El ULTIMATE SQL / MySQL
COMPLETE GUIDE
From Beginner to Professional - with
Detailed Explanations for Every Term
1. Introduction to SQL
What is SQL?
SOL (Structured Query Language)
is a language for communicating
with databases.
A database= a digital system for storing &
managing information.
• Structured ➔ Data has a specific
format (tables, columns, rows).
• Query ➔ You can ask the database
for data.
• Language ➔ You use SOL keywords to
communicate.
2. SQL Command Types
1. DDL ➔ Data Definition Language
(Make & modify tables/databases)
2. DML ➔ Data Manipulation Language
(Add, change, delete records)
3. DCL ➔ Data Control Language
(Manage permissions)
4. TCL ➔ Transaction Control Language
(Save or undo changes)
5. DQL ➔ Data Query Language (Retrieve
or search data)
3. DDL - Data Definition Language
3.1 CREATE
Example:
CREATE TABLE Students (
id INT PRIMARY KEY ,
name VARCHAR (100 ),
age INT ,
class VARCHAR (50 )
Term-by-term Explanation:
• CREATE TABLE ➔ Command to make a
new table.
• Students ➔ Name of the table (choose
meaningful names).
• id ➔ Column for unique
student numbers.
• INT ➔ Integer type (whole numbers).
• PRIMARY KEY ➔ Identifies each
row uniquely.
• name ➔ Column for student's name.
• VARCHAR (100) ➔ Text up to
100 characters.
• age ➔ Integer column for age.
• class ➔ Text up to 50 characters for
class name.
3.2 ALTER
ALTER TABLE Students ADD COLUMN
email VARCHAR ( 100 );
• ALTER TABLE Students ➔ Change
existing table Students.
• ADD COLUMN email ➔ New column
called email.
• VARCHAR(100) ➔ Textupto
100 characters.
3.3 DROP
• DROP TABLE ➔ Delete the table
structure and all data permanently.
3.4 TRUNCATE
• TRUNCATE TABLE ➔ Remove all rows
but keep table definition intact.
4. DML - Data Manipulation Language
4.1 SELECT
SELECT name, age FROM Students
WHERE age> 15 ;
• SELECT name, age ➔ Choose columns
name and age .
• FROM Students ➔ From the
Students table.
• WHERE age > 15 ➔ Condition: only
rows where age is more than 15.
4.2 INSERT
INSERT INTO Students (id, name,
age, class)
VALUES ( 1 , 'John' , 16 , '10A' );
• INSERT INTO Students ➔ Add new
record to Students .
• (id, name, age, class) ➔ Columns
to insert into.
• VALUES ( ... ) ➔ Actual data for
those columns.
• 'John' ➔ Strings use quotes,
numbers don't.
4.3 UPDATE
UPDATE Students SET age - 1t
WHERE name= 'John' ;
• UPDATE Students ➔ Change data
in Students.
• SET age = 1 r ➔ Column age
becomes 17.
• WHERE name = 'John' ➔ Only for John.
4.4 DELETE
DELETE FROM Students WHERE id
= 1;
• DELETE FROM Students ➔ Remove
rows from Students .
• WHERE id = 1 ➔ Only the row with id
= 1.
5. DCL - Data Control Language
5.1 GRANT
GRANT SELECT ON Students TO
'user1' @'localhost' ;
• GRANT SELECT ➔ Give permission
to read.
• ON Students ➔ On the
Students table.
• 'use r1 '@' localhost' ➔ Specific
database user and host.
5.2 REVOKE
REVOKE SELECT ON Students FROM
'user1' @'localhost' ;
• REVOKE SELECT ➔ Remove read
permission from the user.
6. TCL - Transaction Control Language
6.1 START TRANSACTION + COMMIT
START TRANSACTION ;
UPDATE Students SET age - 18
WHERE name= 'John' ;
COMMIT ;
• START TRANSACTION; ➔ Begin a set of
operations to be treated as one unit.
• UPDATE ➔ Change John's age.
• COMMIT; ➔ Save permanently.
6.2 ROLLBACK
START TRANSACTION ;
DELETE FROM Students;
ROLLBACK ;
• ROLLBACK; ➔ Undo all changes since
START TRANSACTION.
6.3 SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT before_update;
UPDATE Students SET class -
'11A' WHERE name= 'John' ;
ROLLBACK TO before_update;
• SAVEPOINT ➔ Mark point in transaction
to return to later.
• ROLLBACK TO ➔ Undo changes since
that savepoint only.
7. DQL - Data Query Language
sql
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE
class - '10A' ORDER BY name ASC
LIMIT 5;
• * ➔ All columns.
• ORDER BY name ASC ➔ Sort names
alphabetically.
• LIMIT 5 ➔ Show only first 5 rows.
8. Joins
Setup Tables:
CREATE TABLE Teachers (
t_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
t_name VARCHAR( 50 ),
subject VARCHAR( 50 )
CREATE TABLE Classes (
c_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
t_id INT,
class_name VARCHAR( 50 ),
FOREIGN KEY (t id)
REFERENCES Teachers(t id)
);
INNER JOIN
SELECT Teachers.t_name,
[Link] name
FROM Teachers
INNER JOIN Classes ON
Teachers.t id= Classes.t_id;
• INNER JOIN ➔ Only where data exists
in both tables.
LEFT JOIN
SELECT Teachers.t_name,
Classes.class_name
FROM Teachers
LEFT JOIN Classes ON
Teachers.t id= Classes.t id;
• LEFT JOIN ➔ All rows from left table,
matches from right if any.
9. Constraints
Constraint Meaning Example
PRIMARY Unique ID id INT PRIMARY
KEY for table
FOREIGN Links FOREIGN KEY
KEY another (. ..)
table REFERENCES
UNIQUE email
VARCHAR(100)
UNIQUE
CHECK Condition CHECK (age>=
must be true 5)
DEFAULT Auto value if DEFAULT
'active'
10. Aggregations & Functions
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Students; -
- total rows
SELECT AVG(age) FROM Students; -
- average age
SELECT MIN(age), MAX(age) FROM
Students; -- youngest & oldest
SELECT CON CAT (name, ' - ',
class) FROM Students; --
text join
SELECT UPPER(name) FROM
Students; -- uppercase
11. Advanced SQL
• Subquery
SELECT* FROM Students
WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM
Students WHERE age> 15 );
• View
CREATE VIEW TeenStudents AS
SELECT* FROM Students WHERE age
BETWEEN 13 AND 19 ;
• Index
CREATE INDEX idx_age ON
Students(age);
• Stored Procedure
DELIMITER//
CREATE PROCEDURE
GetAllStudents()
BEGIN
SELECT* FROM Students;
END//
DELIMITER;
12. MySQL-Specific Commands
• SHOW DATABASES; - List all databases
• USE db name; - Select a database
• DESCRIBE tablename; - Show
table structure
• SHOW TABLES; - Show tables in
current DB
