LECTURE 6 (Part 1)

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
CE 105 – TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
 COPYRIGHT NOTICE
The content of these lecture materials is a property
of Mapua Malayan Colleges Laguna, copyrighted
to each material or resource’s respective authors.
Hence, these should not be reproduced, shared,
sold, or used outside of the University, and without
the authors’ prior written consent.
 OUTLINE
6.1. Transportation Planning Process
6.2. Transportation Studies
6.3. Transportation System Modelling

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 6.1. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
• is a process by which a well-defined tasks must be

accomplished before the final set of information is

presented to those who must decide which course of

action is best for a particular place and condition.

• It is basically a process of producing information that

can be used by decision makers to better

understand the consequences of different courses of

action.
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 6.1. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS
1. Inventory of Facilities
• It is always an important rule that planning
should always start with the evaluation or
inventory of the existing transportation network
facilities.
• Knowing the conditions and present
performance of the transportation networks
including the availability of its facilities is always a
good starting point for transportation planning.

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2. Collect Socio-Economic and Land Use Data
• The type of data that can be collected to
trip makers characteristics include:
• level of income,
• number of members in the household,
• number of vehicles in the households,
• number of children,
• age,
• highest level of education achieved.

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2. Collect Socio-Economic and Land Use Data
• Land use often the other hand, is another
important data that must be available on hand
in any transportation planning because it will
help the planners to analyze and estimate how
many trips are attracted to each type of land use
(e.g., the number of trips to school, shopping
centers, residential units, offices, complexes,
etc.).

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2. Collect Socio-Economic and Land Use Data
• Land use maps
are most often
used as the
source of such
information.

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3. Define Goals and Objectives
• Goals - are generalized statements that indicate
the desired ultimate achievement of a
transportation plan.
• Example of such is “the transportation system
should enhance the mobility needs of the
people”, or “the transportation system should
enhance economic development opportunity”

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3. Define Goals and Objectives
• Objectives - are more specific statements that
indicate the means of achieving a goal.
• Example of objectives to enhance mobility:
• Provide more mass transit system to major
business centers in the metropolis.
• Reduce congestion on major highways
• Enhance pedestrian transportation through
the construction of pedestrian lanes and
overpass.
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4. Identify System Deficiencies and Opportunities
• Identify and prioritize those areas in
transportation system where problems exist
today or where problem will exist in the future
given the growth of travel.
• Transportation planning can also identify those
areas where it can promote economic
development opportunities in present time or in
the future time.

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4. Identify System Deficiencies and Opportunities
• There is a wide variety of identifying the system
deficiencies and opportunities in transportation.
• Aside from the volume to capacity ratio (V/C),
the more broader performance measure is a
newly concepts as a means of identifying the
location of system deficiencies.

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5. Develop and Analyze Alternatives
• through facility improvements
• Travel Demand Modeling

6. Evaluate Alternatives
• by comparison of alternatives
• evaluate through different MEASURES OF
EFFECTIVENESS

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 6.1. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS
5. Develop and Analyze Alternatives
• through facility improvements
• Travel Demand Modeling

6. Evaluate Alternatives
• by comparison of alternatives
• evaluate through different MEASURES OF
EFFECTIVENESS

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7. Implement the Plan
• Transportation plan is considered as the major
and most important product in the transportation
planning process. The schemes or improvement
programs derived from transportation planning
process are considered as a major product of
the said planning process.
• For very limited funds to implement projects as
recommended in the plan, part of its strategy or
functions is to identify priority projects.

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8. Monitor System Performance
• One of the most important aspects of any
transportation planning process is to continually
examines and evaluate the performance and
conditions of the transportation system where
improvement is necessary and opportunity to
be utilized.

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8. Monitor System Performance
• Some examples of monitoring management
systems that monitors the performance of the
transportation system include:
• Pavement Management System
• Bridge Management System
• Safety Management System

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 6.2. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
It is interesting to note that the cost of
data collection has the biggest share
of budget in any planning studies.

The quality of data is strictly very

important because it provides reliable
inputs to various steps of the planning
process.
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 6.2. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
1. Road-use studies

Examines the usage patterns of

specific roads or segments of the

transportation network. Focuses on the

behavior and characteristics of traffic

on particular roadways.

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Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
2. Pavement-life studies

the primary goal of the study is to

determine the average service life and

retirement for each type of pavement.

Transport engineers used pavement-life

data for economic analysis on the basis of

anticipating future revenue receipts.

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Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
3. Traffic Volume Studies

It provides transport engineers with

essential information on the number of

vehicles using the highway system (ex.

Annual Average Daily Traffic which

can be converted into peak hour

volumes).

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Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
4. Travel Survey

Identify the origin and destination, Classifications of Travel Survey:

the purpose and the mode of travel - Household travel survey

use for each trip made in a given - Roadside surveys

day. It collects qualitative and - Modal surveys

quantitative data on travel - Goods movement surveys

behavior and preferences. - Parking surveys

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 6.2. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
4. Travel Survey

Classifications of Travel Survey:

- Household travel survey

- use for determining the number and

characteristics of person trips or

auto-driver trips made by residents

within the specified study area.

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 6.2. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
4. Travel Survey

Classifications of Travel Survey:

- Roadside survey

- consists of stopping the vehicles

and asking the drivers for

information on trip origin,

destination, and purpose.

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Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
4. Travel Survey

Classifications of Travel Survey:

- Modal survey

- made by interviewing passengers

at terminals or while on board

public transport vehicles

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 6.2. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
4. Travel Survey

Classifications of Travel Survey:

- Goods movement survey
- The impact of goods movement on the functioning
of transportation system is very significant that a
good transportation survey on freight movement
involving several transportation mode is deemed
very essential in the overall planning process.
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 6.2. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
Various Methods of Collecting Data for Transportation Process:
4. Travel Survey

Classifications of Travel Survey:

- Parking survey

- to determine the parking habits and

requirements of the motorists in order

to be able to relate these factors to

the uses of existing parking facilities

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
1. Existing traffic

traffic currently using the existing

highway facilities that is to be

improved

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
2. Normal traffic growth

traffic that can be explained by

anticipated growth in the state or

regional population or by area-

wide changes in land use

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
3. Diverted traffic

traffic that switches to a new

facility from nearby roadways

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
4. Converted traffic

changes in traffic

resulting from change

of mode

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
5. Change of destination traffic

traffic that has changed to different

destinations, where such change is

attributable to the attractiveness of the

improved transportation and not to

changes in land use.

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
6. Development traffic

traffic due to improvements of

adjacent land in addition to the

development that would have taken

place for the new or improved highway

that had not been constructed

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
7. Induced traffic

traffic that did not previously exist in any form but results when new or

improved transportation facilities are provided

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
7. Induced traffic

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
7. Induced traffic

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Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
7. Induced traffic

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 6.2. TRANSPORTATION STUDIES
Types of Traffic that is Considered to Influence Travel Demand:
7. Induced traffic

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 6.3. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODELLING
BASIC CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS USED IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODELING
1. Trip making is a function of land use.

Patterns and frequency of trips people • intensity of land use (e.g., dwelling units
per ha., employees per ha., etc.)
make are significantly influenced by
• character of land use (e.g., average
how land is utilized in a given area
family income, car ownership, etc.)
• Location relative to major economic
activities (e.g., closeness to downtown)

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BASIC CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS USED IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODELING
2. Trips are made for different purposes

• going to school or workplace or

business

• shopping, recreation, etc.

• going home

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BASIC CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS USED IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODELING
3. Trips are made at different times of the day

Travel patterns vary throughout the day, with certain times experiencing higher

travel volumes due to activities like commuting to and from work or school.

• Morning and evening rush hours see high volumes of traffic as people commute
to and from work.
• Midday trips might be more related to shopping, running errands, or attending
appointments.
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BASIC CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS USED IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODELING
4. Travelers often have different options available
• Depending on the infrastructure and services available,

travelers can choose between different routes and modes

of transportation such as driving, public transit, biking, or

walking.

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BASIC CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS USED IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODELING
5. Trip are made to minimize the level of inconvenience associated with
reaching a destination.
Travelers tend to choose routes and modes of transportation that reduce

inconvenience, which may include factors such as travel time, cost, comfort,

and reliability.
• e.g., A commuter may choose to take a direct bus route instead of driving through

congested traffic, even if it takes slightly longer, to avoid the stress of driving.

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BASIC CONCEPTS AND FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS USED IN
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODELING
6. Transportation networks and traffic analysis zones are the basis of system
modeling
This highlights the importance of transportation components in transportation

modeling, emphasizing how these elements are used to simulate and

understand travel behavior and system performance.

• e.g., A city uses a transportation network model to simulate traffic flow and identify

congestion points, using data from various traffic analysis zones to predict travel demand.

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 QUESTIONS?

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 END

CE 105
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
 LECTURE 6 (Part 2)
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
CE 105 – TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
 COPYRIGHT NOTICE
The content of these lecture materials is a property
of Mapua Malayan Colleges Laguna, copyrighted
to each material or resource’s respective authors.
Hence, these should not be reproduced, shared,
sold, or used outside of the University, and without
the authors’ prior written consent.
 OUTLINE

6.4. 4-step Transportation Model

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
1. Trip Generation (Ti):
• the number of trips produced in traffic analysis zone i.
2. Trip Distribution (Tij)::
• the number of trips produced in zone i and attracted to
zone j.
3. Modal Split (Tijm):
• the number of trips produced in zone i and attracted to
zone j traveling by mode m.
4. Trip Assignment (Tijmr):
• the number of trips produced in zone i and attracted to
zone j traveling by mode m over route r.

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
TRIP GENERATION
Three Common Methods of Estimating Trip Generation:
a) Trip Rates from National/Local Studies
Example: traffic counts at the driveway of department stores to count the
number of vehicles attracted to these stores

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TRIP GENERATION
Three Common Methods of Estimating Trip Generation:
b) Cross Classification Analysis
Example: if a reliable data is related to trip making and socioeconomic
variables, it can be used to determine the forecasted trips generated

Table 3. Forecasted number of household in study

Table 4. Forecasted number of trips in zone determined by
zone by auto ownership and size (from NSO)
multiplying trip rates by number of household in category

x =

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TRIP GENERATION
Three Common Methods of Estimating Trip Generation:
c) Regression Analysis
Given high correlation between two variables, regression equation is used to
estimate trip production per zone.

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TRIP DISTRIBUTION (GRAVITY MODEL)
• major products of trip
distribution is trip tables or O-
D (Origin-Destination) matrix
• This model shows the number
of trips originating in the
study zone and their trip
destination.

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TRIP DISTRIBUTION (GRAVITY MODEL)

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
TRIP DISTRIBUTION (GRAVITY MODEL)

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
TRIP DISTRIBUTION (GRAVITY MODEL)

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TRIP DISTRIBUTION (MODIFIED GRAVITY MODEL)

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TRIP DISTRIBUTION (FRATAR METHOD)
• This method predicts future travel patterns between zones based on current travel

patterns and the growth factors at destination zones.

• The growth factor is the ratio of expected future traffic to current traffic from the

zone.

• It is an iterative process where the number of future origins in each zone remains

constant, similar to the Hardy Cross method of successive approximation used in

moment distribution for indeterminate structures.

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MODAL SPLIT MODELS (LOGIT MODEL)
oriented towards predicting the percentage of

individuals who will choose one mode over the

other
Factors that Influence Mode Choice Behavior:

1. Type of trip (e.g., trip purpose, time of day)

2. Socioeconomic characteristics of tripmaker (e.g., income, age, auto ownership)

3. Characteristics of the transportation system (e.g., relative travel time for the mode

chosen)
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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
MODAL SPLIT MODELS (LOGIT MODEL)

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
MODAL SPLIT MODELS (LOGIT MODEL)

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
TRIP ASSIGNMENT The Purposes of Traffic Assignment:

• Final step in 1) To assess the deficiencies in the existing transportation network

transportation by assigning estimated future trips to existing system.
modeling 2) To evaluate the effects of limited improvements and expansions
• By assigning trips to to the existing transportation system by assigning estimated
paths available at
future trips to the network which includes these improvements.
hand
3) To develop construction priorities by assigning future trips
• Based on minimum
4) To test alternative transportation system proposals by systematic
time (or distance) as
and readily repeatable procedure.
basis for path selection
5) To provide design hour volumes and turning movements.

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TRIP ASSIGNMENT The All or Nothing Assignments
based on the assumption that the path
Three Major Methods to Assign Future Trips:
taken by vehicles from zone of origin (i) to
1. All or nothing assignments zone of destination (j) will be the one with

2. Diversion curve assignments the least travel resistance.

3. Capacity restraint assignments

Travel resistance is measured in terms of:
• Distance
• Cost
• time***
• or some combination

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TRIP ASSIGNMENT
Basic Procedure in All or Nothing Assignments:
1. The description and coding of the network into links and nodes.
2. The determination of the minimum path time from each zone
of origin to all other zones of destination. (this stage is also
known as “build trees”)

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TRIP ASSIGNMENT
Basic Procedure in All or Nothing Assignments:
3. The assignment of all traffic flows from each zones to every
other zone by the appropriate minimum path, and the
aggregation of the total flows on each link in the defined
network.

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
TRIP ASSIGNMENT
Step I. Description and
coding of network

Step II. Determination

of minimum paths

Step III. Traffic

Assignments

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TRIP ASSIGNMENT
Step I. Description and
coding of network

Step II. Determination

of minimum paths
8+4+8+6 = 26
4+9+3+4+8+6 = 34
Step III. Traffic
8+4+4+7 = 23
Assignments
5+9+3+7 =24

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 6.4. 4-STEP TRANSPORTATION MODELING
TRIP ASSIGNMENT
Step I. Description and
coding of network

Step II. Determination

of minimum paths

Step III. Traffic

Assignments

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 QUESTIONS?

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 END

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