Signals and Systems
Module - 1
Introduction to signals & Systems ( CT and DT domain )
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Module I :
Introduction to signals & Systems
Definition of Signal, Signal classification, Signal
manipulations, Periodicity in CT ( Continuous Time)
& DT( Discrete Time) domain, Concept of a system,
System representations & classification, Concept of
Impulse Response, Convolution in CT and DT
domain
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Introduction to Signals
Signals are variables that carry information.
It is described as a function of one or more
independent variables.
Basically it is a physical [Link] varies with
some independent or dependent variables.
Signals can be One-dimensional or multi-
dimensional.
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Signal: A function of one or more variables that convey
information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.
Examples: v(t),i(t),x(t),heartbeat, blood pressure, temperature,
vibration.
• One-dimensional signals: function depends on a single
variable, e.g., speech signal
• Multi-dimensional signals: function depends on two or more
variables, e.g., image
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Examples of Signals
BRAIN WAVE
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Examples of Signals
Stock Market data as signal (time series)
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Elementary Signals
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Elementary signals
Step function
Impulse function
Ramp function
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Unit Step function:
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Unit impulse function:
Unit ramp function:
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Generation/ Representation
of
Signals
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Prob. Sketch x(t) = u(t-2) – u(t-4)
Soln:
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Prob. Sketch x(t) = u(t-2) – u(t-4)
Soln:
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Prob. Write the equation of x(t)
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Prob. Write the equation of x(t)
Soln:
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Prob. Sketch the given function
Soln:
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Prob. Sketch the given function
Soln:
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Operation on Signals
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(1) Shifting: Delay
1, t 0 1
u (t )
0 , t 0 t
Shift a
1
1, t a
u (t a)
0 , t a t
a
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Ex.: Let a function be defined graphically by
and let g ( t ) = 0 , t > 5
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Amplitude Scaling,
g(t ) ® Ag(t ) If (i) A=0.5 & (ii) A= -1
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Amplitude Scaling,
g(t ) ® Ag(t ) If (i) A=0.5 & (ii) A= -1
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Time shifting, t ® t - t0 If to= 1
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Time shifting, t ® t - t0 If to= 1
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Time scaling, t ® t / a If (i) a=2 & (ii) a= -2
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Time scaling, t ® t / a If (i) a=2 & (ii) a= -2
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Classification of Signals
1. Continuous-time and Discrete-time signals
2. Periodic and Non-periodic signals
3. Casual and Non-casual signals
4. Deterministic and Random signals
5. Even and odd signals
6. Energy and Power Signals
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Continuous time (CT) &
discrete time (DT) signals:
CT s i gna l s t a ke on r e a l or c ompl e x v a l ues as a funct i
on of an i nde pe nde nt va r i a bl e t hat r anges over t he r e a l
numbe r s a nd a r e de not e d as x( t ) .
DT s i gna l s t a ke on r e a l or c ompl e x v a l u es as a func t i
on of an i n de p e n d e nt v a r i a bl e t hat r a nge s over t he i n t
eger s and a r e de not ed as x[ n] .
Not e t he s ubtl e us e of p a r e n t he s e s a nd s quare br a c ke t s
to d i s t i ngui s h be t we e n CT a nd DT s i gna l s .
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Causal &Non -causal Signals:
A causal signal is zero for t < 0 and an non-
causal s ignal i s zero for t > 0
Right- and left- s ided s ignals:
A r ight- s ided s ignal i s zero for t < T and a left -
s ided s ignal i s zero for t > T where T can be
positive or negative.
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Deterministic & Random Signals
Deterministic signals :
Behavior of these signals is predictable w.r.t time
There is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any
time.
These signals can be expressed mathematically.
For example x(t) = sin(3t) is deterministic signal.
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Random Signals:
Behavior of these signals is random i.e. not predictable
w.r.t time.
There is an uncertainty with respect to its value at any
time.
These signals can’t be expressed mathematically.
For example:Thermal Noise generated is non deterministic
signal.
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Even &Odd Signals
Eve n s i gna l s xe ( t ) a nd odd s i gna l s xo( t ) a r e de f i ne d
as
xe(t) = xe(−t) a nd x o ( t ) = − x o ( − t ) .
Any s i gna l i s a s um of uni que odd a nd e ve n s i gna l s .
Us i ng
x( t ) = x e ( t ) + x o ( t ) a n d x ( − t ) = x e ( t ) − x o ( t ) , y i e l ds
x e ( t ) = 0 . 5 ( x ( t ) + x ( − t ) ) a n d x o ( t ) = 0 . 5 ( x( t ) − x( − t ) ) .
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Even &Odd Signals:
Even:
x(−t) = x(t)
x[−n] = x[n]
Odd:
x(−t) = −x(t)
x[−n] = −x[n]
Any signal x(t) can be expressed as
x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t) )
x(−t) = xe(t) − xo(t)
where
xe(t) = 1/2(x(t) + x(−t))
xo(t) = 1/2(x(t) − x(−t))
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Periodic & Non -periodic Signals
Periodic signals have the property that x(t +
T) = x( t ) for all t .
T h e s ma l l e s t v a l u e o f T t h a t s a t i s f ie s t h e
definition is called the period.
Shown below are an non- periodic s ignal
( left) and a periodic s ignal ( r ight).
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Power and Energy Signals
Energy Signal
Power Signal Finite duration
• Infinite duration Normalized energy is
finite and non-zero
• Normalized power is
finite and non-zero Normalized power
averaged over infinite
• Normalized energy time is zero
averaged over infinite
time is infinite Physically realizable
• Mathematically
tractable
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System
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What is a System?
Systems process input signals to produce output signals.
Examples:
A circuit involving a capacitor can be viewed as a system that
transforms the source voltage (signal) to the voltage (signal)
across the capacitor
A CD player takes the signal on the CD and transforms it into a
signal sent to the loud speaker
A communication system is generally composed of three sub-
systems, the transmitter, the channel and the receiver. The
channel typically attenuates and adds noise to the transmitted
signal which must be processed by the receiver
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How is a System Represented?
A system takes a signal as an input and transforms it into
another signal
Input signal Output signal
System
x(t) y(t)
In a very broad sense, a system can be represented as the
ratio of the output signal over the input signal
That way, when we “multiply” the system by the input signal, we
get the output signal
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Types of Systems
Causal & Non-causal
Linear & Non Linear
Time Variant &Time-invariant
Stable & Unstable
Static & Dynamic
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Causal Systems
Causal system : A system is said to be causal
if the present value of the output signal
depends only on the present and/or past
values of the input signal.
Example: y[n]=x[n]+0.5x[n-1]
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Non-causal Systems
Non-causal system : A system is said to be
anticausal if the present value of the output signal
depends on the future values of the input signal.
Example: y[n]=x[n+1]+0.5x[n-1]
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Linear & Non Linear Systems
A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the
principle of superposition
For checking the linearity of the given
system, firstly we check the response due to
linear combination of inputs
Then we combine the two outputs linearly in
the same manner as the inputs are combined
and again total response is checked
If response in step 2 and 3 are the same,the
system is linear othewise it is non linear.
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Time Invariant and Time Variant Systems
A system is said to be time invariant
if a time delay or time advance of
the input signal leads to a identical
time shift in the output signal.
yi (t) H{x(t t0 )}
H{S t 0{x(t)}} HS t 0{x(t)}
y0(t) S t 0 {y(t)}
S t 0{H{x(t)}} S t 0 H{x(t)}
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Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Special importance for their mathematical tractability
Most signal processing applications involve LTI
systems
LTI system can be completely characterized by
y n T x [n ] T
their impulse response
x k n k Linearity
k
x k T n k x k h n Time Inv
k
k k
x k h n k x k h k
k
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Stable & Unstable Systems
A system is said to be bounded-input
bounded-output stable (BIBO stable) iff
every bounded input results in a bounded
output.
i.e.
t | x(t) | M x t | y(t) | M y
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Stable & Unstable Systems
Example: The system represented by
y(t) = A x(t) is unstable ; A˃1
Reason: let us assume x(t) = u(t), then at
every instant u(t) will keep on multiplying
with A and hence it will not be bonded.
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Static Systems
A static system is memoryless system
It has no storage devices
its output signal depends on present values
of the input signal
For example
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Dynamic Systems
A dynamic system possesses memory
It has the storage devices
A system is said to possess memory if its
output signal depends on past values and
future values of the input signal
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Memoryless System
A system is memoryless if the output y[n] at every
value of n depends only on the input x[n] at the same
value of n
Example
Squar : y[n] x[n]2
e
y[n] signx[n]
Sig
n
counter example: y[n] x[n no ]
Ideal Delay
System
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Discrete-Time Systems
Discrete-Time Sequence is a mathematical operation that maps a
• given input
Example sequence x[n]Systems
Discrete-Time into an output sequence y[n]
• Moving (Running) Average
y[n] T{x[n]} x[n] T{.} y[n]
• y[n] x[n] x[n 1] x[n 2] x[n 3]
• Maximum
• y[n] max x[n], x[n 1], x[n 2]
• Ideal Delay System
• y[n] x[n no ]
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System Properties
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[Link] /Memoryless:
Memory system: present output value depend on
future/past input.
Memoryless system: present output value depend only on
present input.
Example:
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Properties of a System:
On this course, we shall be particularly interested in signals with
certain properties:
Causal: a system is causal if the output at a time, only depends on
input values up to that time.
Linear: a system is linear if the output of the scaled sum of two
input signals is the equivalent scaled sum of outputs
Time-invariance: a system is time invariant if the system’s
output is the same, given the same input signal, regardless of
time.
These properties define a large class of tractable, useful systems
and will be further considered in the coming lectures
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