PHYSICS BOOKLET FOR JEE NEET & BOARDS

KINETIC THEORY AND THE BEHAVIOUR OF GASES

1 ASSUMPTION OF KINETIC THEORY

(i) Assumptions regarding the molecule :
(a) Every gas consists of extremely small particles known as molecules. The molecules of a given gas
are all identical but are different than those another gas.
(b) The molecules of a gas are identical, spherical, rigid and perfectly elastic point masses.
(c) Their size is negligible in comparison to inter molecular distance (10–9 m)
(ii) Assumptions regarding volume :
The volume of molecules is negligible in comparison to the volume of gas. (The volume of molecules
is only 0.014 % of the volume of gas.)
(iii) Assumptions regarding motion :
(a) Molecules of a gas keep on moving randomly in all possible direction with all possible velocities.
(b) The speed of gas molecules lie between zero and infinity (very high speed).
(c) The number of molecules moving with most probable speeds is maximum.
(iv) Assumptions regarding collision :
(a) The gas molecules keep on colliding among themselves as well as with the walls of containing
vessel. These collision are perfectly elastic. (i.e. the total energy before collision = total energy
after the collisions).
(b) Molecules move in a straight line with constant speeds during successive collisions.
(c) The distance covered by the molecules between two successive collisions is known as free path
and mean of all free paths is known as mean free path.
(d) The time spent is a collision between two molecules is negligible in comparison to time between
two successive collisions.
(e) The number of collisions per unit volume in a gas remains constant.
(v) Assumptions regarding force :
(a) No attractive or repulsive force acts between gas molecules.
(b) Gravitational attraction among the molecules is ineffective due to extremely small masses and
very high speed of molecules.
(vi) Assumptions regarding pressure :
Molecules constantly collide with the walls of container due to which their momentum changes.
This change in momentum is transferred to the walls of the container. Consequently pressure is
exerted by gas molecules on the walls of container.
(vii)Assumptions regarding density :
The density of gas is constant at all points of the container.
2 SOME DEFINITIONS
Definition :
(i) Gram mol. or Kilogram mol. :
(a) The quantity of matter in which the number of molecules is equal to the Avogadro's number, is
defined as gram mol.
(b) The molecular weight of any substance expressed in kilogram is defined as 1 kilogram mol of that
substance.
(c) The molecular weight of any substance expressed in grams is defined as 1 gram mol of that
substance.
(d) 1 Kg mol of H2 = 2 kg.,
1 Kg mol of N2 = 28 kg.
1 Kg mol of O2 = 32 kg.,
1 Kg mol of CO2 = 44 kg.
(e) No. of molecules in 1 mol
Total number of molecules
=
Number of mols .
Mass of gas
(f) Number of moles =
Molecular wt . of gas
m
or n=
M
(g) The mass of 1 mol of a gas is equal to its molecular weight.
(ii) Avogadro's Number (NA ) :
(a) The number of molecules present in 1 mol of a gas is defined as Avogadro's number.
(b) NA = 6.01 × 1023 per gm. mol.
= 6.02 × 1026 per Kg. mol.
(iii) Molar volume and Molar mass (Vm ) :
(a) Molar volume Vm : The volume of 1 mol of gas is known as molar volume (Vm).
V
(b) Vm =
n
(c) The unit of Vm is m3/mol.
Molecular weight (M) :
(a) The quantity in 1 mol of matter is its molecular weight.
(b) M = mNA (m = mass of a single molecule)
(iv) Meaning of NTP : NTP means normal temperature and pressure.
(a) Temperature at NTP = 0º C = 273 K
(b) Pressure at NTP = 76 cm of Hg - column
= 1.013 × 105 Newton/meter2 or Pascal
= 1 atmosphere.
(c) Volume of 1 mol of gas at NTP = 22.4 litre.
(v) Absolute zero temperature (0º K) :
(a) The minimum possible temperature at which all the gas molecules come to rest, is defined as
absolute zero temperature (i.e. 0º K).
(b) The temperature at which the kinetic energy of gas molecules become zero is defined as absolute
zero temperature.
(c) At this temperature the volume of the gas becomes zero.
Symbols used in this chapter
R = Universal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol-K
= 0.082 Lit-atm/mol-K = 1.986 cal /mol-K
M = Molecular wt in Kg = mass of 6.023 × 1023 molecules of the gas
m = Mass of each molecule in Kg = M/N0
N0 = Avogadro's constant = 6.023 × 1023
k = Boltzman's constant =R/N0 =1.38×10–23J/K
P = Pressure of the gas in N/m2
T = Temperature in Kelvin
N = Total number of molecules
d = Density of gas = nM/V
n = No. of moles
3 IDEAL GAS EQUATIONS

PV = RT …………. For  = 1 mole = 1 gm. Molecule

PV = RT………… For  = Amount of mole
M
PV  RT [Mw = N0 m]
Mw
 mN   R 
PV =   RT PV =   NT  PV  NKT
 mN 0   N0 
 R
 K N
 0
N  n  
V m
   mn


N
P=K   T  P  nKT Imp.
V
TK TK
P= or m  Imp.
m P

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

Q.1 Some container contains on average 5 molecules/cm3. If the gas has temperature of 3K, then its
pressure will be (N/m2) : (Hint : P = nKT)
[Ans. 2 × 10–16]

Q.2 State equation for 1 gm. of H2 = ?

[Ans. PV = RT/2]

Q.3 For He, if 4PV = RT then amount of mass M = ?

[Ans. M = 1 gm]
4 GAS LAWS

Constant
Name of Law Basic concept Graph
terms
1. Boyle's Law (i) Mass of gas PV = constant
(ii) V  1/P
P P
Temperature P1V1  P2V2 1
V V
2. Charle's Law (i) Mass of gas V/T = constant
V
(ii) Pressure VT Slope = V0
V
V1 V2 V0

T1 T2 T(K) –273ºC temp.(ºC)
Vt  V0 (1  t ) ( volume expansion coefficient = 1/273
per ºC)
3. Gay-Lussac's Law (i) Mass of gas P/T = constant
P
(ii) Volume PT Slope = P0
P
P1 P2 P0

T1 T2 T(K) –273ºC temp.(ºC)
( pressure expansion coefficient = 1/273 per
Pt  P0 (1  t )
ºC)
4. Avogadro's Law:- At same temperature and pressure equal volumes of all gases contains equal
number of molecules.
5. Dalto's Law:- According to this law, the pressure exerted by a mixture of several gases equals the sum of the
pressure exerted by each component gas present in the mixture i.e.
Pmax. = P1 + P2 + P3………….
 RT 
P=    Pmix. 
 V 
RT
 Pmax = [ 1 +  2 + 3]
V
6. Graham's Law of diffusion:- According to this law, at same temperature and pressure, the rate of
diffusion of gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of gas i.e.
1 1
Rate of diffusion rd  ; Vrms  ; So, Vrms  rd [For H2 gas (Max)]
 

5 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE OF GAS

L
L
Z
1. Consider an ideal gas enclosed in a cubical vessel of edge 'L'
  ^ ^ ^
2. Consider a molecule moving with velocity v in any direction: v = v x i  v y j v z k
 3. This molecule collides with the shaded wall with velocity vx.
(a) momentum before collision = mvx
(b) momentum after collision = – mvx
(assuming elastic collision)
   change in momentum of the molecule
= – mvx – mvx = – 2mvx
4. By the law of conservation of momentum change in momentum of the wall = equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction to that of molecule P = 2mvx
5. The distance travelled parallel to the x-direction = L. Thus, the time between two successive
2L
collisions with the shaded wall is , t =
vx
   number of collisions per second (n) is
vx
n=
2L
6. The momentum imparted per unit time to the wall by this molecule is 
vx mv 2x
  F = nP = 2mvx =
2L L
7. The total force on the wall

v
m 2 m
=F=  vx = 2
x
L L
8. Assuming average velocity in all direction to be equal, we have 
1 1 1 m
   v 2x =  v 2y = v 2z =  v 2x + v 2y + v 2z ) = v2  F = v2
3 3 3 L
1 mN  v 2
9. If N is the total number of molecules in the sample, F =
3 L N
Pressure on the wall = Force /Area
F 1 mN  v 2
P= 2
=
L 3 L3 N
1 m0  v2
P=
3 V N
where,m0 = Total mass of the gas = mN
V = Volume of the vessel
m = mass of each molecule
1   v 2  m
   P= d
 
(d = density = 0 )
3  N  V

1  v2
  P = d v 2rms  (vrms = )
3 N
1 1
or PV = m0 v 2rms or PV = Nm v 2rms
3 3
10. As we know , energy of each molecule
1
m v 2rms
=
2
1
Total energy = E0 = Nm v 2rms
2
  Nm v rms = 2E0
2

2 2
  PV = E0 or P = E
3 3
where E = Energy per unit volume
 11. Dependence of pressure :
(a) P  n (Total number of moles)
(b) P  m ( Total mass of the gas)
(c) P  v 2rms
(d) P  1/V (V = Volume)
(e) P  d (d = Density)
(f) PE (E = Energy per unit volume)

Examples
based on
Calculation of pressure of a gas
Ex.1 A flask of 10–3 m3 volume contains 3 × 1022 molecules of oxygen at a certain temperature. The
mass of one molecule of oxygen is 5.3 × 10–26 Kg and rms velocity of its molecules at the same
temperature is 400 m/s. Calculate the pressure of the gas.
Sol. Pressure of the gas
1 mN 2
P= v rms
3 V
Here V = 10–3m3 N = 3 × 1022
m = 5.3 × 10–26 Kg, vrms = 400 m/s
1 5.3 10 –26  3 10 22  (400 ) 2
  P=
3 10 – 3
= 8.48 × 104 N/m2.
2E
Ex.2 The pressure of an ideal gas is written as P = . Here E refers to –
3V
(1) Translational kinetic energy
(2) Rotational kinetic energy
(3) Vibrational kinetic energy
(4) Total kinetic energy
Sol.[1] Pressure of the gas
1 mN 2
P= v rms
3 V
1
  Energy E = v 2rms
2
1  v 2  v 22  ...  v 2n 
= mN  1 

2  N 
1 1 1
= mv 12  mv 22  ....  mv 2n
2 2 2
So energy is basically the sum of energies of all molecules which represents translational kinetic
energy.

Ex.3 Which of the following parameters is the same for molecules of all gases at a given temperature ?
(1) Mass (2) Speed
(3) Momentum (4) Kinetic energy
Sol.[4] Kinetic energy according to kinetic theory of gases is given by,
3
E= RT
2
R is a universal constant and temperature remains same for all gases. So kinetic energy is same
for molecules of all gases at a given temperature.
Ex.4 A gas is filled in a container at pressure 'P0' . If the mass of each molecule is halved and speeds are
double, then resulting pressure will be -
(1) 4P0 (2) 2P0
(3) P0 (4) 4P0/ 2
1 Nm 2
Sol.[2] P0 = v rms (m = mass of each molecule,
3 V
V = volume of the gas)
Now , m' = 1/2 m
v'rms = 2vrms
1 Nm.4v 2rms 1 Nm 2
P' = = 2. v rms = 2P0
3 2V 3 V

Ex.5 The ratio of number of collisions per second at the walls of containers by H2 and Ne gas molecules
kept at same volume and temperature is –
(1) 10 : 1 (2) 1 : 10
(3) 1 : 10 (4) 10 : 1
Sol.[4] Let's consider the wall perpendiculars to x-axis number of collisions per second are given by
vx
Now, vx = vrms/ 3 .
2L
'L' and 'T' is same of both. Then, Ratio of speed given by
v rms ,H 2 M Ne 20
= = = 10 :1
v rms , Ne M H2 2

Ex.6 Two containers of equal volumes contain H2 and O2 at same temperature. If the number of
molecules of these gases is also equal then the ratio of pressure exerted by these will be -
(1) 1 : 1 (2) 4 : 1
(3) 8 : 1 (4) 16 : 1
Sol.[1] Pressure of the gas
1 nM 2 1 nM 3RT nRT
P= v rms = . =
3 V 3 V M V
Given, nH = nO , TH = TO
2 2 2 2
VH = VO
2 2
   PH = PO
2 2

Ex.7 The density of carbon dioxide gas at 0ºC and at a pressure of 1.0 × 105 newton/metre2 is
1.98kg/m3. Find the root mean square velocity of its molecules at 0ºC. Pressure is constant
(1) 39 metre/sec (2) 3.09 metre/sec
(3) 389 metre/sec (4) 38.9 metre/sec
Sol.[3] We know that
1 2
P= v
3
/ 2
 3P 
  vrms =  
  
Given that  = 1.98kg/m3 and
P = 1.0 × 105 N/m2
3  1.0  10 5
  vrms =
1.98
 vrms = 389 m/s
6 DIFFERENT K.E. OF GAS
1. Translatory kinetic energy (Er)
1 3
Er = Mv2rms  PV
2 2
Total internal energy of ideal gas is kinetic
2. Energy per unit volume or energy density (Ev) : (J/M3)
Total Energy E 1M
Ev   ; Ev =  v 2rms ;
Volume V 2 V 
1
Ev = v2rms
2

 P   v2rms 
2 1
(By pressure expression)
3 2 
2 3
P= Ev ; Ev  P Imp.
3 2
3. Molar K.E. or Mean Molar K.E. (E):- (K.E. of N0 molecules or K.E. of Mw grams gas)
1 3 3
E M w v 2rms E RT  N 0 KT …(1)
2 2 2
4. Molecular kinetic energy or mean molecular K.E. ( E ) :- [K.E. of a gas molecule]
E 3 RT 3
E ; E E KT …(2)
N0 2 N0 2
5. Gram K.E. or Mean gram K.E. (Em):- (K.E. of 1 gram gas)
E 3 RT 3 KT
Em  ; Em   …(3)
Mw 2 Mw 2 m
1
Em 
Mw

E E

temp. in ºC temp. in K

Examples
based on
Different kinetic energy of gas

Ex.8 At what temperature will the root mean square velocity of oxygen molecules be sufficient so as
the escape from the earth ?
(1) 1.6 × 105 K (2) 16 × 105K
(3) .16 × 105 K (4) 160 × 105 K
3 1
Sol.[1]  KT = mve2
2 2
Where ve = escape velocity of earth = 11.1 km/sec
m = mass of 1 molecule of oxygen = 5.34 × 10–26
mv 2 
T =  e 
 3K 
 
5.32 10 26
 (11 .110 3 ) 
  T =  
 3  (1.38 10 23 ) 
  T = 1.6 × 105 K

Ex.9 The first excited state of hydrogen atom is 10.2 eV above its ground state. What temperature is
needed to excite hydrogen atoms to first excited level –
(1) 7.88 × 104K (2) .788 × 104 K
4
(3) 78.8 × 10 K (4) 788 × 104 K
Sol.[1] K.E. Per atom = 3/2 KT
K.E. of the hydrogen atom = 10.2 eV
  10.2 eV = 10.2 × (1.6 × 10–19) Joule
2 K.E. per atom
T= ×
3 K
2 10 .2  1.6 10 19
 T= ×
3 1.38  10  23
Where k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/mole. ºK
  T = 7.88 × 104 K

Ex.10 At what temperature does the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule in a gas equal to
the kinetic energy of an electron accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 5 volt.
(1) 386.5 × 103K (2) 3.865 × 103K
(3) .38 × 103K (4) 38.65 × 103 K
Sol.[4] K.E. of the electron is
5 eV = 5 × 1.6 × 10–19J
But K.E. = 3/2 KT
  5 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 3/2 (1.38 × 10–23) × T
5 1.6 10 19  2
 T=
3 1.38 10  23
  T = 38. 65 × 103 K

7 DIFFERENT TYPE OF SPEED

1. Average velocity:- ( v )
v1  v2  ..........  v N
v 0
N
Because molecules are in random motion in all possible direction in all possible velocity.
Therefore, the velocity of the gas container is zero.
2. Rms speed of molecules:-(vrms)
3P 3RT 3KT
Vrms =  
 Mw m
KT
= 1.732 ……(1)
m
3. Mean speed of molecules:- (By maxwell's velocity distribution law) (vM or < | v | >)
8P 8RT 8KT
vMean =  
 M w m
 KT
= 1.595 ……..(2)
m
| v |  | v2 | .....  | vn |
 | v |  vmean = 1
N
4. Most probable speed of molecules :-(vmp)
At a given Temperature the speed to which maximum number of molecules belongs is called as
most probable speed (vmp)
2P 2RT 2KT KT
vmp =   = 1.414 …(3)
 Mw m m

5. Velocity of sound in gas medium:- (vs)

P RT KT
vsound =   [ 1 <  < 2]
 Mw m
Special points :-
1. At any temperature (always)
vrms > vMean > vmp > vsound
2. For a gas at any temperature (T)
v rms 3 v rms 3
 , 
vsound  v mp 2
3. At temp is not possible at which above order can be changed. Always vrms  vMean  vmp  vsound
4. At any given temperature
Any speed  T ;
graph vr.m.s.v / sT  parabola

Examples
based on
Different Type of Speed
Ex.11 The velocities of ten particles in ms–1 are : 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 9. Calculate
(i) Average speed and
(ii) r.m.s. speed
(iii) most probable speed
Sol. (i) Average speed,
0  2  3  4  4  4  5  5  6  9 42
vav = 
10 10
= 4.2 ms–1

(ii) R.M.S. speed,

1/ 2
 (0) 2  (2) 2  (3) 2  (4) 2  (4) 2  (4) 2  (5) 2  (5) 2  (6) 2  (9) 2 
1/ 2
 228 
Vr.m.s     = 4.77 ms–1
 10   10 
(iii) most probable speed vmp = 4m/s

Ex.12 At what temperature, will the root mean square velocity of hydrogen be double of its value at
S.T.P. , pressure remaining constant ?
Sol. Let V1 be the r.m.s. velocity at S.T.P. and V2 be the r.m.s. velocity at unknown temperature T2.
V2
Here T1 = 273 K, T2 = ? 2
V1
We know, V2  T
2
V12 T1 V 
 2
 or T2 = T1  2 
V2 T2  V1 
 = 273 × (2)2 = 273 × 4 = 1092K
T2 = (1092 – 273) = 819ºC

Ex.13 Calculate rms velocity of oxygen molecule at 27ºC

Sol. Temperature, T = 27ºC  273 + 27 = 300 K,
Molecular weight of oxygen = 32 × 10–3kg,
R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1
Now, r.m.s. velocity is
3RT 3  8.31  300
V  3
= 483.5 ms–1
M 32  10

Ex.14 Calculate the kinetic energy of a gram molecule of argon at 127ºC.

Sol. Temperature, T = 127ºC = 273 + 127 = 400 K,
R = 8.31 J/mol K
Now, K.E. per gram molecule of argon
3 3
= RT  × 8.31 × 400 J = 4986 J
2 2
 QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

Q.1 The ratio of number of collision per second at the walls of containers by H2 and Ne gas molecules
kept at same volume and temperature (Hint : fc = Vrms/2)
[Ans. 10 : 1 ]

Q.2 At what temperature will rms velocity of O2 molecules be equal to that of H2 at 200 K.
[Ans. 3200 K]

(Vrms )He 5
Q.3 If  and temperature of H2 is 0ºC then the temperature of He will be.
(Vrms )H 7
[Ans.5.5º C]

Q.4 What should be temp of O2 gas molecules from escaping the earth.
[Ans. TO2 = 16 × 104 K]

Q.5 If speeds of 3 molecules are 0.5, 1 & 2m/sec. respectively then ratio of their root mean square
speed and the average speed is.
[Ans. 1.1 : 1]

Q.6 The rms velocity of smoke particles of mass 3 × 10–17kg. at 27º C in m/sec. is.
[Ans. 2 × 10–2 m/sec.]

Q.7 If at STP velocity of sound in a gas is 400 ms–1 ( = 1.5), then what will be the rms velocity of gas
molecules at NTP.
[Ans. 400 2 m/sec–1]

Q.8 When gas temperature becomes twice by heating then gas dissociate from molecular form to
atomic form. What will be the effect on vrms.
[Ans. v'rms = 2vrms]

Q.9 At what temperature will the average velocity of oxygen molecules be sufficient so as to escape
from the earth ? Escape velocity of earth is 11.0 kms–1
[Ans. 1.56 × 105 K]

Q.10 An electric bulb of volume 250 cm3 has been sealed at a pressure of 10–3 mm of mercury and
temperature 27ºC. Find the number of air molecules in the bulb.
[Ans. 80 × 1014]

Q.11 The temperature of a gas is –68ºC. To what temperature should it be heated so that (i) the average
kinetic energy of the molecules be doubled, (ii) the root mean square velocity of the molecules be
doubled ?
[Ans. (i) 137ºC, (ii)547ºC]
Q.12 Calculate for hydrogen at 27ºC : (i) kinetic energy of one gram-molecule of the gas, (ii) kinetic
energy of one gram gas and (iii) root mean square velocity of the molecules.
[Ans. (i) 3.74 × 103 J, (ii) 1.87 × 103J (iii) 1933.73 ms–1]
8 MAXWELL’S LAW OF EQUIPARTITION OF ENERGY
The total kinetic energy of a gas molecules is equally distributed among its all degree of freedom and
the energy associated with each degree of freedom at absolute temperature T is 1/2 KT
Special point:-
1. At T = 0K, energy of each degree of freedom is 0,
2. AT TK, energy of each degree of freedom is KT/2.
3. If 'f' is the degree of freedom per molecule for a gas, then
(i) Total energy of each molecule = fKT/2
(ii) Total energy per mole of gas = fRT/2
4. For '' mole of a gas
fRT
Internal energy at temperature TK is U  = CvT
2
Imp.
5. Change is internal energy is given by
fR
U  (T) = CvT
2
This change is process independent.
9 MAXWELL’S LAW OF DISTRIBUTION OF VELOCITIES

T1
Nmax
number of molecules (N) 

500K
vmp = most probable speed
Vmax = maximum speed of molecule

Nmax T2
1000K T3
Nmax 2000K

0– 0–
0–
0 Vmp Vmp Vmax Vmp Vmax Vmax
molecule velocity V 
Special point:-
1. At any given temperature graph drawn in between molecular velocity & number of molecules is
known as velocity distribution curve (v.d.c.)
2. The velocities of molecules of a gas are in between zero and infinity (0 – )
3. With the increase in the temperature, the most probable velocity and maximum molecule
velocity are increases.
4. The number of molecules within certain velocity range is constant although the velocity of
molecule changes continuously at particular temperature
5. The area enclosed between the (N-v) curve and the velocity axis presents the total number of
molecules.
Special Conclusion:-
On the basis of velocity distribution Maxwell's gives the law of equipartition of energy for gases of
any temperature
10 MEAN FREE PATH OF GAS MOLECULES
"The distance between any two consecutive collision is called free path. The average distance travelled by
a molecule between successive collision is called the mean free path".
PMT95
1
m = d = diameter of molecule
2 d 2 n
m N
m = d = molecular density n =
2 d (mn )
2
V
m M mN
m =  = density of gas =  =
= = mn
2 d 2 V V
V V KT
m = PV = NKT  
2 d 2 N N P
KT
m =
2 d 2 P

Special point:-
1. At equal temperature pressure condition mean free path will be maximum for molecule of
lightest gas (H2)
2. By increasing amount of gas in a container of definite volume then m decreases.
3. If pressure reduces by taken out some gas from container then m increases.
Specific Coefficient of gas:-
1
1. Thermal conductivity coefficient K = Cvvrmsm
3
1
2. Viscosity coefficient of gas n=  vrmsm
3
1
m 
v rms
1
3. diffusion coefficient of gas D= vrmsm
3
11 REAL GAS
(A) Vanderwaal's Equation:- (For real gas)
Ideal gas equation PV = RT
two correction are made in ideal gas model
1. Volume correction (Due to finite size of molecules):-
Vreal = V – b
b = decrease in volume for 1 mole gas
2. Pressure correction (Due to inter molecular forces):-
(i) Pressure decreases  (density)2
RT a
(ii) Preal = 
V  b V2
 a 
 Preal  2 (VIdeal  b)  RT
 V 
 For one mole real gas
 a 
 Preal  2 (VIdeal  b)  RT
 V 
 For  mole of real gas
b  m3  M0L3T0 a
a  Nm4  ML5T–2 (a & b Vanderwaal's gas constant )
(B) Amaghat Experiment:-
PV

H2
Ideal gas

O2

P
At low temperature and high pressure gases shows deviation from Boyle's law.
Graphs are drawn between PV and P at 0ºC for H2 and O2
Conclusions:-
(1) All real gases shows deviation at high pressure
and low temperature, deviation of CO2 gas is max.
(2) According to Amaghat every real gas has definite and specific temperature at which it follows
Boyle's law this is known as Boyle's temperature of real gas
Boyle's coefficients :-
TB  TC [TB = Boyle's temperature,
a
TC = Critical temperature] TB  where a & b are Vanderwaal's constant for real gas.
Rb
(C) Dr. Andrewz's Experiment:- (Isothermal curve of real gas)
Dr. Andrewz drawn graphs in between volume and pressure for different constant temperature
and curves are obtained these curves are known as isothermal curve
Example:- CO2 curves at different temperature

P
ideal gas behaviour

48.1ºC
liquid
Pc C
d 35.5ºC
TC = 31.1ºC
liquid

cirtical temp. curve

Liquid and gas b
c
21.5ºC gas
liquification a vapour behaviour
13.1ºC

0 VC
(Isothermal curves for CO2 gas at different temperature)
Special points:-
(1) By meeting edge of horizontal part of these curve parabola is obtained. It peak point is known as
critical point
(2) Thermodynamic element corresponding to critical point is known as critical parameters (TC, VC,
P C)
(i) Critical temp (TC)- It is that temperature below which a gas can be liquified only by increase
in pressure and above which no liquification is possible whatever the pressure may be
increased.
Real gas TC
He  –268ºC
H2  –240ºC
N2  –147ºC
O2  –118ºC
CO2(CPMT-94)  31.1ºC
Steam  +365ºC
 (ii) Critical pressure:-(PC)
Minimum pressure required to liquiefy a gas when it is at critical temperature is called critical
pressure
For He PC = 2 atmospheric pressure
For CO2 PC = 76 atmospheric pressure
For O2 PC = 49.7 atmospheric pressure

(iii) Critical volume:-(VC)

At critical pressure and temperature the volume of one mole of gas is called its critical volume
(VC).Critical volume for CO2 gas = 95 × 106 m3

Special Results:
8a a 8
1. VC = 3b ; TC = ; PC = ; TC  TB
27 Rb 27 b 2 27
PC VC 3
2. 
RTC 8
3. Critical element of gas are derive from vanderwall's gas equation at critical position for which.
 dP 
  0
 dV critical

At critical point, slope of the graph is

zero.

Sp. Results for Real gas:-

1. All real gases follow Vanderwaal's gas equation at every possible temperature and pressure so
these are known as vanderwaal's gases.
2. At a given temperature volume and pressure for real gas are comparatively low than for ideal gas.
3. Internal energy of real gas depends upon its temperature pressure and volume If U  Change in
Internal energy
Ideal gas U = CvT
U = f(T)

 = 1 mole

a
(U)Real= Cv T + V
Real gas V2
UReal = f(T, P, V)

4. Internal Energy of Real gas is always (–ve) at absolute zero temperature.
5. Specific heat of Real gas increases By increasing temperature and decreases By decreasing
temperature
6.
12 SPECIAL POINT FOR IDEAL GAS
7.
(1) A gas which follows all gas laws and gas equation at every possible temperature and pressure is
known as ideal or perfect gas.
(2) Molecule of gas can do only and only translational Motion and kinetic energy related to this is
known as translational kinetic energy. E trans  T
(3) Potential energy of ideal gas is zero. So internal energy of ideal gas is perfectly translational K.E.
of gas. It is directly proportional to absolute temperature. So, internal energy depends only its
temperature.
For a substance U = Ukinetic + Upotential
UKE – depends only on temperature,
 UPE – depends upon intermolecular forced (Always (–) Ve)
Note:- By taking same amount of mono atomic gas and diatomic gas and same heat energy is given
then rise in temp of mono atomic gas is comparatively more.
(T)Mono > (T)dia > (T)tri –
f=3 for monoatomic (100% trans)
f=5 for diatomic (60% T + 40% R)
ETrans  T
f=7 for triatomic (T : R : V : : 3 : 2 : 2)
ETrans  T
4. According to Dr. Andrewz ideal gas cannot be liquidified and solidified. There are no critical
elements for ideal gas (Tc, Pc, & Vc)
Critical Temperature for CO2 gas = 31.1ºC
5. Specific heat of ideal gas is constant quantity and it does not change with temperature

ideal gas Real gas

Cv Cv

temperature temperature

Imp.6. All real gases behaves as ideal gas at high temperature and low pressure.
7. Volume expansion coefficient () and pressure
expansion coefficient () is same for a ideal gas and value of each is 1/273 per ºC
 =  = 1/273 per ºC
8. Gas molecule have point mass and negligible volume and velocity is very high (107 cm./sec.)

Examples
based on Ideal Gas
Ex.1 The mass of hydrogen molecules is 3.32 × 10–27kg. If 1023 hydrogen molecules strike a fixed wall
of area 2 cm2 at an angle 45º to the normal and rebound elastically with a speed of 10 3m/s
calculate the pressure exerted on the wall –
(1) 2.347 × 103 N/m2 (2) 23.47 × 104 N/m2
(3) 234.7 × 103 N/m2 (4) 23.47 × 103 N/m2
Sol.[1]
A Wall

45º
N O
45º

B
The molecule strikes the wall along AO and rebound along OB such that
AON = NOB = 45º
The change in component momentum of each H2 molecule in a perpendicular direction the wall
=P = 2 mv cos,
where mv = momentum of molecule
P = (3.32 ×10–27) ×103 cos 45º
 P = 4.692 ×10–24 kg m/sec
Force exerted by N molecules on the wall
= P × N
if A is the area of the wall on which the molecule strike, then pressure
N  P 10 23  4.692 10 24
P = F/A = =
A 2 10  4
= 2.347 × 103 N/m2
Ex.2 Two ideal gases at temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. If the masses of
molecules of the two gases are m1 and m2 and number of their molecules are n1 and n2
respectively, the temperature of the mixture will be
T1  T2 T1 T2
(1) (2) 
n1  n 2 n1 n 2
n 2 T1  n1T2 n1T1  n 2 T2
(3) (4)
n1  n 2 n1  n 2
Sol.[4] Total energy of molecules of first gas
3
= n1 K T1
2
Total energy of molecules of second gas
3
= n2 KT2
2
Total energy of molecules of mixture
3
= K (n1T1 + n2T2)
2
3 3
  (n1 + n2) KT = K(n1T1 + n2T2)
2 2
n T n T
  T= 1 1 2 2
(n1  n 2 )

Ex.3 The atomic weight of iodine is 127. A standing wave in a tube filled with iodine gas at 400 K has
nodes that are 6.77cm apart when the frequency is 1000 vib/sec. iodine is
(1) Monoatomic (2)Diatomic
(3) Triatomic (4) None of these
Sol.[2]  = 2 × 6.77 cm = 13. 54cm
 = n = 1000 × 13.54 = 1.354 × 104cm/sec.
we know that
VR
= where molecular weight
T/M
M = Ax with x = 1 if iodine is monoatomic x = 2 it diatomic and A is atomic weight
Ax 2
 = = 0.7x
RT
Where x = 2 as iodine is diatomic
   = 1.4 (right value of diatomic gas)
Ex.4 Certain perfect gas is found obey PV3/2 = const. during adiabatic process. If such a gas at initial
temperature T is adiabatically compressed to half the initial volume, in final temperature will be –
(1) 2 T (2) 2T
(3) 2 2 T (4) 4T
Sol.[1]  PV3/2 = constant
(given)
 nRT
Put P=
V
 nRT  3/2
    (V ) = constant
 V 
When V changes to V/2 the temperature becomes 2 T.

Ex.5 In a certain process the pressure of one mole ideal gas varies with volume according to the
a
relation P = , where a, b are constants, when the volume of gas V = b, then
  V 2 
1    
  b  
temperature of the gas will be -
ab
(1) (2) ab/R
2R
(3) ab (4) zero
PV
Sol.[1]  T=
R
a a
at V = b, P = =
(1  1) 2
ab
  T=
2R

Ex.6 An air bubble of volume V0 is released by a fish at a depth h in a lake. The bubble rises to the
surface. Assume constant temperature and standard atmospheric pressure above the lake. The
volume of the bubble just before touching the surface will be (density) of water is 
(1) V0 (2) V0(gh/P)
V0  gh 
(3) (4) V0 1  
 gh   P 
1  
 P 
Sol.[4] As the bubble rises the pressure gets reduced for constant temperature, if P is the standard
atmospheric pressure, then
(P + gh) V0 = PV
 gh 
or V = V0  1  
 P 

Ex.7 Two gases occupy two containers A and B the gas in A, of volume 0.10m 3, exerts a pressure of
1.40 MPa and that in B of volume 0.15 m3 exerts a pressure 0.7 MPa. The two containers are
united by a tube of negligible volume and the gases are allowed to intermingle. Then it the
temperature remains constant, the final pressure in the container will be (in MPa) –
(1) 0.70 (2) 0.98
(3) 1.40 (4) 2.10
Sol.[2] We Know that
PAVA = nART, PBVB = nB RT
and Pf (VA + VB) = (nA + nB) RT
Pf (VA + VB) = PAVA + PBVB
 PA VA  PB VB 
 Pf =  
 VA  VB 
1.4  0.1  0.7  0.15
= MPa
0.1  0.15
= 0.98 MPa
Ex.8 If the pressure of a gas contained in a closed vessel is increased by 0.5% when heated by 2ºC,
then the initial temperature must be
(1) 127ºC (2) 273ºC
(3) 400ºC (4) 673ºC
Sol.[1] Using PV = nRT, we note that
P1V = nRT1
P1 (1.005)V = nR (T1 + 2)
(note P = P2 – P1 = 0.005 P1 and 
  T = 2ºC = 2K
T1  2
Dividing we get 1.005 =
T1
or 0.005T1 = 2  T1 = 400
Thus in 0ºC, t1 = 400 – 273 = 127ºC.

Ex.9 What is the degree of freedom of gas ? If at STP the velocity of sound in it is 330 m/sec and gas
density = 1.3 mg/cm3.
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 5 (4) 4
P
Sol. [3]  =

P = 1.013 × 105 N/m2,  = 1.3kg/m3, v = 330 m/s
v2P
= = 1.4

Let f be the number of degree of freedom then
Cv = f R/2 and Cp= fR/2 + R = R (1 + f/2)
CP 2f
  = = = 1.4
CV f
 (f = 5)

Ex.10 A closed container of volume 0.02 m3 contains a mixture of neon and argon gases at temperature
of 27ºC and pressure of 1 × 105 Nm2. The total mass of the mixture is 28 g. If the gram molecular
weights of neon and argon are 20 and 40 respectively, find the masses of the individual gases in
the container, assuming them to be ideal. Given R = 8.314 J/mol/K.
Sol. Let m g be the mass of neon. Then, the mass of argon is (28 – m)g.
Total number of moles of the mixture,
m 28  m 28  m
=   …(1)
20 40 40
PV 110 5  0.02
Now, =   0.8 …(2)
RT 8.314  300
28  m
Equating (1) and (2), = 0.8
40
or 28 + m = 32
or m = 4g mass of argon = (28 – 4)g = 24 g

Ex.11 Calculate the temperature of the Sun if density is 1.4 g cm–3, pressure is 1.4 × 109 atmosphere and
average molecular weight of gases in the Sun in 2 gm/mole Given R = 8.4 J mol–1K–1.
PV
Sol. We know that PV = RT or T = …(1)
R
M M
But   and  
Mw V
 V
or M = V   =
Mw
PVM w PM w
From equation (1), T = 
VR R
Given : P = 1.4 × 109 atmosphere
= 1.4 × 109 × 1.01 × 105 Nm–2
 = 1.4 g cm–3 = 1.4 × 1000 kg m–3,
Mw = 2 × 10–3 kg/mol
Substituting values,
1.4 10 9 1.01 10 5  2 10 3
T K
1.4 1000  8.4
= 2.4 × 107 K

Ex.12 The speed of ten particles in ms–1 are

0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0. Find
(a) the average speed, (b) the root-mean square speed, and
(c) the most probable speed of these particles.
Sol. (a) The average speed is
0  1.0  2.0  3.0  3.0  3.0  4.0  4.0  5.0  6.0
v
10
(b) The mean-square speed is
1
v2  [0 + (2.0)2 + (1.0)2 + (3.0)2 + (3.0)2
10
+ (3.0)2 + (4.0)2 + (4.0)2 + (5.0)2 + (6.0)2 ]
= 12.5 m2 s–2,
and the root-mean square speed is
vrms = 12.5 m2s 2 = 3.5 ms–1
(c) Of the ten particles, three have speed of
3.0 ms–1, two have speed of 4.0 ms–1 and each of the other five has a different speed. So the
most probable speed of the particle is 3.0 ms–1.

Ex.13 Calculate the total number of degrees of freedom possessed by the molecules in one cm 3 of H2
gas at NTP.
Sol. 22400 cm3 of every gas constains 6.02 × 1023 molecules
 Number of molecules in 1 cm3 of H2 gas
6.02 10 23
= = 0.26875 × 1020
22400
Number of degrees of freedom of a H2 gas molecule = 5
 Total number of degrees of freedom of 0.26875 × 1020 × 5 = 1.34375 × 1020.

Ex.14 A vessel of volume 8.0 × 10–3 m3 contains an ideal gas at 300 K and 200 kPa. The gas is allowed to
leak till the Pressure falls to 125 kPa. Calculate the amount of the gas (in moles) leaked asssming
that the temperature remains constant.
Sol. As the gas leaks out, the volume and the temperature of the remaining gas do not change.
PV
The number of moles of the gas in the vessel in given by n  . The number of moles in the
RT
vessel before the leakage is,
P1V
n1 =
RT
and that after the leakage is,
 P2V
n2 
RT
Thus, the amount leaked is,
(P1  P2 )V
n1 – n2 =
RT
= n1 – n2
(200  125 )  10 3 N / m 3  8.0  10 3 m 3
=
(8.3J / mol  K )  (300 K )

Ex.15 At the top of a mountain a thermometer reads 7ºC and barometer reads 70 cm of Hg. At the
bottom of the mountain they read 27ºC and 76 cm of Hg respectively. Compare the density of
the air at the top with that at the bottom.
Sol. According to gas equation = PV = RT
M  M 
PV = RT as   
Mw  M w

P R  M 
or  as V  
T M w  
Now as M and R are same for top and bottom
 P   P   P T
     i.e., T  T  B
 T T  T B  B PB TT
 70 300 75
So T    = 0.9868
 B 76 280 76

Ex.16 During an experiment an ideal gas is found to obey an additional law VP2 = constant. The gas
is initially at temperature T and volume V. What will be the temperature of the gas when it
expands to a volume 2V.
Sol. According to given problem VP2 = constant. So gas equation PV = RT in the light of above
(eliminating P) yields.
 K  R
 V  RT , i.e., V T
 V K
V1 T  V T
   1  i.e., 
V2  T2  2V T'

or T ' = ( 2 )T

Ex.17 The specific heat of argon at constant volume is 0.075 kcal/kg K. Calculate its atomic weight,
[R = 2cal/mol K]
Sol. As argon is monatomic, its molar specific heat at constant volume will be
3 3
CV  R  2  3 cal/mol K
2 2
Now as CV = McV with CV = 0.075 cal/gK
3 = M × 0.075
3
Mw = = 40 gm/mole
0.075
Physics Smart Booklet

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Physics Smart Booklet

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Ideal gas equation
Many of the properties of gases are common at low pressures and high temperatures. The pressure, volume and the
temperature (in kelvin) of such a gas obey the equation.
pV = nRT
where n is the amount of gas in number of moles and R is universal gas constant having a value
8.314 J/mol-K. The above equation is called ideal gas equation and a gas obeying this equation is called ideal gas.
Kinetic theory of gases
Any sample of a gas is made of molecules which is the smallest unit having all the chemical properties of the sample.
The detailed behaviour of large number of molecules of gas results in its observed behaviour. The properties of a gas
may be investigated from the point of view of kinetic theory based on the laws of classical mechanics.
Postulates of kinetic theory gases
a. All gases are made up of identical particles called molecules.
b. The size of a molecule is much smaller than the average separation between the molecules.
c. The molecules of a gas are in a state of continuous random motion in all the directions.
d. The molecules collide with each other and also with the walls of the container. The molecules travel in straight line
between collisions.
e. The collisions are perfectly elastic and time spent during collisions is very small compared to the time of their random
motion.
f. The molecules exert no force on each other or on the walls of the container except during collisions.
g. The molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion.
The expression for the pressure of an ideal gas
During the collisions, the molecules exert forces on the walls of the container. This is the origin of the pressure of a
gas. Based on kinetic theory of gases it can be shown that
1
pV = Nm(v 2 ) avg … (1)
3
where p = pressure of the gas
V = volume of the gas
N = total number of molecules in the sample
m = mass of a single molecule
(v2)avg = average of the speeds squared of the molecules. It is also called mean square speed.
Equation (1) can be written as
2 1 
pV = N  m(v 2 )avg  … (2)
3 2 
1 1 
m(v 2 ) avg gives average translational kinetic energy of single molecule. N  m(v 2 )avg  gives total translational
2 2 
kinetic energy of all the molecules due to random motion. It is denoted by Ktr.
2
 pV = K tr … (3)
3
From ideal gas equation
pV = nRT … (4)
Comparing (3) and (4)
3 3
K tr = nRT = pV … (5)
2 2
Thus, average translational kinetic energy of molecules of a gas is proportional to its absolute temperature.

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Physics Smart Booklet
Average kinetic energy per mole is given by
K tr 3 1
= RT = M(v 2 )avg … (6)
n 2 2
where M = molecular weight
The average translational kinetic energy of a molecule is given by
1 3nRT
m(v 2 )avg =
2 2N
Since R = NAK ; nNA = N
1 3
m(v 2 )avg = kT … (7)
2 2

RMS speed
The square root of the mean square speed is called root mean square speed and is denoted by v rms.
 v rms = (v 2 )avg
Thus average translational kinetic energy of a molecule is given by
1 3 3kT
mv 2rms = kT or v rms = … (8)
2 2 m
The average translational kinetic energy per mole given by
1 3
Mv 2rms = RT
2 2
3RT
 v rms = … (9)
M
The average speed vavg is some what smaller than the rms speed. It can be shown that
8kT 8RT
vavg = = … (10)
m M
where M = Molecular weight
Most probable speed
It is defined as the speed which is possessed by maximum fraction of total number of molecules of the gas. It is given
by
2kT 2RT
vp = =
m M
When mixture of two gases A and B are in thermal equilibrium, the average kinetic energy of
all molecules are equal. If v1 and v2 be the rms speeds of the molecules A and B respectively,

 1
2
1
m1 v12 = m 2 v 22
2
…(11)

 Thus, the heavier molecules move with smaller rms speed and the lighter molecules move
with larger rms speed.
Mean free path
Mean free path is the average distance travelled by a molecule between collisions. It is given by
1 1
= =
2d N2
2d 2 n V
V
N
where d is the diameter of each molecule and n V = is the number of molecules per unit volume.
V

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Physics Smart Booklet
Collision frequency
The number of collisions per unit time is called the collision frequency. It is given by
v
f = = 2d 2 vn v

where v = average speed of the molecules.
The average time between successive collisions is given by
1  1
t= = =
f v 2d 2 vn V

 The number of collisions made by gas molecules on unit area of the wall per unit time is given by f =
1
4
nV v

Degrees of freedom
Degrees of freedom of a gas molecule determine the minimum number of independent velocity components needed
to describe the motion of that molecule.
For a monatomic gas molecule there are three degrees of freedom (for the velocity components vx, vy, vz).
For a diatomic molecule, in addition to the three degrees of freedom (due to translation), there are two more degrees
of freedom due to rotation. There are two possible axes of rotation perpendicular to each other and to the molecules
axis. Thus, there are 5 degrees of freedom for a diatomic molecule.
(Vibrational motion can also contribute to the degrees of freedom. But a change in the temperature does not cause
change in their average vibrational energy appreciably and hence the vibrational degrees of freedom are said to be
frozen out).
When the vibrational degrees of freedom are also taken into account, the degrees of freedom are
6 n – 6 for non-linear molecules
6 n – 5 for linear molecules, where n = number of atoms in a molecule.
For a polyatomic molecule, the degrees of freedom depend on the actual arrangement of atoms in the molecules.

 Degrees of freedom can also be interpreted as the number of independent ways in which a molecule can store energy.

Law of equipartition of energy

Law of equipartition of energy states that the average energy of a molecule in a gas associated with each degree of
1
freedom is kT, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the absolute temperature.
2
1 
Thus, we can write that the total energy associated with a monatomic gas molecule as K = 3  kT  ; that associated
2 
1 
with a diatomic gas molecule as K = 5  kT  etc.
2 
Specific heat of gases
Unlike solids and liquids, gases have larger coefficients of expansion. The state of gas can be changed to different
states via different processes. Each process corresponds to a specific heat for the gas along the path. In principle, a
gas has infinite number of specific heats. Out of those, two specific heats are practically important. They are:
specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) and specific heat at constant volume (Cv) respectively.
Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of an
ideal gas at constant pressure.

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Physics Smart Booklet
Specific heat at constant volume (Cv) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of an ideal
gas at constant volume.
The following table lists the values of Cv and Cp

Cv Cp
3 5
monatomic R R
2 2
5 7
diatomic R R
2 2
6 8
triatomic (non-linear) R ( = 3R ) R ( = 4R )
2 2

These two specific heats are related through Mayer’s relation, i.e., Cp − Cv = R, where R is gas constant.
Cp
Also, it is observed that the ratio remains constant for gases of given atomicity.
Cv
Cp 5
For a monatomic gas, =  = = 1.66
Cv 3
Cp 7
For a diatomic gas, =  = = 1.4
Cv 5
Cp 4
For a non-linear triatomic gas, =  = = 1.33
Cv 3
R R
The above relations can also be expressed as Cv = and Cp = .
 −1  −1
Illustrations

1. A balloon is filled with air (treat air as ideal) at 2  105 Nm−2 pressure at a temperature 20 C. When its temperature
is increased to 40 C, the volume of balloon is increased by 2%. Find the final air pressure inside the balloon at 40
C.
(A) 2.45  105 Nm−2 (B) 2.3  105 Nm−2 (C) 2.2  105 Nm−2 (D) 2.1  105 Nm−2
Ans (D)
p1 = 2  105 Pa, T1= 293 K, V1 = V
p2 = ?, T2 = 313 K, V2 = 1.02 V
p1V1 p 2 V2 pV T 2  105 313
=  p2 = 1 1 . 2 = . = 2.1105 Pa
T1 T2 T1 V2 293 1.02

2. A vessel of volume V = 20 litre contains a mixture of H2 and He at 20 C and pressure p = 2 atm. The mass of the
m
mixture is m = 5 g. If m1 = mass of H2 and m2 = mass of He then the ratio 1 is
m2
1 2 3
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 3 2
Ans (A)
m RT m RT
Pressure due to H2 is p H2 = 1 . and pressure due to He is p He = 2 where M H and M He are molecular
MH V M He V
masses of H2 and He respectively.
p H2 + p He = 2 atm or
m1 RT m 2 RT
+ = 2  1.013  105 Pa
2  10 V 4  10 −3 V
−3

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Physics Smart Booklet
m2 20  10−3
m1 + = 2  10−3  2  1.013  105  = 3.328  10−3 kg …(1)
2 8.31 293
m1 + m2 = 5  10−3 (given)
 m2 = 5  10−3 − m1, using this in above equation (1)
5  10−3 − m1 m
m1 + = 3.328  10−3  1 = 8.28  10−4 kg
2 2
m1 = 1.656  10−3 kg
So m2 = 5  10−3 − 1.656  10−3 = 3.344  10−3 kg
m 1.656
 1 = = 0.5
m 2 3.344
3. A vessel of volume 8.3 litre contains a mixture of ideal gases at temperature 300 K, 0.1 mol of nitrogen, 0.2 mol of
oxygen and 0.3 mol of carbon dioxide. The pressure (in 10 5 Nm−2) and molecular weight
(in gram) of the mixture, respectively, are
(A) 2.8, 40.2 (B) 3.7, 20.9 (C) 1.8, 37.3 (D) 4.7, 30.9
Ans (C)
Volume of the mixture is V = 8.3  10–3 m3
For nitrogen number of moles is n1 = 0.1 and molecular weight is M N = 28  10−3 kg
For oxygen: n2 = 0.2 and M O = 32  10−3 kg and for carbon dioxide n3 = 0.3 and M C = 44  10−3 kg
Temperature of the mixture is T = 300 K
n1 M N + n 2 M O + n 3 M C
Molecular weight of the mixture is M mix =
n1 + n 2 + n 3
0.1  28 + 0.2  32 + 0.3  44
M mix =  10−3 kg = 37.3 g
0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3
For the mixture pV = nRT
 p  8.3  10–3 = 0.6  8.31  300 or p = 1.8  105 Nm−2

4. The average velocity of the molecules of a gas in thermal equilibrium is

(A) proportional to T (B) proportional to T (C) proportional to T2 (D) equal to zero.
Ans (A)
8 RT
The average velocity or mean velocity, vav =
 M
5. For a gas, the rms speed at 800 K is
(A) four times the value at 200 K (B) half the value at 200 K
(C) twice the value at 200 K (D) same as that at 200 K.
Ans (C)
vrms  T
v T1 800
 1 = =  v1 = 2v2
v2 T2 200
th
5
6. The rms velocity of the molecules in a sample of helium is   of that of the molecules in a sample of hydrogen.
7
If the temperature of the hydrogen gas is 0 C . The temperature of the helium sample is nearly equal to
(A) 0 C (B) 4 K (C) 273 C (D) 100 C
Ans (A)

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Physics Smart Booklet
3RT
vrms =
M
5 3RTHe 5 3RTH
 vHe = vH  =
7 M He 7 MH
 THe = 273 K = 0 C
7. A sealed container with a negligible thermal coefficient of expansion contains helium. When heated from 300 K to
600 K, the average kinetic energy of helium atom is
(A) halved (B) left unchanged
(C) doubled (D) increased by a factor of 2
Ans (C)
3
The average kinetic energy per molecule of a gas is kT.
2
Since the temperature is doubled, the average kinetic energy of helium is also doubled.
8. Pressure exerted on the walls of a container by a gas is due to the fact that the gas molecules
(A) lose their kinetic energy
(B) stick to the walls
(C) change their momenta due to collisions with the wall
(D) get accelerated towards the wall.
Ans (C)
9. Hydrogen gas is taken in a container at 300 K. Calculate the rms speed of the hydrogen molecules. At what
temperature does the rms speed get doubled?
Solution
3RT 3  8.314  300
vrms = = = 1.934  103 m s–1
M 2  10−3
2
/
v rms T/  v/ 
Now, =  T/ =  rms  T = 4  300 = 1200 K.
v rms T  v rms 
10. The average translational kinetic energy of oxygen molecules is 0.05 eV. Calculate the temperature of the oxygen.
Use 1 eV = 1.6  10–19 J, Boltzmann’ constant, k = 1.38  10–23 J K–1
Solution
The average translational kinetic energy of a molecule,
3 3
K = kT  0.05  1.6  10–19 = kT  T = 386 K.
2 2
11. A container contains helium gas at 0 C. What is the average linear momentum of a helium molecule of mass 6.64 
10–27 kg in the container?
Solution
Average linear momentum, p = mvav
8 RT 8 8.314  273
vav = = 
 M  4  10−3
8 8.314  273
 p = 6.64  10–27   −3
= 8  10–24 kg m s–1
 4  10
12. Pressure exerted on the walls of a container by a gas is due to the fact that the gas molecules
(A) lose their kinetic energy
(B) stick to the walls
(C) change their momenta due to collisions with the wall
(D) get accelerated towards the wall.
Ans (C)

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Physics Smart Booklet
13. The average translational energy and rms speed of molecules in a sample of oxygen gas at 300 K are 6.21  10–21 J
and 484 m s–1 respectively. The corresponding values at 600 K are nearly (assuming ideal gas behaviour)
(A) 12.42  10–21 J, 968 m s–1 (B) 8.78  10–21 J, 684 m s–1
(C) 6.21  10–21 J, 968 m s–1 (D) 12.42  10–21 J, 684 m s–1
Ans (D)
v T2
vrms  T  2 =
v1 T1
T2 2T
or v2 = v1 = v1 = v1 2 = 484 2 = 684 m s–1
T1 T
E2 v2
Also, E  v 2rms  = 22
E1 v1
2
v 2
 = 2E1 = 2  6.21  10 = 12.42  10 J
–21 –21
or E2 = E1  1
v
 1 

9
Physics Smart Booklet

NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS

1. A vessel contains two non-reactive gases; monoatomic neon and diatomic oxygen. The ratio of
their partial pressure is 5 : 3. Estimate the ratio of number of moles of neon and oxygen in a
vessel. (Molar mass oxygen O2 = 32.0 u and atomic mass of neon = 20.2 u) [NCERT Pg. 322)
(1) 5:3 (2) 3 : 5 (3) 4 : 3 (4) 2 : 5
2. In case of two ideal gases under ideal conditions of same temperature, pressure and volume, the
ratio of mean free paths of molecules having molecular diameter 1A and 2A is
[NCERT Pg. 337]
( 1 ) 2 : 1 (2) 4 : 1 (3) 1 : 4 (4) 8 : 1
3. An inflated rubber balloon contains one mole of an ideal gas has a pressure P, volume V
and temperature T. If temperature rises to 1.1 T and volume increases to 1.05 V, final
pressure will be [NCERT Pg. 322]
(1) 1.1 P (2) P
(3) Less than P (4) Between P and 1.1 P
4. Which of the following statement is incorrect? [NCERT Pg. 327)
(1) In case of collision of gas molecules in a given amount of gas in container, total kinetic energy
is conserved
(2) All collisions of gas molecules is elastic in nature
(3) Average kinetic energy per degree of freedom depends on temperature only and is
indepencent of nature of gas
(4) By law of equipartiiion of energy, the energy for each degree of freedom in thermal
equilibriim is KBT
5. Which of the following is not an assumption of kinetic theory of gases? [NCERT Pg. 327)
(1) The volume occupied by molecule of gas is negligible
(2) The force of attraction between molecules is negligible
(3) All molecules have same speed at a temperature
(4) The collisions of molecules among themselves are elastic
6. The temperature of the gas is increased from 120 K to 480 K. If at 120 K, the rms speed of
gas molecules is VRMS then at 480 K, it becomes [NCERT Pg. 325]
VRMS
(1) 4 Vrms (2) 2 VRMS (3) VRMS (4)
2
7. Three moles of oxygen are mixed with two moles of helium, what will be approx. ratio of specific
heat at constant pressure and constant volume for the mixture?
[NCERT Pg. 329]
(1) 1.2 (2) 1.4 (3) 1-5 (4) 1.67
1 Nm −2
8. The kinetic theory of gases gives the formula P = (v ) for the pressure P exerted
3 V
by a gas enclosed in a vessel of volume V, the term Nm represents [NCERT Pg. 324]
(1) Mass of one mole of the gas
(2) Mass of gas present in volume V
(3) Total number of molecules present in volume V
(4) Average mass of one molecule of the gas

10
Physics Smart Booklet
9. A balloon contains 1500 m3 of helium at 300 K and 4 atmospheric pressure. The volume of helium
at 270 K and 2 atmospheric pressure will be [Assuming no leakage of gas] [NCERT Pg. 321)
(1) 1500 m3 (2) 1900 m3 (3) 1700 m3 (4) 2700 m3
10. A vessel contains 6 g of oxygen at pressure P and temperature 400 K. A small hole is made in it
P
so that oxygen leaks out. How much oxygen leaks out if final pressure is and temperature is
2
300 K? (NCERT Pg. 339)
(1) 5g (2)3g (3)2g (4)4g
11. If the pressure and volume of a certain quantity of an ideal gas is halved, then its temperature
becomes [NCERT Pg. 325)
(1) Doubled (2) One fourth (3) Four times (4) Remains same
12. Pressure of a gas at constant volume is proportional to [NCERT Pg. 325]
(1) Total internal energy of gas
(2) Square of average kinetic energy of gas molecule
(3) Average potential energy of molecules
(4) Speed of the gas molecule
13. If three molecules have speeds of 2000 ms–1, 1000 ms–1 and 500 ms–1, the ratio of rms speed to average
speed is [NCERT Pg. 325]
(1) 1.14 (2) 0.92 (3) 1.78 (4) 1.71
14. A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its [NCERT Pg. 321]
(1) Both pressure and temperature are high
(2) Both pressure and temperature are low
(3) Pressure is high and temperature is low
(4) Pressure is low and temperature is high
15. What will be mean free path of a nitrogen molecule in a container at 2 atmospheric pressure and
at 17°C, radius of nitrogen molecule is about 1A? [NCERT Pg. 337]
(Molar mass of nitrogen = 28.0 u)
(1) 1.1110−7 m (2) 2.3 10−6 m (3) 2.4 10−7 m (4) 1.8 10−9 m
16. Air has density of 1.3 kg nr3 and temperature of air is 37°C. If molar mass of air is 28.8, what will
be air pressure? [NCERT Pg. 326]
−2 −2 −2
(1) 1.16  10 N m
5
(2) 2.1 10 N m
4
(3) 1.92  10 N m
5
(4) 0.92  10 N m −2
5

17. The ratio of degrees of freedom of a monoatomic gas to diatomic gas is [NCERT Pg. 327]
(1) 3:5 (2) 3:1 (3) 4:5 (4) 1:1
18 A flask contains argon and chlorine in the ratio of 2 : 1 by mass. The mixture temperature is 300
K. What is ratio of root mean square speed of molecules of two gases?
[NCERT Pg. 330]
[Atomic mass of argon = 39.9 u and molecular mass of chlorine = 70.9 u]
(1) 1.33 (2) 1.55 (3) 1.77 (4) 1.66
19 A polyatomic gas has 3 translational. 3 rotational degrees of freedom and 2 vibrational modes.
What is molar specific heat ratio for the gas? [NCERT Pg. 334]
(1) 1.50 (2) 1.30 (3) 1.40 (4) 1.20
20. A cylinder of capacity 44.8 litres contains helium gas at standard temperature and
pressure. What amount of heat is needed to raise the temperature of gas in cylinder by
10°C? [NCERT Pg. 335]
(1) 173.5 J (2) 249.3 J (3) 205.2 J (4) 374.2 J

11
Physics Smart Booklet
NCERT BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1 Boyle’s law states
(a) P  1/V (at constant T) (b) P  V (at constant T)
(c) P  T (at constant V) (d) V  T (at constant P)
2. For a monoatomic gas, CP – CV equals
(a) R /2 (b) R /3 (c) 2 R (d) R
3. For a diatomic gas
(a) Cp –Cv = R (b) Cp/Cv =

2
 =1+
(c) f (d) all of these
4. Specific heat capacity of any solid is
(a) R (b) 2R (c) 4 R (d) 3R
5. Specific heat capacity of water is
(a) 8R (b) 9R (c) 7 R (d) none of these
6 At T = 0 specific heats of all substances approach
(a) Infinity (b) greater but finite (c) zero (d) none of these
7. The average distance between two successive collisions for any gas molecule is called
(a) absolute path (b) free path
(c) mean free path (d) mean path
8. The relation Cp – Cv = R is true for
(a) monoatomic gas (b) diatonic gas
(c) polyatomic gas (d) all of these
9. Select the Incorrect Statement
(a) Atomic theory is usually credited to John Dalton
(b) According to law of definite proportion any compound has a fixed proportion by mass of
its constituents.
(c) According to law of Multiple proportion when two elements form more than one
compound, for a fixed mass of one element, the masses of the other elements are in the
ratio of small Integers.
(d) None
10. Select the correct statement
(a) Equal volumes of all gases at equal temperature and pressure have the same
number of molecules: Avogadro’s law
(b) In solids atoms are spaced H” 2 ú apart
(c) Real Gas approaches to Ideal gas behavior for high temperature and low pressure.
(d) All
11. I,II, and III are three isotherms, respectively, at T1 ,T 2 and T3. Temperature will be
in order

12
Physics Smart Booklet
(a) T1 = T2 = T3 (b) T1 > T2 > T3
(c) T1 < T2 < T3 (d) None
12. Select the Incorrect farmula (where symbol have their Usual meaning)
(a). PV/ NT = Constant (b). PV = kB NT
(c). P = ñ RT/M0 (d). None of these
13. Select the Incorrect law
(a). Keeping Temperature Constant, pressure of a given mass of gas varies inversely with
volume: Boyle’s law
(b). For a fixed pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to its absolute temperature:
Charle’s law
(c). The total pressure of a mixture of Ideal gases is the sum of partial pressure: Dalton’s law
(d). None
14. A vessel Contains, two non reactive gases neon (monoatomic) and oxygen (diatomic). The
ratio of their partial pressures is 3:2. Estimate the ratio of number of molecules and mass
density of neon and oxygen in the vessel. (Atomic mass of neon = 20.2 u & Molecular mass of
O2 = 32.0 u)
3 2 3
(a) , 0.947 (b) , 0.947 (c) , 0.947 (d). None
2 3 4
15. Select the Incorrect statement about kinetic theory of an Ideal Gas.
(a) Molecules of gas are in Incessant random motion
(b) All collision b/w molecules among themselves or b/w molecules and walls are elastic
(c) The Interaction b/w molecules is negligible
(d) Total K.E is conserved but total momentum is not conserved
16. Select the Incorrect formula for pressure of an deal Gas.
1 2 E 3
(a) P = nm v2 (b) PV = E (c) = kB T (d) None
3 3 N 2
17. A flask Contains Argon and chlorine in the ratio of 2:1 by mass. The temperature of the
mixtures is 27 oC the ratio of average kinetic energy per molecule is
(a). 1:2 (b). 2:1 (c). 3:1 (d). 1:1
18. A flask Contains Argon and chlorine in the ratio of 2:1 by mass. The temperature of the
mixtures is 27 oC the ratio of the root mean square speed of the molecules of the two gases is:
(Atomic mass of argon = 39.9 u. Molecular mass of chlorine = 70.9 u )
(a). 1.11 (b). 1.22 (c). 1.33 (d). 1.44
19. Select the Incorrect statement
(a). The proportionality constant connecting energy and temperature in kinetic theory is
known as Gas’s Constant
(b). At the same temperature lighter molecules have greater rms speed
(c). The average distance b/w two successive collisions in molecular motion is called
the mean free both
1
(d). Mean free path I =
2n d 2
20. The Boltzmann constant is equal to
R R
(a). kB = = 1.38 x 10-21 JK-1 (b). kB = = 1.28 x10-23 JK-1
NA NA
NA R
(c). kB = = 1.38 x 10-23 KJ-1 (d). kB = = 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1
R NA

13
Physics Smart Booklet
21. The dimensional formula of Boltzmann constant is
(a). [ML2T_2 K-1] (b). [MT-2 K-1] (c). [ML2 T-2] (d). [ML-1T-2 k-2]
22. The dimensional formula of gas constant
(a). [ML2 T-2 K-1 mol-1] (b) [ML2 T-2 K] (c). [MLT-2 K-1 mol-1] (d). None
23. The value of gas constant is
(a). 8.314 J mol -1 K-1 (b). 8.314 JK-1
(c). 8.314 J mole K-1 (d). None
24. Degree of freedom of Monoatomic gas is
(a). 1 (b). 2 (c). 3 (d). 4
25. Degree of freedom of Diatomic gas is (without vibration)
(a). 3 (b). 4 (c). 5 (d). None
26. Degree of freedom of Triatomic gas is (without vibration)
(a). 3 (b). 5 (c). 6 (d). None
27. Relation between  and degree of freedom
 f   2
(a).  =  1 +  (b).  = (1+f) (c).  = 1 +  (d). None
 2  f 
28. Select the Incorrect statement/relation
(a) f triatomic < f Diatomic < f monoatomic
(b)  Triatomic <  Diatomic <  monoatomic
(c)  is always Greater than one
(d) None
29. According to Equipartition of energy
1
(a)Average energy associated with each degree of freedom per molecule is K BT
2
3
(b) Average energy associated with each degree of freedom per molecule is K BT
2
1
(c) Average energy associated with each degree of freedom per molecule is K BT
3
(d) Average energy associated with each degree of freedom per molecule is K BT
30. Select the Incorrect formula
dU R f CP
(a). Cv = (b) CP = (c) CV = R (d) =
dT  −1 2 CV
31. Select the Incorrect
(a). Monoatomic  = 1.67 (b) Diatomic  = 1.4
(c). Triatomic  = 1.11 (d) None
32. Assertion: On reducing the volume of the gas at constant temperature, the pressure of the gas
increases.
Reason: It happens because on reducing the volume, the no. of molecules per unit volume
increases and as a result more collisions with walls exert greater pressure on the walls.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

14
Physics Smart Booklet
33. Assertion : A gas can be liquified at any temperature by increase of pressure alone.
Reason : On increasing pressure the temperature of gas decreases.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
34. Assertion : When we place a gas cylinder on a moving train, its internal kinetic energy
increases.
Reason : Its temperature remains constant.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
35. Assertion : If a gas container in motion is suddenly stopped, the temperature of the gas rises.
Reason : The kinetic energy of ordered mechanical motion is converted in to the kinetic energy
of random motion of gas molecules.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
36. Assertion : For an ideal gas, at constant temperature, the product of pressure and volume is
constant.
Reason : The mean square velocity of the molecules is inversely proportional to mass.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Topic 1: Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas and Gas Laws
1. When do real gases approach the ideal gas behaviour ?
(a) At low pressure and low temperature (b) At low pressure and high temperature
(c) At high pressure and high temperature (d) At high pressure and low temperature
2. The density (  ) versus pressure (P) of a given mass of an ideal gas is shown at two temperatures T1 and T2
Then relation between T1 and T2 may be

(a) T1 > T2 (b) T2 > T1 (c) T1 = T2 (d) All the three are possible
3. At constant pressure, the ratio of increase in volume of an ideal gas per degree rise in kelvin temperature
to its original volume is (T = absolute temperature of the gas) is

15
Physics Smart Booklet
(a) T2 (b) T (c) 1/T (d) 1/T2
4. If a gas is heated at constant pressure, its isothermal compressibility
(a) remains constant (b) increases linearly with temperature
(c) decreases linearly with temperature (d) decreases inversely with temperature
5. The given P-V curve is predicted by

(a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law (c) Avogadro’s law (d) Gaylussac’s law
6. A graph is plotted with PV/T on y-axis and mass of the gas along x-axis for different gases. The graph is
(a) a straight line parallel to x-axis for all the gases
(b) a straight line passing through origin with a slope having a constant value for all the gases
(c) a straight line passing through origin with a slope having different values for different gases
(d) a straight line parallel to y-axis for all the gases
7. By what percentage should the pressure of a given mass of a gas be increased so as to decrease its volume
by 10% at a constant temperature?
(a) 8.1 % (b) 9.1 % (c) 10.1 % (d) 11.1 %
8. At 10° C the value of the density of a fixed mass of an ideal gas divided by its pressure is x. At 110°C this
ratio is:
383 10 283
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x
283 110 383
9. If the critical temperature of a gas is 100ºC, its Boyle temperature will be approximately
(a) 337.5ºC (b) 500ºC (c) 33.3ºC (d) 1000ºC
10. If the intermolecular forces vanish away, the volume occupied by the molecule contained in 4.5 kg water
at standard temperature and pressure will be given by
(a) 5.6 litre (b) 4.5 litre (c) 11.2 litre (d) 11.2 litre
11. A sample of an ideal gas occupies a volume of V at a pressure P and absolute temperature. T. The mass of
each molecule is m. The equation for density is
(a) m k T (b) P/k T (c) P/(k T V) (d) P m/k T
12. P, V, T respectively denote pressure, volume and temperature of two gases. On mixing, new temperature
and volume are respectively T and V. Final pressure of the mixture is
(a) P (b) 2P (c) zero (d) 3P
13. The order of magnitude of the number of nitrogen molecules in an air bubble of diameter 2 mm under
ordinary conditions is
(a) 105 (b) 109 (c) 1013 (d) 1017
14. If pressure of a gas contained in a closed vessel is increased by 0.4% when heated by 1ºC, the initial
temperature must be
(a) 250 K (b) 250ºC (c) 2500 K (d) 25ºC
15. Which one the following graphs represents the behaviour of an ideal gas?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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Physics Smart Booklet
16. When temperature is constant, the pressure of a given mass of gas varies inversely with volume. This is
the statement of
(a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law (c) Avogadro’s law (d) None of these
17. For Boyle’s law to hold, the gas should be
(a) perfect and of constant mass and temperature (b) real and of constant mass and temperature
(c) perfect and constant temperature but variable mass
(d) real and constant temperature but variable mass
18. What will be the ratio of number of molecules of a monoatomic and a diatomic gas in a vessel, if the ratio
of their partial pressures is 5 : 3?
(a) 5 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 5 : 3 (d) 3 : 5
2
19. An ideal gas is found to obey an additional law VP = constant. The gas is initially at temperature T and
volume V. When it expands to a volume 2 V, the temperature becomes
(a) T / 2 (b) 2 T (c) 2T 2 (d) 4 T
Topic 2: Speed of Gas, Pressure and Kinetic Energy
20. Root mean square velocity of a particle is V at pressure P. If pressure is increased two times, then the
r.m.s. velocity becomes
(a) 5V (b) 3V (c) V (d) 2V
21. In a cubical vessel are enclosed n molecules of a gas each having a mass m and an average speed v. If is
the length of each edge of the cube, the pressure exerted by the gas will be
n mv 2 n m2 v m n v2 mn v
(a) 3
(b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 3 2
22. The average velocity of the molecules in a gas in equilibrium is
(a) proportional to T (b) proportional to T (c) proportional to T2 (d) equal to zero
23. The speed of sound in oxygen (O2) at a certain temperature is 460 ms–1. The speed of sound in helium
(He) at the same temperature will be (assume both gases to be ideal)
(a) 1421 ms–1 (b) 500 ms–1 (c) 650 ms–1 (d) 330 ms–1
24. One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of 8 × 104N/m2. The density of the gas is 4kg/m3. What is the
energy of the gas due to its thermal motion?
(a) 5 × 104 J (b) 6 × 104 J (c) 7 × 104 J (d) 3 × 104 J
25. The temperature of a gas is raised from 27°C to 927°C. The root mean square speed is
(a) ( 927 / 27 ) times the earlier value (b) remain the same
(c) gets halved (d) get doubled
26. If the root mean square velocity of the molecules of hydrogen at NTP is 1.84 km/s. Calculate the root
mean square velocity of oxygen molecule at NTP, molecular weight of hydrogen and oxygen are 2 and 32
respectively
(a) 1.47 km/sec (b) 0.94 km/s (c) 1.84 km/s (d) 0.46 km/sec
27. The root mean square velocity of hydrogen molecules at 300 K is 1930 metre/sec. Then the r.m.s velocity
of oxygen molecules at 1200 K will be
(a) 482.5 metre/sec (b) 965 metre/sec (c) 1930 metre/sec (d) 3860 metre/sec
28. The internal energy of an ideal gas is
(a) the sum of total kinetic and potential energies. (b) the total translational kinetic energy.
(c) the total kinetic energy of randomly moving molecules.
(d) the total kinetic energy of gas molecules.

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Physics Smart Booklet
29. Gas at a pressure P0 is contained in a vessel. If the masses of all the molecules are halved and their speeds
are doubled, the resulting pressure P will be equal to
P
(a) 4P0 (b) 2P0 (c) P0 (d) 0
2
30. N (< 100) molecules of a gas have velocities 1, 2, 3, ........ N km/s respectively. Then ratio of rms speed
and average speed is
( 2 N + 1)( N + 1)
(a) 1 (b)
6N
( 2 N + 1)( N + 1) 2N +1
(c) (d) 2
6 6 ( N + 1)
31. Five gas molecules chosen at random are found to have speeds of 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 m/s

(a) the root mean square speed and the average speed are the same.

(b) the root mean square speed is 14 m/s higher than the average speed.

(c) the root mean square speed is 14 m/s lower than the average speed.

(d) the root mean square speed is 14 m/s higher than the average speed.

32. If masses of all molecule of a gas are halved and their speed doubled then the ratio of initial and final

pressure will be

(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4

5 –2 –3
33. The density of air at pressure of 10 Nm is 1.2 kg m . Under these conditions, the root mean square
velocity of the air molecules in ms–1 is
(a) 500 (b) 1000 (c) 1500 (d) 3000
34. The gases are at absolute temperature 300ºK and 350ºK respectively. The ratio of average kinetic energy
of their molecules is
(a) 7 : 6 (b) 6 : 7 (c) 36 : 49 (d) 49 : 36
35. The r.m.s. velocity of oxygen molecule at 16ºC is 474 m/sec. The r.m.s. velocity in m/s of hydrogen
molecule at 127ºC is
(a) 1603 (b) 1896 (c) 2230.59 (d) 2730
36. The temperature at which the root mean square velocity of the gas molecules would become twice of its
value at 0°C is
(a) 819°C (b) 1092°C (c) 1100°C (d) 1400°C
37. At what temperature is the r.m.s. velocity of a hydrogen molecule equal to that of an oxygen molecule at
47ºC
(a) 80 K (b) –73 K (c) 3 K (d) 20 K
38. To what temperature should be the hydrogen at 327°C be cooked at constant pressure so that the root
mean square velocity of its molecules becomes half of its previous value
(a) –123°C (b) 120°C (c) –100°C (d) 0°C
39. The velocity of the molecules of a gas at temperature 120 K is v. At what temperature will the velocity be
2v?
(a) 120 K (b) 240 K (c) 480 K (d) 1120 K

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Physics Smart Booklet
40. Figure shows a parabolic graph between T and 1/V for a mixture of a gas undergoing an adiabatic
process. What is the ratio of Vrms of molecules and speed of sound in mixture?

(a) 3 / 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 / 3 (d) 3

41. The temperature at which oxygen molecules have the same root mean square speed as that of hydrogen
molecules at 300 K is
(a) 600 K (b) 2400 K (c) 4800 K (d) 300 K
42. In the isothermal expansion of 10g of gas from volume V to 2V the work done by the gas is 575J. What is
the root mean square speed of the molecules of the gas at that temperature?
(a) 398m/s (b) 520m/s (c) 499m/s (d) 532m/s
43. Four molecules have speeds 2 km/sec, 3 km/sec, 4 km/sec and 5 km/sec. The root mean square speed of
these molecules (in km/sec) is
(a) 54 / 4 (b) 54 / 2 (c) 3.5 (d) 3 3
44. The absolute gas temperature at which the root mean square speed of helium molecules exceeds their
most probable speed by 200 m/s is
(a) 110.2 K (b) 90.2 K (c) 190.2 K (d) 100.2 K
45. A nitrogen molecule has some rms speed at 0°C on the surface of the earth. With this speed, it goes
straight up. If there is no collisions with other molecules, the molecule will rise up to a height of
(a) 8.2 km (b) 12.4 km (c) 10.6 km (d) 15.2 km
46. The molecules of a given mass of a gas have r.m.s. velocity of 200 ms–1 at 27°C and 1.0 × 105 Nm–2
pressure. When the temperature and pressure of the gas are respectively, 127°C and 0.05 × 105 Nm–2, the
r.m.s. velocity of its molecules in ms–1 is :
400 100 2 100
(a) 100 2 (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3
47. N molecules each of mass m of a gas A and 2N molecules each of mass 2m of gas B are contained in the
same vessel which is maintained at temperature T. The mean square velocity of molecules of B type is v2
and the mean square rectangular component of the velocity of A type is denoted by  2 . Then  2 / v 2 is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/3 (d) 2/3
Topic 3: Degree of Freedom, Specific Heat Capacity and Mean Free Path
48. If a gas has ‘n’ degrees of freedom, the ratio of the specific heats  of the gas is
1+ n n 1 2
(a) (b) 1 + (c) 1 + (d) 1 +
2 2 n n
49. The number of degrees of freedom for each atom of a monatomic gas is
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 1
50. The ratio of principal molar heat capacities of a gas is maximum for
(a) a diatomic gas (b) a monatomic gas
(c) a polyatomic gas having linear molecules. (d) a polyatomic gas having non-linear molecules.

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Physics Smart Booklet
51. The value of CP – CV is 1.00 R for a gas sample in state A is 1.06 R in state B. Let PA, PB denote the
pressure and TA, TB denote the temperature of states A and B respectively, then
(a) PA< PB and TA> TB (b) PA> PB and TA< TB (c) PA– PB and TA< TB (d) PA> PB and TA– TB
52. For a gas if ratio of specific heats at constant pressure and volume is  then value of degrees of freedom is
3 − 1 2 9 25
(a) (b) (c) ( − 1) (d) ( − 1)
2 − 1  −1 2 2
53. If the pressure in a closed vessel is reduced by drawing out some gas, the mean-free path of the molecules
(a) is decreased (b) is increased (c) remains unchanged
(d) increases or decreases according to the nature of the gas
C
54. A gaseous mixture consists of 16 g of helium and 16 g of oxygen. The ratio p of the mixture is
Cv
(a) 1.62 (b) 1.59 (c) 1.54 (d) 1.4
55. P-V diagram of a diatomic gas is a straight line passing through origin. The molar heat capacity of the gas
in the process will be
(a) 4 R (b) 2.5 R (c) 3 R (d) 4R / 3
56. 1 mole of a monatomic and 2 mole of diatomic gas are mixed, now the resulting gas is taken through a
process in which molar heat capacity was found 3R. Polytrophic constant in the process is
(a) –1/5 (b) 1/5 (c) 2/5 (d) None of these
57. An ideal gas has molecules with 5 degrees of freedom. The ratio of specific heats at constant pressure
(Cp) and at constant volume (Cv) is :
(a) 6 (b) 7/2 (c) 5/2 (d) 7/5
–1 –1
58. Using equipartition of energy, the specific heat (in J kg K ) of aluminium at room temperature can be
estimated to be (atomic weight of aluminium = 27)
(a) 410 (b) 25 (c) 1850 (d) 925

59. For a gas, difference between two specific heats is 5000 J/mole°C. If the ratio of specific heat is 1.5, then
specific heat at constant pressure in J/mole-°C is:
(a) CP = 2.8  104 (b) CP = 3.8  104 (c) CP =1.5  104 (d) CP = 4.9  104
60. A monoatomic ideal gas is taken through a reversible process whose equation is given by: p = kV 1/2 ,
where p is the pressure and V is the volume of the gas. The molar heat capacity of the gas in the above
process, is
(a) CP + 2R (b) CV – 2R (c) CV + 2R (d) CP + 2R

NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

1. At what temperature will the rms speed of oxygen molecules become just sufficient for escaping from the
Earth’s atmosphere? (Given : Mass of oxygen molecule (m) = 2.76 × 10–26 kg Boltzmann’s constant kB =
1.38 × 10–23 JK–1) [2018]
(a) 2.508 × 104 K (b) 8.360 × 104 K (c) 1.254 × 104 K (d) 5.016 × 104 K
2. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of O2 and 4 moles of Ar at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational
modes, the total internal energy of the system is :- [2017]
(a) 15 RT (b) 9 RT (c) 11 RT (d) 4 RT

20
Physics Smart Booklet
3. The molecules of a given mass of a gas have r.m.s. velocity of 200 ms–1 at 27°C and 1.0 × 105 Nm–2
pressure. When the temperature and pressure of the gas are respectively, 127°C and 0.05 × 105 Nm–2, the
r.m.s. velocity of its molecules in ms–1 is: [2016]
400 100 2 100
(a) 100 2 (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3
4. One mole of an ideal diatomic gas undergoes a transition from A to B along a path AB as shown in the
figure. The change in internal energy of the gas during the transition is: [2015]

(a) – 20 kJ (b) 20 J (c) –12 kJ (d) 20 kJ

Cp
5. The ratio of the specific heats =  in terms of degrees of freedom (n) is given by [2015]
Cv

 n  2  n  1
(a) 1 +  (b) 1 +  (c) 1 +  (d) 1 + 
 3  n  2  n
6. 4.0 g of a gas occupies 22.4 litres at NTP. The specific heat capacity of the gas at constant volume is
5.0JK–1. If the speed of sound in this gas at NTP is 952 ms–1, then the heat capacity at constant pressure is
(Take gas constant R = 8.3 JK–1 mol–1) [2015]
(a) 7.5 JK–1 mol–1 (b) 7.0 JK–1 mol–1 (c) 8.5 JK–1 mol–1 (d) 8.0 JK–1 mol–1
7. Two vessels separately contain two ideal gases A and B at the same temperature. The pressure of A being
twice that of B. Under such conditions, the density of A is found to be 1.5 times the density of B. The
ratio of molecular weight of A and B is : [2015]
(a) 3/4 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) 2/3
8. The mean free path of molecules of a gas, (radius ‘r’) is inversely proportional to : [2014]

(a) r3 (b) r2 (c) r (d) r

9. Increase in temperature of a gas filled in a container would lead to : [NEET–2019]
(1) increase in its mass (2) increase in its kinetic energy
(3) decrease in its pressure (4) decrease in intermolecular distance
 C 
10. The value of   = p  , for hydrogen, helium and another ideal diatomic gas X (whose molecules are not
 Cv 
rigid but have an additional vibrational mode), are respectively equal to :- [NEET– 2019(ODISSA)]
7 5 9 5 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 7
1) , , 2) , , 3) , , 4) , ,
5 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 5

21
Physics Smart Booklet
11. The mean free path for a gas molecule depends upon diameter, d of the molecule as[NEET–2020Covid]
1 1
(1)  (2) d (3)  d2 (4) 
d2 d
12. The average thermal energy for a mono-atomic gas is : (kB is Boltzmann constant and T, absolute
temperature) [NEET–2020]
7 1 3 5
1) k BT 2) k BT 3) k BT 4) k BT
2 2 2 2
13. The mean free path for a gas, with molecular diameter d and number density n can be expressed as
[NEET – 2020]
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 n2 2 d 2 2 n d 2 n d 2 2 n2 d 2

14. Match Column-I and Column-II and choose the correct match from the given choices. [NEET-2021]
Column- I Column-II
A) Root mean square speed of gas molecules 1
nm
2
P)
3
B) Pressure exerted by ideal gas 3RT
M
C) Average kinetic energy of a molecule 5
R) RT
2
D) Total internal energy of 1 mole of a diatomic gas 3
S) k BT
2
1) A–Q, B–R, C–S, D–P 2) A–Q, B–P, C–S, D–R
3) A–R, B–Q, C–P, D–S 4) A–R, B–P, C–S, D–Q

15. The volume occupied by the molecules contained in 4.5 kg water at STP, if the intermolecular forces
vanish away is [NEET-2022]

1) 5.6 106 m3 2) 5.6 103 m3 3) 5.6 10−3 m3 4) 5.6 m3

For Recent JEE Main Questions- Use link below

[Link]
ions-with-solutions

22
Physics Smart Booklet
NCERT LINE BY LINE QUESTIONS – ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (d)
NCERT BASED PRACTICE QUESTONS-ANSWERS
1 a 2 d 3 d 4 d 5 d
6 a 7 b 8 d 9 a 10 d
11 b 12 d 13 d 14 a 15 d
16 d 17 d 18 c 19 a 20 d
21 a 22 a 23 a 24 c 25 c
26 c 27 c 28 a 29 a 30 a
31 c 32 a 33 d 34 c 35 a
36 2

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS - ANSWERS

1) 2 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1 5) 1 6) 3 7) 4 8) 4 9) 1 10) 1
11) 4 12) 2 13) 4 14) 1 15) 2 16) 1 17) 1 18) 3 19) 1 20) 3
21) 3 22) 1 23) 1 24) 1 25) 4 26) 4 27) 2 28) 4 29) 2 30) 4
31) 2 32) 2 33) 1 34) 2 35) 3 36) 1 37) 4 38) 1 39) 3 40) 2
41) 3 42) 3 43) 1 44) 3 45) 2 46) 2 47) 4 48) 4 49) 1 50) 2
51) 1 52) 2 53) 2 54) 1 55) 3 56) 1 57) 4 58) 4 59) 3 60) 3
NEET PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS-ANSWERS
1) 2 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1 5) 2 6) 4 7) 1 8) 2 9) 2 10) 1
11) 1 12) 3 13) 3 14) 2 15) 2

TOPIC WISE PRACTICE QUESTIONS - SOLUTIONS

1. (b) At low pressure and high temperature the molecules are far apart and molecular interactions are
negligible. Without interactions the gas behaves like an ideal one.
2. (b) According to ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
m   M  1
PV = RT, P = RT or = or 
M M P RT P T

Here, represent the slope of graph
P
Hence T2 > T1
V T
3. (c) At constant pressure V  T  =
V T
Hence ratio of increase in volume per degree rise in kelvin temperature to it’s original volume
=
( V / T ) = 1
V T
4. (a) As we know that isothermal compressibility is given as,
1  V 
KT = −  
V  P  (T=constant)
so if it is heated at constant temperature then its isothermal compressibility will also remain constant.
5. (a) Boyle’s law
PV m PV  R 
6. (c) = nR =   R or = m
T M T M

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