WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULICS

(CEng – 3162 )

CHAPTER FIVE

Bereket B.
 CHAPTER FIVE
5. RapidlyVariedFlow-1 Hydraulic
Jump
5.1 Definition and Types of Hydraulic
Jump
5.2 Basic Characteristics of the Jump
5.3 Hydraulic Jump in a Horizontal
Rectangular Channel
5.5 Hydraulic Jumps as Energy
Dissipater
 5.0 Rapidly varied flow(RVF)
 The flow is rapidly varied if the depth changes abruptly over a
comparatively short distance; otherwise, it is called gradually varied flow.
 There is abrupt change of flow profile (virtually broken). Example:
Hydraulic Jump, flow under gates.
In view of contrast with GVF, the following characteristic features of RVF
should be noted.
 Pronounced curvature ⇒ hydrostatic pressure distribution cannot be
assumed
 Rapid variation in flow regime takes place in a very short distance.
 Effect of boundary friction, which would play a primary role in a GVF, is
comparatively small and in most cases insignificant.
 In RVF the velocity-distribution coefficients α and β are much greater than
unity and cannot be accurately determined.
 Flow is actually confined by separation zones as well as solid boundaries.
(Because profiles could be broken).
• There are three isolated cases of RVF are discussed here.
- Hydraulic jump
- Flow over spillway
- Flow under gate

5.1 Definition and Types of Hydraulic Jump

 Hydraulic jump is formed when ever supercritical flow changes to subcritical flow,
at the jump location there is a sharp increase in water surfaces and a considerable
amount of energy is dissipated due to turbulence.
 A relationship between the flow depth and flow velocities upstream and
downstream of the jump of the flow.
 Upstream and downstream depths of the flow are called sequent depths or
conjugate depths.
 Practical Applications of HJ
 Hydraulic jump is used to dissipate energy in water flowing over a dam,
weir and other hydraulic structure and thus, prevent scouring d/s from
the structure.
 To recover head or raise the water level on the d/s side of a measuring
flume and thus maintains high water level in the channel for water
distribution purposes.
 To increase weight on the apron and reduce uplift pressure by raising the
water depth on the apron.
 To increase the discharge of a sluice gate by holding sack tail water, thus
preventing drawn jump.
 To mix chemical used for water purification.
 To aerate water for city water supplies
Hydraulic jump on horizontal bed following over a spillway

Where: V1 = velocity before jump

V2 = velocity after jump
y1 = water depth before jump
y2 = water depth after jump
Lj = length of jump

The initial and sequent depth can be computed as:

Types of Jump
• Hydraulic Jumps on horizontal floor are of several distinct types
depending on Fr1.
• Weak jump (1.7 < Fr1< 2.5):- A series of small rollers develop on the
surface of the jump, but the d/s water surface remains smooth.
• Critical jump (Fr1 =1):- critical flow no jump can form
• Undular jump (1< Fr1< 1.7):-the water surface shows undulation
• Oscillating Jump (2.5 < Fr1< 4.5):- there is an oscillating jet entering
the jump bottom to surface and back again with no periodicity.
• Steady Jump(4.5 < Fr1< 9.0):- The downstream extremity of the
surface roller and the point at which the high-velocity jet tends to
leave the flow occur at practically the same vertical section.
• Strong jump (Fr> 9.0):- The high-velocity jet grabs intermittent
slugs of water rolling down the front face of the jump, generating
wave’s down-stream.
 5.2 Basic Characteristics of the Jump
Basic Characteristics of the Jump
Energy Loss: the loss of energy in the jump is equal to the
difference in specific energy before and after the jump.

Efficiency: the ratio of the specific energy after the jump to

that before the jump is defined as the efficiency of the jump.

Height of Jump: - the difference between the depths after and

before the jump. Hj = y2 – y1
Length of Jump:-The length of a jump (also length of stilling
basin) is empirically given as

5.3 Hydraulic Jump in a Horizontal Rectangular

Channel
• In most open channel flow problems involving jumps, one of the two
depths y1 or y2 would be known, and we need to calculate the second one.
• Because the energy loss due to hydraulic jump is usually significant and
unknown, we cannot use the energy equation to determine the unknown
depth rather we use the momentum equation is written between the two
sections.
– Considering a horizontal rectangular open channel of constant channel
width B
– neglecting the shear stress at the channel bottom,
– the resultant of the forces acting in the longitudinal direction are the
result of hydrostatic pressure at the ends of the control volume
Water rise in hydraulic jump Consider two sections, on the upstream and
downstream side of a jump, as shown in Fig.
The horizontal net force F on the control volume, neglecting friction effects, acts
backward (because h2 is greater than h) and reads as:

This force is responsible for change of velocity from V1 to V. We know that this force
is also equal to the change of momentum of the control volume:
Force = mass of water flowing per second * change of velocity
 Solving the above quadratic equation for h2, we get:

Taking only + sign and substituting q = h1V1

The “depth” of the hydraulic jump or the height of the standing wave is h2 – h1
 5.5 Hydraulic Jumps as Energy Dissipater
 We can see in the specific-energy diagram (Fig.) that for a given specific
energy E, there are two possible depths h1 and h2.
 The depth h1 is smaller than the critical depth, and h2 is greater than the
critical depth.
 We also know that, when the water depth is smaller than the critical
depth, the flow is called a tranquil or subcritical flow. But when the
depth is greater than the critical depth, the flow is called a rapid or
supercritical flow.
 It has been experimentally found, that the rapid flow is an unstable type
of flow, and does not continue on the downstream side.
 The transformation from rapid into Tranquil flow occurs by means of a so-
called hydraulic jump. A counterclockwise roller rides continuously up
the surface of the jump, entraining air and contributing to the general
complexity of the internal flow patterns, as illustrated in Fig.
 Turbulence is produced at the boundary between the incoming jet and
the roller.
 The kinetic energy of the turbulence is rapidly dissipated along with the
mean flow energy in the downstream direction, so that the turbulence
kinetic energy is small at the end of the jump.
 This complex flow situation is ideal for the application of the
momentum equation, because precise mathematical description of
the internal flow pattern is not possible.

Energy loss due to hydraulic jump

The loss of energy head due to the occurrence of the hydraulic jump is the
difference between the specific-energy heads at sections 1-2 and 2-2.
Mathematically,
• From a practical viewpoint, hydraulic jump is a useful means of dissipating
excess energy in supercritical flow.
– Its merit is in preventing possible erosion below overflow spillways, chutes,
and sluices, for it quickly reduces the velocity of the flow on the paved apron
to a point where the flow becomes incapable of scouring the downstream
channel bed.
• The hydraulic jump used for energy dissipation is usually confined partly or
entirely to a channel reach known as the stilling basin.
• In practice, the stilling basin is designed with accessories to control the
jump in the basin.
– These accessories shorten the range within which the jump will take place
and hence reduce the cost.
– They also improve the dissipation function of the basin and stabilize the
jump.
• Position of Hydraulic Jump: Hydraulic jump is formed at a location where
the flow depths upstream and downstream of the jump satisfy the equation
for the sequent depth ratio.
• Let the flow depth at the sluice outlet be y1 and the sequent depth
corresponding to this depth be y2 on the tail water depth, yd.
. There are several different possibilities for the formation of jump,
depending upon
• Case A : Tail-water depth (yd) equal to the sequent depth (y2)
– It is an ideal one for scour protection purposes.
– needs device to control the position of the jump

• Case B : Tail-water depth (yd) less than the sequent depth (y2)
– Jump repelled from the scour-resisting apron
– It should be avoided in design

• Case C : Tail-water depth (yd) grater than the sequent depth (y2)
– The jump forced to upstream and becoming a submerged jump
– It is the safest case in design
• Tail-water Conditions: Tail-water level plays a significant role in the
formation of jump at a particular location.
• The tail-water fluctuates owing to changes in discharge in the channel.
• The tail-water rating curve is usually available as a relation
between tail-water stage yd and discharge Q.
• In a similar way, a jump rating curve may be constructed to show the
relation between the sequent depth y2 and Q.
• Depending upon these two curves, five different flow situations are
possible.
• Class A: represents the ideal condition in which the two rating curves
always coincide. This means the jump forms at the desired place on the
apron at all discharges.
• Class B: In this case the jump forms at a certain place far downstream. An
effective method of ensuring that the jump will occur on the protected
apron is to use sills to create a stilling basin.
• Class C: The jump may be controlled at the desired location by providing a
drop in the channel bottom or by letting the jump form on a sloping apron.
• Class D: The tail-water curve is below the jump curve at low discharges
and above it for higher discharges. The stilling basin may be designed so
that the jump is formed in the basin at low rates of discharges and the jump
moves on to a sloping apron at higher discharges.
• Class E: This is opposite to case (d) in the sense that the tail-water curve is
above the jump curve at low discharges and below the jump curve at high
discharges. An effective method to ensure a jump is to increase the tail-
water depth sufficiently high by providing a stilling pool, thus forming a
jump at high discharges.
Example 5.1 A discharge of 1000 l/s flows along a rectangular channel, 1.5 m wide.
What would be the critical depth in the channel? If a standing wave is to be formed
at a point, where the upstream depth is 180 mm, what would be the rise in the
water level?
Solution:
Given: discharge: Q = 1000 l/s = 1m3/s
channel width: b = 1.5 m
upstream depth: h1= 180 mm

Discharge per unit width:

Critical depth in the channel:

Let h2 be the depth of the flow on the downstream side of the standing wave or
hydraulic jump.

Rise in water level h:

Example 5.2. A rectangular channel, 6 m wide, discharges 1200 l/s of water into a 6
m wide apron, with zero slope, with a mean velocity of 6 m/s. What is the height of
the jump? How much power is absorbed in the jump?

Solution:
Given: channel width: b = 6 m
discharge: Q = 1200 l/s = 1.2 m/s
mean velocity: V = 6 m/s

V1 > V1c : supercritical flow

occurrence of hydraulic jump
Height of hydraulic jump Depth of water on the upstream side of the jump:
 Height of hydraulic jump hjump

hjump= h2 – h1 = 0.443 m
Energy absorbed in the jump Drop of specific-energy head:

 E = E1– E2
We know that due to the continuity of the discharge:

Now using the relation:

Dissipation of power in hydraulic jump:

P = gQ (E1- E2) = 16.3 kW

Example 5.3 The flow rate under a sluice gate in a 8 ft wide rectangular channel
is 40 cfs, with a 0.7 ft depth of flow. If the channel slope is mild, will there be a
hydraulic jump downstream of the sluice gate?
Solution: From the problem statement: y = 0.7 ft and Q = 40 cfs. Average
velocity, V, can be calculated and then Fr can be calculated to determine whether
this is subcritical or supercritical flow.
V = Q/A = Q/yb = 40/(0.7)(8) = 7.143 ft/sec
Fr = V2/gy = (7.143)2/(32.2)(0.7) = 2.264 (Fr > 1)

Fr > 1, so the flow after the sluice gate is supercritical. The channel slope is
mild, so there will be a hydraulic jump to make the transition from
supercritical to subcritical flow.

Example 5.4 What will be the depth of flow and average velocity in the
subcritical flow following the hydraulic jump of Example #6?
Solution: Equation (7) can be used with
Fr1= 2.264 and y1 = 0.7.
Equation (7) becomes:y2V/0.7 = (1/2)[ -1 + (1 + 8(2.264)2= Q/A2y2 = 2.591 ft 2)1/2]
= 3.702 = 40/(8)(2.591) = 1.93 ft/sec = V2
(a) The downstream depth can be deduced from the momentum principle if the
reaction force
from the step is known. The approximation is that this is the same as would occur if it
were in equilibrium with a hydrostatic pressure distribution here.
 Exercise
#1. State the uses of hydraulic jump.

#2. Describe Classification of hydraulic jump.

#3. What are the uses of formation of hydraulic jump in a channel?

#4. Give some examples of hydraulic jump?

#5. Derive an expression for Loss Energy (Energy dissipation or head loss)
due to hydraulic jump.
#1. The depth of flow of water, at a certain section of water, at a 4 m wide, is
0.5m. This discharge through the channel is 16m3/s, if a hydraulic jump takes
place on the d/s side, fine the depth of flow after the jump?

#2. The depth of flow of water, at a certain section of rectangular channel of

2m wide, is 0.3m. The discharge through the channel is 1.5m3/s. Determine
whether a hydraulic jump will occur, and if so. Find its height and loss of
energy per kg of water.

#3. A sluice gate discharge water into a horizontal rectangular channel with
a velocity of 10m/s and depth of flow of 1m. Determine the depth of flow
after the jump and consequent loss in total head.

#4. A sluice gate discharge water into a horizontal rectangular channel with
a velocity of 6m/s and depth of flow is 0.4m. The depth of the channel is 8m.
Determine whether a hydraulic jump will occur, and if so, find its height and
loss of energy per kg of water. Also determine the power lost in the
hydraulic jump.

#5. A hydraulic jump forms at the downstream end of spillway carrying

17.93m3/s discharge, If the depth before jump is 0.80m, determine the
depth after the jump and energy loss.
#6. A sluice gate discharges 2.5 m3/sec into a wide horizontal rectangular
channel. The depth at the vena-contracta is 0.2 m. The tail water depth is
2.0m. Assuming the channel to have a Manning’s n=0.015, determine the
location of the hydraulic jump.

#7. A hydraulic jump occurs in a V-shaped channel having sides sloping at 45°.
Driven equation relating the two depths and the flow rate. If the depths
before and after the jump in the above channel are 0.50 m and 1.0 m,
determine:
(i) The flow rate;
(ii) Froude numbers before and after the jump.

#8. A spillway discharges a flood flow at a rate of 7.75m3/s per meter width.
At
the downstream horizontal apron the depth of flow was found to be 0.5m.
What trail water depth is needed to form a hydraulic jump ? if a jump is
formed , find its type, length, head loss and energy loss as a percentage of
the initial energy.