resistivity andhence
produces lot of heat when current passes through it,
2. In an electrical circuit two resistors of 2 Ω and 4 Ω respectively are connected in series
to a 6 V battery. What will be the heat dissipated by the 4 Ω resistor in 5 s?
Ans) I = V / R = 6 / (2+4) = 1AH = I2 R t =
1x 4 x5 = 20 J

3. In a household circuit an electric iron of 100 W is used for 10 hours and an electric oven
of 1000 W is used for 2 hours every day. Calculate the cost of using them for 30 days if the costof one unit
of electrical energy is Rs 5.
Ans) electrical energy consumed by the electric iron = 100 / 1000 x 10 = [Link]
energy consumed by the electric oven = 1000/ 1000 x 2 = 2kWh.
Total energy consumed in 1 day = 1+2 = 3kWh.
Cost of electrical energy consumed 30 days = 3 x 30 x 5 = Rs 450
4. V-I graph for two wires A and B are shown in the figure. If both wires are of same length and same
thickness, which of the two is made of a material of high resistivity? Give justification for your
answer.

Answer. Greater than slope of V-I graph, greater will be the resistance of given metallic wire. In thegiven
graph, wire A has greater slope then B. Hence, wire A has greater resistance. For the wires ofsame length
and same thickness, resistance depends on the nature of material of the wire,

5. The figure below shows three cylindrical copper conductors along with their face
areas and lengths. Discuss in which geometrical shape the resistance will be highest.

Answer.

6. (a) What do the following circuit symbols represent?

 (b) The potential difference between the terminals of an electric heater is 60 V when it
draws a current of 4 A from the source. Find the resistance of heater when in use.
Answer.
(a) (i) Wires crossing without touching each other.
(ii)Rheostat/Variable resistor
(b) Given: V = 60 V, I = 4 A, R = ?
From Ohm’s law, V = IR

60 = 4 x R = 15 Ω

Long Answer Type Questions (5 Mark)

1. Draw a circuit diagram of an electric circuit containing a cell, a key, an ammeter, a resistor of 2
Ω in series with a combination of two resistors (4 Ω each) in parallel and a voltmeter across the
parallel combination. Will the potential difference across the 2 Ω resistor be the same as
that across the parallel combination of 4 Ω resistors? Give reason.

Ans) Circuit diagram

Effective resistance of the two 4 Ω resistors in parallel = 2 Ω. Since now they are in series same current will
flow through both and hence potential difference will be the same across both.
2. i) In the following circuit calculate:
a) The resultant resistance in the circuit
b) The total current in the circuit
Ans) a) resultant resistance = R6 + R7 = 2 Ω + 2 Ω = 4 Ω1 / R5 + 1 /
4=2Ω
R4 + 2 Ω = 12 Ω
R2 + R3 = 4 Ω + 8 Ω = 12 Ω1 / 12 + 1 / 12 =
6Ω
R1 + 6 Ω = R = 10 Ω
b) I = V / R = 5 / 10 = 0.5A
ii) Why should we connect different devices in parallel in our domestic circuit?Ans) 1) Each
appliance gets the same voltage as the supply power line.
2) Overall resistance of the circuit is less.
3) Even if one appliance stops working others are not affected.

3. (a)Write two points of difference between electric energy and electric power. Out of 60 W and 40
W lamps, which one has higher electrical resistance when in use.
(c) What is the commercial unit of electric energy? Convert it into joules.
Answer. (a) Difference between electric energy and electric power:

i.e. lesser the power of electrical device, higher is its electrical resistance. Hence 40W lamp hashigher
resistance.

(c) Kilowatt hour – Commercial unit of electrical energy

1 kWh = 1000 Wh = 1000 J/S x 3600 sec = 3600000 J = 3.6 x106J

4. a) A given length of a wire is doubled on itself and this process is repeated once again. By what
factor does the resistance of the wire change?
Answer. Am. Length becomes one-fourth of the original length and area of cross-section becomes
four times that of original.
So, new resistance is (1/16)th of original resistance.
Find the current drawn from the battery by the network of four resistors Shown in the figure.

Answer.

5 a) Find the current flowing through the following electric circuit.

Answer.

b) A 9Ω resistance is cut into three equal parts and connected in parallel. Find the equivalentresistance of
the combination.

Answer.
CASE BASED QUESTION
As one of the most sought-after metals in the world, gold has a wide range of valuable chemical and physical
properties. Not the least of which is a property called resistivity. While the electrical resistance of a substance's
opposition to the flow of charge, resistivity measures how well a substance resists carrying a current, and is
dependent on the chemical composition of the substance. Good conductors have low resistivities while bad
conductors and insulators have high resistivities; hence resistivity is also known as the reciprocal of
conductivity. As the graph shows, the resistivity of a substance is very much dependent on temperature. For
most conductors, resistivity increases with rising temperature. At 20 °C, the resistivity of gold is approximately
2.44 × 10−8 ohm-m and steadily rises with increasing temperature.

1. is the device which is often used to change the resistance without changing the voltage source in
an electric circuit.
a) Ammeter b) Rheostat c)volt meter r d)switch
2. Which among the following is not a factor affecting resistance of a conductor?

a) The material of the wire b) The thickness of the wire

c) The length of the wire d) The current flowing through the
wire. [Link] the element with least resistivity
a) silver b) iron c) gold d) all of these
4. What are the units of resistance and resistivity?
5. Calculate the resistance of a metal wire of length 2m and area of cross section 1.55 × 10-6 m², if the
resistivity of the metal be 2.8 × 10-8 Ω m.
Answer:
1.b , 2.d , 3.a 4.Ω , Ωm.
[Link] the given metal wire, length, l = 2 m
area of cross-section, A = 1.55 × 10-6 m²
resistivity of the metal, p = 2.8 × 10-8 Ω
m Since, resistance, R = ρ l/A
So R = 2.8x10-8x2/1.55 × 10-6 =5.6x10-2/1.55=3.6x10-2 Ω

II. Three resistors of equal resistance are connected in a circuit as represented below. Answer the
following questions based on it

1. Equivalent resistance of circuit (a) is

a) 27 Ω b) 4.5 Ω c) 13.5 Ω d)18 Ω
2. Equivalent resistance of circuit (b) is
a) 6 Ω b) 2Ω c) 27Ω d)18Ω
3. Calculate the current drawn from the battery if the voltage in circuit (b)
is 24V [Link] one will draw more current when connected in a domestic
circuit? why?
Answers
1.c 2.a 3.I=V/R 24/6=4A
4.(b)will draw more current
For (a) V/R=220/13.5=16.3A For(b) V/R=220/6=36.67A
 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
GIST OF THE LESSON
1. Magnetic field: The region or space around a magnet where a magnetic force is
experienced is called a magnetic field
2. Magnetic field lines: Magnetic field is represented by field lines. They are lines drawn in a
magnetic field along which a North magnetic pole moves.
[Link] of Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet:
*Magnetic field lines emerge from North Pole and merge at the south pole .Inside the magnet, the direction
of field lines is from its south pole to its north pole. Thus the magnetic field lines are closed curves.
*The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of the fieldlines.
The field is stronger, that is, the force acting on the pole of another magnet placed is greater
where the field lines are crowded.
*No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, it would mean that at the point of
intersection, the compass needle would point towards two different directions, which is not
possible.
3. Magnetic field due to a straight current-carrying conductor: The magnetic field lines due to a straight
current carrying conductor are concentric circles whose centers lie on the wire.
4. Factors on which the magnitude of magnetic field due to straight current carrying
conductor depends
The magnitude of magnetic field produced is
* directly proportional to the current passing in the wire.
* inversely proportional to the distance of that point from the wire.
5. Right hand thumb rule: If a current carrying straight conductor is held in your right hand
such that the thumb points towards the direction of current, then the wrapped fingers show the
direction of magnetic field lines.
6. Magnetic field lines due to a current through a circular loop .
The strength of the magnetic field at the center of the loop(coil)depends on:*The radius of the coil.
*The number of turns in the coil: As the number of turns in the coil increases, the magnetic
strength at the center increases, because the current in each circular turn is havingthe same
direction, thus the field due to each turn adds up.
*The strength of the current flowing in the coil: as the strength of the current increases, the
strength of the magnetic fields also increases
7. Solenoid:A coil of many circular turns of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the
shape of a cylinder is called a solenoid. In fact, one end of the solenoid behaves as a magnetic
north pole, while the other behaves as the south pole. The field lines inside the solenoid are
in the form of parallel straight lines. This indicates that the magnetic field is the same at all
points inside the solenoid. That is, the field is uniform inside the solenoid.
The strength of the magnetic field inside a solenoid depends on
*The number of turns in the solenoid
*The strength of current in the solenoid.
*The nature of core material used in making solenoid
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
*A current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force
*If the direction of the field and that of current are mutually perpendicular to each other, thenthe
force acting on the conductor will be perpendicular to both and that can be determined using the
Fleming’s left-hand rule
 8. Fleming’s Left hand rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of left hand such that they are
mutually perpendicular. Forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field and middle finger in the
direction of current, then the thumb gives the direction of force acting on the conductor.
9. Alternating current (AC) and Direct current(DC):The difference between the direct and alternating
currents is that the direct current always flows in one direction, whereas the alternating current reverses its
direction periodically. Most power stations constructed these days produce AC. An important advantage of
AC over DC is that electric power can be transmitted over long distances without much loss of energy. In
India, the AC changes direction after every 1/100 second, that is, the frequency of AC is 50 Hz.
10.* Wires in domestic electric circuit supply with red insulation cover are called live wire (or positive).
*Another wire, with black insulation, is called neutral wire (or negative).
*The earth wire, which has insulation of green colour, is usually connected to a metal plate deep in the earth
*In our country, the potential difference between the two is 220 V.
[Link] electric fuse prevents the electric circuit and the appliance from a possible damage by stopping the
flow of unduly high electric current.
MCQ
1. Appliances that have a metal body are generally connected to the earth wire. What is the reason to earth
these wires?
(a) To prevent the excess current (b) To prevent the leakage of current
(c) To provide extra current to the appliance (d) To provide high resistance to the appliance
Correct Answer: Option (b)
[Link] most important safety method used for protecting home appliances from short circuiting or
overloading is
(a) earthing (b) use of electric meter (c) use of stabilizer (d) use of fuse
Correct Answer: Option (d)
[Link] all the electrical appliances, the switches are put in the
(a) live wire (b)earth wire (c)neutral wire (d)all of above
Correct Answer: Option (a)
4. No force acts on a current carrying conductor when it is placed
(a) Perpendicular to the magnetic field (b) parallel to the magnetic field(c)far
away from the magnetic field (d)inside a magnetic field
Correct Answer: Option (b)
[Link] force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is the largest when the
angle between the conductor and the magnetic field is:
(a) 45
(b) 60
(c) 90
(d) 180 Answer:
(c)
6. Which of the following pattern correctly describes the magnetic field around a long straight wire carrying
current?
(a) straight lines perpendicular to the wire. (b) straight lines parallel to the wire.
(c) radial lines originating from the wire. (d) concentric circles centered around the wire.

Answer: (d)
7. Rahul sprinkles some iron fillings around a bar magnet kept over a sheet of paper. On tapping gently the
iron filings got arranged as shown in the figure below
Rahul labeled four different regions around the magnet. Where would be the magnetic field the strongest?
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S
Correct Answer: Option (c)
8. The given figures show the direction of the magnetic field lines at point P and Q in current carrying
circular loop drawn by four different students. Identify the correct figure.

Correct Answer: Option (b)

9. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is
a)variable b)same at all points c)non –uniform d)zero
Correct Answer: Option (b)
[Link] the time of short circuit the current in the circuit
a) reduces substantially b)does not change c))increases heavily d)vary continuously
Correct Answer: Option (c)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARK)

[Link] is an alternating current considered to be advantageous over direct current for long distance
transmission of electric power?
Ans. Alternating current is considered advantageous over direct current because it can be stepped up or stepped
down using a transformer which makes it more suitable for transmission of electric power over longdistances
without loss of energy.
2. How does an electric fuse prevent electric circuit from overheating?
The fuse wire is made up of a lead-tin alloy. It breaks or melts due to overheating or high load it creates a
gap so that current cannot flow through it and prevents the appliance from getting damaged.
[Link] the rule used to find force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
Fleming’s Left hand rule. Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of left hand such that they are
mutually perpendicular. Forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field and middle finger in thedirection
of current, then the thumb gives the direction of force acting on the conductor.
4. Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet. Name the device which is used to draw magnetic field
lines.
Answer:
Compass needle is used to draw magnetic field lines. [Link]
reason for the following
(i) There is either a convergence or a divergence of magnetic field lines near the ends of a current carrying
straight solenoid.
(ii) The current carrying solenoid when suspended freely rests along a particular direction.
Answer:
(i) There is either a convergence or a divergence of magnetic field lines near the ends of a current carrying
straight solenoid because it behaves similar to that of a bar magnet and has a magnetic field line pattern
similar to that of a bar magnet. Thus the ends of the straight solenoid behave like poles of the magnet, where
the converging end is the South Pole and the diverging end is the North Pole. (ii) The current carrying
solenoid behaves similar to that of a bar magnet and when freely suspended aligns itself in the north-south
direction.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARK)
1..Design an activity to demonstrate that a bar magnet has a magnetic field around it.
Answer:One can easily demonstrate the presence of field lines around a bar magnet using compass needles.
Place the magnet on a white sheet and mark its boundaries on sheet. Place the compass near the north pole of
magnet and mark the position of needle. Now move the compass such that its south pole occupies the position
previously occupied by its north pole. Repeat this step several times and you will have pattern as shown in the
figure.

Repeat the above procedure and draw as many lines as you can. These lines represent the magnetic field
around the magnet. These are known as magnetic field lines.
2.A compass needle is placed near a current carrying wire. State your observations for the following cases
and give reasons for the same in each case-
(a) Magnitude of electric current in wire is increased.
(b) The compass needle is displaced away from the wire.
Answer: (a) The deflection in the compass needle increases as Magnetic field of the current carrying
conductor is directly proportional to current flowing through it. (b) The deflection in the needle decreases as
the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the perpendicular distance from the wire.
8.a)A heater is connected in a circuit as shown below. If there is an overloading in the given circuit ,will the
fuse protect the electric heater from damage? Justify your answer.
b) Name two safety devices used in a domestic circuit.
 a) No, the fuse will melt only after the current has passed through the heater and damaged it.
b) Earthing and safety fuse.
9.a)Name and state the rule to find the direction of magnetic field associated with a current
carryingconductor.
b)What are the factors on which magnetic field due to a current carrying
solenoid depends? Ans.a)Right hand thumb rule. If a current carrying
straight conductor is held in your right hand such that the thumb points
towards the direction of current, then the wrapped fingers show the
direction of magnetic field lines.
b) strength of current, number of loops of the solenoid
10. In activity given below, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if
(i) current is rod AB is increased,
(ii) a stronger horse shoe magnet is used, and
(iii) length of the rod AB is increased?

Ans. (i) On increasing the current in rod AB its displacement will increase.
(ii) If stronger horse-shoe magnet is used then the displacement of rod AB will increase.
(iii) If length of the rod is increased, force acting on it will increase and
hence, displacementof the rod increases.
Long answer question 5 mark
[Link] a neat diagram to show the magnetic field around a current carrying circular coil.
Explain the effecton the magnetic field produced at a point in a current carrying circular
coil due to:
(i) increase in the amount of current flowing through it
(ii) increase in the distance of point from the coil
(iii) increase in the number of turns of the coil.
Answer:Ref NCERT Text book class X –fig of a circular loop carrying current
(i) The magnitude of magnetic field produced by a current carrying circular coil at a point
is directly proportional to the current flowing through the circular coil. Thus as the
amount of current flowing throughthe circular coil increases, the magnetic field produced
at a point in a circular coil increases.
1
 (ii) Magnitude of magnetic field produced at a point in a current carrying circular coil is
inversely proportional to the distance of point from the coil. Thus the magnetic field
produced at a point decreases asthe distance increases from the coil.

(iii) The magnetic field produced by a current carrying wire at a given point depends
directly on the current passing through it. Therefore, if there is a circular coil having n
turns, the field produced is n times as large as that produced by a single turn. This is
because the current in each circular turn has the same direction, andthe field due to such
turns then just adds up.
2.. Based on the domestic circuit given below , answer the following questions.(i) State what
happens whenswitch A is connected to a) Position 2 b) Position 3
(ii) Find the potential difference across each lamp when lit.
(iii) Calculate the current
a) in each 12 Ω lamp when lit.
b) In each 4
Ω lamp
when lit.
OR
(iv) Show, with calculations, which type of lamp, 4.0 Ω or 12 Ω, has the higher power.
i) 12 Ω lamps (only) on.
(a) 4 Ω lamps (only) on [0.5+0.5]
(ii) 12 V for both sets of lamps and all of them are in parallel. [1]
(iii) 12 Ω lamps are on when the wire is
connected to position 2. Voltage across both
12 Ω lamps = 12 V.

V=IR (Ohm’s law).

𝐼=𝑉𝑅= 1212 = 1A. [1]
4 Ω lamps are on when the wire is
connected to position [Link] across
both 4 Ω lamps = 12 V.
V=IR (Ohm’s law).
𝐼=𝑉/𝑅
= 12/4
= 3A.
[1] OR
P = V² /R
All lamps are in parallel and hence same V for all lamps.
For 4 Ω lamps → 𝑃=(12×12)/4=36 𝑊
For 12 Ω lamps → 𝑃=(12×12)/12=12 𝑊
Hence 4 Ω lamps will have higher power. [0.5 x 4]

CASE /SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

The domestic electric circuit consist of red insulated cover called as live wire, wire with
black insulation called as neutral wire and the wire with green insulation is called as Earth
wire. We know that fuse is connected in series with the circuit to prevent the damaging of
electrical appliances and circuit from overloading. Overloading occurs when live wire and
the neutral wire comes in direct contact with each [Link] of which current through
the circuit increases suddenly. Also, overloading may occurs because of connecting many
appliances to a single socket. The Earth wire which is green in colour is connected to a
metal plate deep in the earth near the house. This type of safety measure is used in
appliances like electric press, toaster, table fan, refrigerator etc. The Earth wire is gives low
resistance conducting path for the electric current. In this way it protects us from severe
electric shock. All the appliances are connected in parallel circuit so that the potential
difference across each appliance will be same.

1) What are the signs of live wire and neutral wire?

Ans The red insulated wire is the live wire or positive and the black insulated
wire is theneutral wire or negative.
2) In our country what is the potential difference between live wire and neutral wire?
Ans: In our country the potential difference between live wire and neutral wire is 220 V.
3) What is short circuiting?
Ans: When live wire and neutral wire comes in direct contact, in that situation the current
through thecircuit increases suddenly and it is called as short circuiting.
4) What is the main purpose of using fuse in electric circuit?
Because of Joule’s heating effect the heat produced causes the fuse to melt and to break
the circuit. Andthereby protect the circuit and electric appliances.
5) In domestic electric circuit,appliances are connected in parallel. Why?
Ans: In domestic electric circuit,appliances are connected in parallel because if one appliance
stops workingor get fused,other appliances keep on operating means the other appliances
remains unaffected.
6) In domestic electric circuit, with which wire we connect a fuse? Why?
Ans: To prevent the devices from electrical damages, fuse is connected to live wire.
7)What is the main difference in the wiring of an electric bulb and a socket for using an
electric iron in a domestic electric circuit? What is the reason for this difference?
Ans: No earth connection is required for the bulb connection as it does not draw heavy current
and we hardlytouch it. A socket for using an electric iron has an earth connection because
electric iron has a metallic body and draws a large current.
[Link] domestic electric circuits the wiring with 15 A current rating is for the electric devices
which have
(a) higher power ratings such as geyser.
(b) lower power ratings such as fan.