COMPUTER SCIENCE-XII

UNIT- II, COMPUTER NETWORKS-10 MARKS

Network : computer network is a collection of interconnected computers and

other devices to share data and other resources (hardware and software
resources).
Need for Networking :
1. To share computer files, data and resources .
2. To improve communication speed.
3. To reduce cost of transfer.
4. Reliability:
5. Central storage of data
Evolution of networking :
1. ARPANET : (Advanced Research Project Agency Network): The computer
network was jointly designed by ARPA and Department Of Defence (DOD)
of USA in 1969 and was called ARPANET. It was an experimental project
which connected few computers of some of the reputed universities of
USA and DOD. It allowed access and use of computer resource sharing
projects.
2. NSFNET (National Science Federation Network): In the mid-80’s, another
federal agency, NSFNET (National Science Federation Network),
created a new network which was more capable than ARPANET. Its
main aim was to use network only for academic research and not
for any private business activity
3. INTERNETIt is network of networks i.e. it is a worldwide networks of
computer networks.
4. INTERANET : It is an interconnected network within one organization that
uses web technologies for sharing information internally.
5. Inter space : It is a client/Server software program that allows multiple
users to communicate online with real-time audio, video and text chat in
dynamic 3D environments.

Elementary Terminology of Networks :

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 1. Nodes(Work stations)/clients : It refers to the computers that are
attached to a network and are seeking to share the resources of the
network.
2. Server : It is a computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software and
hardware resources on the network
3. Network Interface Unit(NIU) : It is an interpreter that helps establish
communication between the server and workstations.( It is also called
NIC(Network interface card ) or TAP (Terminal Access Point))
4. Sender: A device or a computer that sends the data.
5. Receiver: A device or a computer that receives the data.
6. Message: Message is the information to be communicated. It may be
text, image, audio or video.
7. Transmission Medium: A transmission medium is a physical path through
which the data flows from sender to receiver. A cable or wire or radio
waves can be the medium.
8. Protocol: A set of rules that governs data transmission. It represents
the communication methods which are to be followed by the sending and
receiving devices.
Switching Techniques : are used for transferring data across networks.
3 types of switching techniques : 1. Circuit Switching
2. Message Switching
3. Packet switching
Circuit Switching : In this technique ,first the complete physical connection
between two computers is established and then data are transmitted from the
source computer to the destination computer. This technique provides end to
end connection between computer before any data can be sent. It is designed
for voice communication.
Message Switching : It is similar to post office mailing system. In this technique,
the source computer sends data or the message to the switching office first,
which stores the data in its buffer and then it looks for a free link to another
switching office and then sends the data to this office.
Packet Switching : In this technique, messages are broken into packets and
send across the network and they are collected and assembled at the
destination.

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Each packet is of a fixed size, usually 128 bytes or 512 bytes. Packet switching is similar
to post office operation. Each packet has a source address as well as destination
address (IP address) for being transmitted, in the same way as a postman delivers a
letter to a specific destination address.
Data communication Terminologies :
1. Data channel/Communication Channel/Transmission Media :
The medium through which data are transferred from one location to
another.
Different communication media are :
(i) Twisted pair cable
(ii) Coaxial cable
(iii) Optical Fiber Guided Media
(iv) Ethernet cable
(v) Radio Wave
(vi) Micro Wave Unguided Media
(vii) Satellite
(viii) Infrared
2. Baud : It describes the rate of change of signal on the communication
channel
3. Band width : It is the difference between the highest and lowest
frequencies of the transmission channel.
In digital system , Band width is data
speed in bps In analog system, it is
measured in Hertz.
4. Data transfer Rate : It represents the amount of data transferred per
second by a communication channel. It is measured kbps( killo bits per
second),Kbps( killo bytes per second),mbps, Mbps, gbps, Gbps, tbps,Tbps.
5. Transmission Media :
1. Twisted pair cable :
It consists of two identical wires wrapped together in a double helix.
It is used for telephone wiring
Merits :
1. It is very simple.
2. It is easy to install and maintain.
3. It is physically flexible.

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 4. It has light weight.
5. It can be easily connected.
6. It is very inexpensive (i.e. cheap).
Demerits
1. Low Bandwidth
2. Easily pickup noise signals
3. It is incapable carrying a signal over long distance without the use
of repeaters.(100 meter limit)
2. Coaxial cable : It contains two conductors that are parallel to
each other.
Merits :
1. The data transmission of coaxial cables are better than of twisted
pair cable. (Higher band width)
2. They are used in cable networks and long distance telephone lines.
3. They are used for broadband transmission.
4. Offer higher bandwidth up to 400 Mbps
Demerits :
1. More expensive than twisted pair cable 2. They are not compatible
with twisted pair cables
3. Optical Fibers : Merits :
1. High bandwidth
2. Noise resistance
3. Zero electrical interference and complete electrical isolation.
4. Information is travelling on a modulated light beam.
5. They are used for broadband transmission where several channels are
handled in parallel.
6. It is a secure transmission,
7. It is suitable for harsh industrial environments
. Demerits:
1. High cost (i.e. most expensive)
2. Difficult to install
3. Difficult for solder
4. Connection losses are common problem
5. Connecting two fibers together is a difficult process.

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Ethernet Cable : An Ethernet cable is used on a wired networks. It connect
devices within a local area network like PC’s, routers and switches
within a local area network. These cables are limited by length and
durability. If a network cable is too long or of poor quality, it won’t
carry a good network signals

Radio Wave :
Merits :
1. Radio wave transmission offers mobility.
2. It is cheaper than other media
3. It offers freedom from land owners right.
4. It penetrate the buildings.
6. It is omnidirectional.
7. It is used for long distance communication.
Demerits :
1. It is an insecure communication.
2. It is susceptible to weather effects like rains, thunder, storms etc.

Micro Wave : it is an electromagnetic wave in the frequency range of

about 1 to 300 GHz. It transmits voice and data at 45 Mbps through the
atmosphere. It is unidirectional.
Merits :
1. It is used to wide band communication system( telephone system,
television transmission) 2. It is cheaper
3. Easy of communication
4. It offers freedom from land owner right.
5. It can communicate over oceans.
Demerits :
1. It is an insecure communication.
2. It cannot penetrate walls.
3. It has high cost of design, implementation and maintenance.
4. It has limited bandwidth allocation.
5. The signal strength may be reduced due to setting of antenna.

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 6. It is susceptible to weather effects like rains, thunder, storms etc.

Satellite :
Merits :
1. It covers large area.
2. It is useful for sparsely populated areas.
3. It is a commercial attractive.
4. It is a secure communication.
Demerits :
1. Very high cost
2. High atmospheric losses above 30 GHz limit carrier frequencies.
Note : The other communication Media are Infrared, Laser,
Bluetooth, WIFI and Ethernet
Cable( are connect network devices such as MODEM, Router and
adapters)

Infrared Waves :
Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 GHz, can be
used for short-range communication. They have high frequencies and
cannot penetrate walls.

NETWORK DEVICES:
1. MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator) :Modulator convert a digital signal to
analog signal and demodulator convert an analog signal into digital signal.
A Modem is a computer peripheral that allows to connect and
communicate with other computers via telephone lines.
2. RJ-45 (Registered Jack -45) It is an 8 wire connector which is used to
connect computers on the local area network.
3. Ethernet card( LAN card) : It is a hardware device that helps in connection
of nodes within a network.
4. Hub : It is a hardware device used to connect several computers together.
When the packet reaches one port, it is copied to all other ports of the
hub without changing the destination address in the frame. Rather, it
simply broadcast the data to all of the nodes connected to the hub.
Hence it is unintelligent device.

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 Two types of Hub :
(i) Active Hub: It provide path for the data signals and
strengthen the signals before sending to their destination.
They are called repeaters.
(ii) Passive Hub: They have nothing to do with modifying the
signals.
5. Switch : A switch is a device that is used to segment networks into
different sub networks called subnets or LAN segments.
The main difference between hub and switch is that hub replicates what it
receives on one port onto all the other ports, while switch keeps a record
of the MAC addresses of the devices attached to it. So switch is called
intelligent hub.
6. Repeater : It is a device that amplifies or strengthen a signal being
transmitted on the network. It is used for long distance
transmission (i.e. above 70 meters)
7. Bridge: A bridge is a device that links two segments together of the original
network. An important advantage of using a bridge is that it is a smarter
hub as it can filter network traffic on the basis of the MAC addresses
8. Router : It is a device that is used to connect two networks using same
topology and can different protocols.
9. Gateway: It is a device that is used to connect dissimilar network
( i.e. different topology and different protocols)

TYPES OF NETWORK : There are 4 types of networks.

1. Local Area Network(LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Networks(MAN)
3. Wide Area Network(WAN)
Personal Area Network(PAN)
4.
LAN : Small computer netwoks that are confined to a localized area (e.g. an
office, a building or a factory University Campus) are known as [Link] key
purpose of LAN is to serve its users in resource sharing.
Properties :
a) Diameter is not more than 10 Kms.
b) Rate of transmission is high
c) Highly reliable(low error rates)
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WAN: The network spread across the countries or geographical areas are
known as WANs. A WAN is a group of computers that are separated by large
distances and tied together. (Example : Internet) Properties :
a) Span entire countries
b) Use point-to-point link except satellite network
c) Rate of data transmission is slow.
d) Owned by multiple organization.
e) Low reliability(high error rates)
MAN : These are the networks that link computer facilitates within the city or
town.( ie. Maximum 100 Kms of Diameter).It is in between LAN and WAN. It is a
network that covers an entire city but uses LAN technology. It is used to connect
different LAN’s together.
Example : An organization can have multiple branches in the same city, One
being the headquarter building and other being normal offices in the same city.
PAN : It is the interconnection of information technology devices within the
range of an individual person i.e. within a range of 10 meters. Example : Wifi,
Hotspot, Bluetooth

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES :
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is called the topology.
Types of topologies : 1. Star Topology 2. Bus(Linear) Topology 3.
Tree Topology
STAR TOPOLOGY
It consists of a central node (Hub of Star) to which all other nodes are connected
by a single path.

Advantages of Star topology :

i) Easy of service
ii) One device per
connection( fast speed)
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iii) Faults are easily detected
and isolated.
iv) Simples access protocols( any given connection involves only
the central node) v) It allows several types of cable in the same
network.
vi) Failure of a single system will not bring down the entire
network
Disadvantages of Star topology :
i) Long cable length and more cabling cost.
ii) Difficult to expand
iii) Central node dependency( if hub fails then he entire network will fail)
BUS TOPOLOGY (LINEAR TOPOLOGY)
It consists of a single length of the transmission medium(normally co-axial cable)
on to which the various nodes are attached.

Advantages :
i) Short cable length and less cabling cost.(i.e. less
installation cost) ii) Resilient Architecture iii)
Easy to Extend
Disadvantages :
i) Fault diagnosis is difficult.
ii) Fault isolation is difficult.(if a node is faulty on the bus , it must be rectified
at the point where the node is connected to the network)
Repeater configuration
TREE TOPOLOGY : A variation of bus topology is the tree topology. The shape of
the network is that of an inverted tree with the central root branching and sub
branching to the extremities of the network.

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Advantages :
i) Easy to extend ii) Very good for
office automation iii)
Stimulates(control) hierarchical
flow of data
Disadvantages:
i) Long cable length and more cabling cost ii) Root
dependency iii) If an intermediate node is faulty, all the
nodes after hat node not work.

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS :
A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network. It defines
standardized formats for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting
errors and so on.

Types of protocols :
1. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) : is the set of rules for transferring
hypertext (i.e. text, graphic, image, sound, video etc) on WWW (world wide
web)
2. HTTPs(s for security) - https: (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure): It is an
extension of the HTTP. It is used for secure communication over a computer network
and is widely used on the internet.
3. FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a standard for the exchange of files across
Internet.
It is used to transfer files from one network/system to another
network/system. It goes by the name ftp followed by address of another site
and press enter.
4. TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) : is a collection of
protocols that govern the way data travels from one machine to another
across network.
TCP is used breaking of data in various packets.
IP is used to decide the contents of packets
5. PPP/SLIP(Point to Point Protocol/Serial Line Internet Protocol) : It is a
communication protocol used to connect computers to remote networking
services including Internet service providers.

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 It is used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. It is used to
connect the Home PC to the server of ISP through high speed MODEM. It
allows a computer to use the TCP/IP protocol and to be connected directly to
the Net using standard voice telephone line and high speed MODEM.
6. VOIP(Voice Over Internet Protocol) : It is a technology that enables voice
communications over the internet through the compression of voice into data
packets that can be transmitted over data networks and then converted back
into voice at the other end.
It refers to a way to carry telephone calls over an IP data network
(OR)
It is a communication protocols and transmission technologies for delivery of
voice communications and multimedia sessions over the Internet Protocols
network such as Internet.
7. Video Conferencing Protocol : ( H.323 and SIP ) : H.323 is a standard that
specifies the components, protocols and procedures that provide multimedia
communication services (i.e. real time audio, video, and data
communications) over packet based networks including Internet.
SIP( Session Initiation Protocol) is used to establish, modify and terminate
VOIP telephone calls.
8. Chat Protocol IRC(Internet Relay Chat) : It is a simple, text-based
conferencing protocol, involving a number of users spread across a number of
interconnected servers.
9. POP(post office protocols) : It is used to receive e-mail from a remote server
over a TCP/IP connection.
10. POP3(Post Office protocol version 3): It allow an e-mail client to download an
e-mail server.
11. SMTP( Simple Mail transfer Protocol) : It is used when e-mail is delivered
from an e-mail client to an e-mail server.
(OR)
It is used when email is delivered from one e-mail server to another.
[Link] login(Telnet) :Telnet is a network protocol used on the internet or on
the local area network to provide by directional interactive text, orientated
communication facility using a virtual terminal connection.
Telnet is the internet facility that facilitates remote login. It means to
connect the network at remote station without any network.

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WIRELESS / MOBILE COMMUNICATION :
It transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. The
signals are broad cast through air or water.
Different technologies of wireless/Mobile communications :
1. GSM(Global System for Mobile Communications):
It is a digital cellular technology that uses narrow band TDMA (time
division multiple access) which allows 8 simultaneous calls on the same radio
frequency. GSM users simply switch SIM (Subscriber Identification Module)
cards.

2. GPRS(General Packet Radio Service): It allows mobile phones to be used for

sending and receiving data over an internet protocol based network. It is used
for wireless communication using a mobile device. With this service we can
access the internet, send emails and large data.

3. Chat : It is the textual conversion between two or more people on a software.

(OR) Online textual talk, in real time , is called chatting. e.g.
Facebook, Twiter, Whats App, [Link] The most common
protocol is IRC(Internet Relay Chat)
4. Video Conferencing : It the audio-video conversion between two or more
people.
The most common protocols are H.323 and SIP(Session Initiation protocol)
5. Wi-Fi(Wireless Fidelity) : It is used to connect internet without a direct line
from our PC to the ISP.
( Distance 100 to 300 Feet or 30 to 100 meters)

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 6. WiMax( wireless Max) : It is a wireless digital communication system.
It can provide broad band wireless access up to 50 km for fixed
station and 5-15 km for mobile station.

INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES :

1. WWW(World Wide Web) : It is a set of protocol that allows to access any
document on the net through a naming system based on Uniform Resource
Locator(URL)
2. Web pages : It is a document containing single unit of information that is
available via WWW.
(or)
A document that uses HTTP is called a Web Page.
3. Website : It is a collection of web pages belonging to a particular person or
organisation. Example : [Link]
4. Web Browser : It is a software used for browsing the web pages.
Examples of web browsers are : Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator,
Safari, Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Mosaic
5. Web Server : It is a WWW server that responds to requests made by web
browsers.
6. Web Hosting : It is a service that allows organizations and individuals to post
a website or web page onto the internet.
7. Domain Name System(DNS): The characters based naming system by which
servers are identified is known as domain name system. (or) It is the way
to identify and locate computers/servers connected to the internet. eg. Of
Domain IDs are .com, .in, .gov,
.org, .co(companies), .biz(business), .int, .net
8. URL(Uniform Resource Locator) : It specifies the distinct address for each
resources on the internet.
An internet address is a character based is called a Domain Name.
It defines 4 things : Method : //Host : Port/Path
Example : HTTP ://[Link] is URL and [Link] is a
Domain Name
9. Protocol Address /IP Address/Internet Address : It is a unique 32 bits address
assigned to each computer which connect to the internet. It is given 4 parts

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 decimal number and each part contain 8 bits. Eg. [Link] ,
[Link]
10. WEB 2.0 : It is the second Generation of WWW.
A collective term for certain applications of the Internet and the WWW
including blogs, wikis, video sharing services and social media websites
such as Face book and Myspace which focus on interactive sharing and
participatory collaboration rather than simple content delivery.
(OR)
It refers to added features and applications to WWW that make the web
more interactive, support easy online information exchange and
interoperability. Some features of web 2.0 are blogs, wikis, video sharing
websites, social networking websites.
11. HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) : It is a language used to create
documents on the
World Wide Web.
(OR)
It is the language used to create web pages. It defines the
structured and layout of a Web document by using a
variety of tags and attributes.

12. XML( eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language that defines a set of
rules for encoding documents in a format which is both human-readable and
machine-readable. It is defined by the W3C's XML 1.0 Specification and by
several other related specifications, all of which are free open standards.( It is
a markup language for documents containing structured information.)

13. DHTML(Dynamic Hyper text Markup Language) : It is a combination of web

development technologies used to create dynamically changing websites.
Web pages may include animation, dynamic menus and text effects. The
technologies used include a combination of HTML, JavaScript or VB Script,
CSS(Cascading Style Sheets) and the document object model(DOM).

14. Web Scripting : The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page
is known as Web-

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 Scripting. It is of two types : (a) Client Side Script (b) Server Side
Script
Client Side Scripts Server side Scripts
1. It enables interaction within a 1. It enables the completion or
web page carrying out task at the server-
end and sending the result to
the client end.
2. The client side scripts are 2. The server side scripts are
downloaded and executed at executed at the server end and
the client end. the result is sent to the client
end.
3. Depend on browsers 3. Does not depend on browsers
4. Examples : VB script, Java 4. Example : PHP, Perl, ASP(Active
Script, Hyper Text Server Pages), JSP(Java Server
Preprocessor(PHP) Pages)

NETWORK SECURITY :
The Various Protection methods for network security are :

a Authorization
b Authentication
c Encrypted Smart cards
d Biometric System

e Firewall : The system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or

from a private network is called Firewall.
Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software or a combination
of both.

f Cookies : are the messages that a web server transmits to a web

browser so that web server can keep track of the user’s activity on a
specific web site.

g Hackers : is a person who uses a computer to look at and/or change

information on another computer without
permission.

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 h Crackers : are the malicious programmers who break into computer or
network secure systems.

i Cyber Law : Which refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of
Internet and the
World Wide Web.
(OR)
It is the part of legal system that deals with internet, cyberspace and their
respective legal issues.
j India’s IT Act 2000 : (Information Technology Act 2000) : Its aim to
provide the legal infrastructure for e-commerce in India by governing
the transactions through the Internet and other electronic medium

k Cyber Crimes : The crimes committed with the use of computers or

relating to computers and a network, especially through the Internet.
Types of Cyber Crime :
1. Hacking
2. Phising
3. Cyber Bulling
4. Identity Theft

IPR Issues : ( Intellectual Property Rights) : A right that is had by a person or

by a company to have exclusive rights to use its own plans, ideas, or other
intangible assets without the worry of competition for a specific period of
time. These rights can include copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade
secrets.

VIRUSES : Computer virus is a malicious program that damages data and files
and causes harm to the computer system. It can spread with a host
program.

Trojan Horses : A Trojan Horse is a computer program which carries out

malicious operations without user’s knowledge. It damage the
computer’s stored data.

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 It is generally spread through e-mail and exchange of
disks and information between computers. Worms could
also spread Trojan horses.

Worms : A worm is a also a malicious program but it copies itself

across a network. It is self contained and does not require a
[Link] can spread without a host program.

Spam : It refers to electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup posting. One

way to help avoid spam or junk mail is to create a filter that finds
and does something to e-mail that we suspect is spam.

I. Transmission Media
transmission medium/communication channel is a
medium of data transfer over a network. It can be
guided (wired) or unguided (wireless).
Wired Media
A number of various types of cables are used to transfer
data over computer networks. These are Twisted Pair
Cable, Co-axial Cable, and Optical Fiber Cable. Twisted
Pair Cable.

Wireless Media

Electromagnetic waves are used for wireless

communication over computer networks. Frequencies of
waves are measured in Hertz The radio waves,
microwaves, and infrared rays are used for wireless
communication.

Write the Full form of the following :

1. ARPANET : Advanced Research Project Agency Network

2. NIU : Network interface Unit
3. bps : bits per second
4. Bps : Bytes per second
5. kbps : kilo bits per second
6. Kbps : Kilo bytes per second (Similarly mbps,Mbps,gbps,Gbps,
tbps, Tbps)
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7. PAN :Personal Area Network
8. LAN : Local Area Network
9. MAN : Metro Politian Area Network
10. WAN : Wide Area Network
11. MODEM : Modulator and Demodulator
12. RJ45 : Registered Jack 45
13. HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol
14. HTTPS : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
15. FTP : File Transfer Protocol
16. TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
17. PPP : Point to Point Protocol
18. SLIP : Serial Line Internet Protocol
19. POP : post Office Protocol
20. SMTP : simple Mail Transfer Protocol
21. IRC : Internet Relay Chat
22. VoIP : voice over Internet Protocol
23. SIP : Session Initiation protocol
24. NFS : Network File System
25. GSM : Global System for Mobile Communication
26. CDMA :Code Division Multiple Access
27. SIM : Subscriber Identity Module
28. WLL : Wireless in Local Loop
29. 1G,2G,3G,4G,5G : 1st /2nd /3rd /4th /5th Generation of Mobile
Technology.
30. SMS : Short Message Services
31. Wi-Fi : Wireless Fidelity
32. URL : Uniform Resource Locator
33. IPR : Intellectual Property Right
34. HTML : Hyper Text Markup Language
35. DHTML : Dynamic Hyper Text Markup language
36. XML : eXtensible Markup language
37. WWW : World Wide Web
38. PHP : Hyper Text Pre Processor
39. ASP : Active Server Pages
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 40. JSP : Java Server pages
41. ISP : Internet Service Provider
42. EDGE : Enhanced Data rate for Global Evolution

43. MAC – MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL

44. ATM AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE

NOTE : (For Case Studies Questions)

1. SERVER/MODEM : will be installed at the place that contains

maximum number of computers.
2. HUB/SWITCH : will be installed at each Blocks/Building/Offices
3. REPEATER : will be installed in the cable layout when distance is
more than 70 meters
4. Types of Network : PAN : Distance up to 10 meters LAN :
Distance up to 10 Kilo Meters
MAN: Distance up to 20 Kilo Meters in the same city
WAN : Different cities(Entire Country/World)
5. Name the technology/Media/Communication Channel :
For LAN/MAN : Economical ------------ Twisted Pair
Cable/Ethernet Cable
For Fast/High Speed/Secure ---------- Optical Fiber Cable
For WAN : Economical ---------
Radio Wave For Fast/High
speed/Secure -------- Satellite

6. Cable Layout/Topology :
Place of Maximum No. of Computers

Case study based question

A company in Mega Enterprises has 4 wings namely W1,
W2,W 3,W 4
Center to center distances between various Buildings:
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W3 to W1 - 50m W1 to W2 - 60m
W2 to W4 - 25m W4 to W3 - 170m
W3 to W2 - 125m W1 to w4 - 90m
Number of computers in each of the wing: W1 - 150 W2 -
15 W3 - 15 W4 - 25 Computers in each wing are
networked but wings are not networked The company has
now decided to connect the wings also.
 Suggest a most suitable cable layout for the above
connections.
Ans:
Layout 1 layout 2
W1

W2 W3 W4

 Suggest the most appropriate topology of the

connection between the wings. Ans: star topology
 The company wants internet accessibility in all the
wings. Suggest a suitable technology . Ans. Broad
band Internet connection
 Suggest the placement of the following devices with
justification if the company wants minimized
network traffic
a)Repeater b)Hub / switch

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 Ans:Repeater Not required . Repeaters may be
skipped as per above layout (because distance
is less than 100 m). But in every wing hub /
switch is required depends on the no of computers.
 The company is planning to link its head office
situated in New Delhi with the offices in hilly areas.
Suggest a way to connect it economically.
Radio waves

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