Mathematics 1052, Calculus II

Exam 1, April 3rd, 2010

1. (8 points) If an unknown function y satisfies the equation

2x
y′ = √
3
x2 + 4
with the condition that y(2) = −1, then what is y?

Solution: We must integrate y′ against dx to find y up to a constant. We will use substitu-

tion u = x2 + 4 and du = 2x dx
Z Z Z
2x 1 3 3(x2 + 4)2/3
y= √
3
dx = √
3
du = u−1/3 du = u2/3 + c = +c
x2 + 4 u 2 2

We also know that when x = 2 we have y = −1. Then

3(22 + 4)2/3
−1 = +c = 6+c
2
which implies c = −7. This means

3(x2 + 4)2/3
y= −7
2

2. Compute the following integrals

Z √e
1
(a) (5 points) dv
e v ln2 v
Solution: Use substitution u = ln(v). Note that ln2 (v) means (ln v)2 NOT ln(2v).
dv
Our substitution indicates du = , and therefore dv = v du. We must also change
v
the boundary points as suggested
√ by the substitution. So, when v = e we have u =
ln(e) = 1 and when v = e = e we have u = ln(e1/2 ) = 21 . Then
1/2

Z √e Z 1/2 Z 1/2 1/2

1 1 −2 u−1
dv = v du = u = = −1
e v ln2 v 1 v u2 1 −1 1

Z
(b) (5 points) cos2 (4x)dx

Solution: We will use one of the double angle formulas

1
cos2 (θ) = (1 + cos(2θ))
2
Mathematics 1052 Exam 1, April 3rd, 2010

This formula tells us that

Z Z
2 1 x 1 sin(8x) x sin(8x)
cos (4x)dx = (1 + cos(8x)) dx = + · +c = + +c
2 2 2 8 2 16
Note that the last 8 in the denominator comes from the reverse chain rule.
Z ln(2√3)
ex
(c) (5 points) dx
0 4 + e2x

Solution: We use the substitution u = ex . Observe that e2x = (ex )2 , and therefore, it
can be replaced by u2 . Moreover, du = ex dx = u dx and dx = du
u . We also change the
0
√
boundary√ points: when x = 0 we have u = e = 1 and when x = ln(2 3) we have
√
u = eln(2 3 = 2 3. Then
√
Z ln(2√3) Z 2√3 Z 2√3 2 3
ex u du 1 1 u
dx = = du = arctan
0 4 + e2x 1 4 + u2 u 1 22 + u2 2 2 1
1 √ 1 π 1
= arctan( 3) − arctan(1/2) = − arctan(1/2)
2 2 6 2

3. (10 points) Evaluate the following limit by interpreting it as a Riemann sum form of an inte-
gral, and then computing that integral:

π
      nπ 
1 2π
lim cos + cos + · · · + cos
n→∞ n n n n

1 iπ
Solution: By looking at the ∆x term, which is , and the individual choice points
n n
where i = 1, 2, . . . , n, we see that the interval is [0, 1]. Then the function we need to inte-
grate is cos(πx). Therefore the limit above represents the integral
Z 1 1
1
cos(πx) dx = sin(πx) = 0
0 π 0

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Mathematics 1052 Exam 1, April 3rd, 2010
Z 1 p
4. (6 points) What is F ′ (x) if F(x) = sin(t)dt?
tan(x)

Solution: We use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus together with the Chain Rule to
get
Z
d 1 p p d1 p d tan(x)
sin(t)dt = sin(1) − sin(tan(x))
dx tan(x) dx dx
which gives us p
− sin(tan(x)) sec2 (x)

5. (15 points) Consider the area enclosed by the line y = x + 2, the parabola y = 4 − x2 and the
x-axis.
(a) Formulate (but do not compute) the area as an integral over x.

Solution: As you can see from the graph above, the area must be computed by two
different integrals. For that we need the intersection of the curves y = 4 − x2 and
y = x + 2. We obtain that point by setting these equations equal to each other.

4 − x2 = x + 2 =⇒ 0 = x2 + x − 2 =⇒ (x + 2)(x − 1) = 0

We need both intersection points x = −2 and x = 1. We also need the intersection

points of y = 4 − x2 with the x-axis:

4 − x2 = 0 =⇒ x = ±2

Then the area is Z 2 Z 2

(x + 2 − 0) dx + (4 − x2 − 0) dx
−2 1

(b) Formulate (but do not compute) the area as an integral over y.

Solution: In order to write the integral which computes the area over y, we must
view the area as a collection of horizontal (as opposed to vertical) line segments, and
compute the lengths of these line segments as a function of y. For that, we need to
write our graphs where x is the dependent variable and y is the independent variable.
We obtain
y = x + 2 =⇒ x = y − 2
for the first curve, while for the other curve we get
p
y = 4 − x2 =⇒ x2 = 4 − y =⇒ x = ± 4 − y

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Mathematics 1052 Exam 1, April 3rd, 2010

The solution with the + sign is the right half of the parabola, and the solution with
the − sign is the left half of the same parabola. Notice that, we need the y-coordinate
of the intersection point to write the new integral. Since x = 1, by using either of the
curves we get y = 3. Then the area is
Z 3 p
( 4 − y − (y − 2)) dy
0

(c) Evaluate one of the integrals above.

Solution: We will compute both integrals here for the purpose of demonstration.
First the integral over x
Z 1 Z 2 1 2
2 x2 x3 37
(x + 2) dx + (4 − x ) dx = + 2x + 4x − =
−2 1 2 −2 3 1 6

Now, the integral over y: here we use a substitution u = 4 − y and du = −dy. Also
y = 0 is replaced by 4, and y = 3 is replaced by u = 1 as boundary points.
Z 3 p Z 1 Z 4
√
( 4 − y − (y − 2)) dy = ( u − ((4 − u) − 2)) (−du) = (u1/2 + u − 2) du
0 4 1
4
2 u2 37
= u3/2 + − 2u =
3 2 1 6

Z
6. (15 points) Evaluate the indefinite integral ln(1 − x2 )dx

Solution: We will use the method of Integration By Parts: we set f = ln(1 − x2 ) and
dg = dx. Then
−2x
df = and g = x
1 − x2
and
Z Z Z
−2x2 2x2
ln(1 − x2 ) dx = x ln(1 − x2 ) − dx = x ln(1 − x2 ) − dx
−x2 + 1 x2 − 1
Now, we will use method of Partial Fractions. For that, we first need to factorize the
denominator as x2 − 1 = (x − 1)(x + 1) and reduce the degree of the polynomial in the
numerator by Euclidean long division:

2x2 = 2(x2 − 1) + 2

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Mathematics 1052 Exam 1, April 3rd, 2010

Then the second part of our integral is equal to

Z Z Z 
2x2

2 A B
dx = 2+ dx = 2x + + dx
x2 − 1 (x − 1)(x + 1) x−1 x+1

In order to get the unknown coefficients A and B, we must solve

2 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 1) =⇒ (A + B) = 0 and A − B = 2

and therefore A = 1 and B = −1. Thus the remaining part of our integral is
Z
1 1
dx − dx = ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 1| + c
x−1 x+1
which makes our final answer
Z
ln(1 − x2 ) dx = x ln(1 − x2 ) − 2x − ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 1| + c

7. Compute the following integrals

Z
(a) (9 points) sin7 (θ) cos3 (θ)dθ

Solution: There are two equally valid similar solutions. Here we give just one solu-
tion. We separate one of the cosine terms as use it for du = cos(θ)dθ and therefore
we assume u = sin(θ). Notice that we write
Z Z
7 3
sin (θ) cos (θ) dθ = sin7 (θ) cos2 (θ) cos(θ)dθ

and make a subsititution u = sin(θ) we will have an extra cos2 (θ). This term must be
rewritten in terms of sin(θ). Bu we have the simple identity cos2 (θ) = 1 − sin2 (θ).
Then our integral transforms into
Z Z
7 2 u8 u10 sin8 (θ) sin10 (θ)
u (1 − u ) du = (u7 − u9 ) du = − +c = − +c
8 10 8 10

Z √ 2
x −9
(b) (10 points) dx
x
Solution: The most obvious solution is by the method √
of Trigonometric Substitution
and we use x = 3 sec(θ) because our integral contains x2 − 32 . Then we first have

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Mathematics 1052 Exam 1, April 3rd, 2010

dx = 3 sec(θ) tan(θ) dθ and

p q q
x2 − 9 = 9 sec2 (θ) − 9 = 9 tan2 (θ) = 3 tan(θ)

Now, our integral can be written as

Z √ 2 Z Z
x −9 3 tan(θ)
dx = 3 sec(θ) tan(θ) dθ = 3 tan2 (θ) dθ
x 3 sec(θ)
Z
=3 (sec2 (θ) − 1) dθ = 3 tan(θ) − 3θ + c

Since sec(θ) = 3x , we see θ = arcsec(x/3). Now, we draw right√triangle with an inner

angle θ which satisfies cos(θ) = 3x . This implies tan(θ) = x2 −9
3 . Then our final
answer for this question is
p
x2 − 9 − 3 arcsec(x/3) + c

Z
4x2 − 3x + 2
8. (12 points) Evaluate dx
x2 (x − 1)

Solution: We will use the method of Partial Fractions. We first notice that there is a
2
repeated factor in the denominator. Therefore, the fractional function 4xx2 −3x+2
(x−1)
must split
as
4x2 − 3x + 2 A B C
= + +
x2 (x − 1) x x2 x − 1
In order to solve for A, B and C we must first make a common denominator. This leads us
to the equation

4x2 − 3x + 2 = Ax(x − 1) + B(x − 1) +Cx2 = (A +C)x2 + (B − A)x − B

Then we immediately conclude that B = −2. Also B − A = −3 which means A = 1. And

finally, A +C = 4 which yields C = 3. Now, we can compute our integral:
Z Z 
4x2 − 3x + 2

1 2 3 2
2
dx = − 2+ dx = ln |x| + + 3 ln |x − 1| + arbitrary constant
x (x − 1) x x x−1 x

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Mathematics 1052 Exam 1, April 3rd, 2010

Bonus: Show that the integrals Z

In = xn e−x dx

satisfy the recursion formula

In = −xn e−x + n · In−1 where I0 = −e−x + c

for any natural number n ≥ 1. Now, using this recursion formula, evaluate
Z
x3 e−x dx

Solution: For the recursion relations, we will try to compute our integrals using the method of
Integration by Parts. We first identify f = xn and dg = e−x dx. Then d f = n xn−1 and g = −e−x ,
and therefore
Z Z
n −x n −x
In = x e dx = −x e +n xn−1 e−x dx = −xn e−x + n In−1

as we wanted to show. For n = 0 we see that

Z Z
I0 = x0 e−x dx = e−x dx = −e−x + c

Now, using these formulas

I3 = − x3 e−x + 3 I2 = −x3 e−x + 3(−x2 e−x + 2I1 ) = −x3 e−x − 3x2 e−x + 6I1
= − x3 e−x − 3x2 e−x + 6(−xe−x + I0 ) = −x3 e−x − 3x2 e−x − 6xe−x − 6e−x + c
= − e−x (x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 6) + c

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