L Data and Discourse Studies

1 - Introduction

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Exploring
language, knowledge,
and society

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Pre-lecture poll

[Link]
[Link]/mod/feedback/[Link]?id=1631907

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Programme

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
E-Learning

Moodle
[Link]

• Syllabus
• Video lectures
• Additional material
• Space for your
questions and
comments

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Tutorial

On-site Tutorial - Wednesday 18.05-19.45 Room: S3 13/10

Tutor: Theingi Htun

Alternative - online mentoring & consultation:

Mentors: Meryem Harafi, Soumaya Malki
Information in Moodle
 Make sure to be registered for the tutorial and
examination of the tutorial in Tucan!

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is Discourse Analysis?

([Link] via Wikimedia Commons

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([Link] via Wikimedia Commons
von liuhsiaofen (CSC_2883 Uploaded by Mr. Stradivarius) [CC-BY-SA-2.0
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Xx Yy Zz
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[CC-BY-2.0 ([Link] via Wikimedia
Commons
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[CC-BY-2.0 ([Link] via Wikimedia
Commons

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Commons
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Commons

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is Discourse Analysis?

[…] I shall simply use the term “discourse” for any

form of language use manifested as (written) text of
(spoken) talk-in-interaction, in a broad semiotic
sense.

Van Dijk, Teun A. (2008): Discourse and Context: A Sociocognitive Approach. Cambridge, p. 116.

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is Discourse Analisis?

Dimensions of ‚discourse‘ adressed in discourse analysis:

− interaction (patterns of linguistic practice, e.g. ‚speech acts‘,

discourse markers)
− knowledge (explicit & implicit, declarative & procedural)
− society (social roles, linguistic variation, language & power)

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is Discourse Analysis?

understanding a writer‘s intention (hermeneutics) vs.

explaining a linguistic form in context (discourse analysis)

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Digital Discourse Analisis …

…combines corpus linguistics and contextual analysis,

…to investigate the relationship between language,
knowledge, and society

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Corpora and Discourses

“ … there are no meanings, no functions, no concepts in corpora –

corpora are (usually text) files and all you can get out of such files is
distributional (or quantitative ⁄ statistical) information.

Gries, S. Th. (2009), What is Corpus Linguistics?. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3: 1225–1241. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00149.x, p. 1226.

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
„Big Data“

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data in Digital Discourse Analysis

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data in Digital Discourse Analysis

A datum is a phenomenon interpreted as a sign, which in the

course of a research process is extracted from a given
complexion and recontextualized.
Marcus Müller (2017): Digital Discourse Analysis
In: Thomas Weitin (Hg.):
DH Cooperation Pamphletes [online publication]:
[Link]
.

Cf. Michael Bender: Forschungsumgebungen in den Digital Humanities: Nutzerbedarf,

Wissenstransfer Textualität. Reihe: Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter 2016,

S. 27–37 .

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Data Studies

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Foucault and linguistics

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Critical Discourse Analysis

Norman Fairclough

Teun van Dijk

Ruth Wodak

Gunter Kress
Theo van Leeuwen

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Corpus Approaches to Discourse
Analysis

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Programme

14.10.2025 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
2 – What is Discourse Analysis?

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Def. I: discourse as language use

[…] I shall simply use the term “discourse” for any

form of language use manifested as (written) text of
(spoken) talk-in-interaction, in a broad semiotic
sense.

Van Dijk, Teun A. (2008): Discourse and Context: A Sociocognitive Approach. Cambridge, p. 116.

Teun van Dijk

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 What is the meaning of a letter?

A formal dictionary definition, from

the Shorter Oxford Dictionary (1965),
is that a letter is ‘a missive in writing, an
epistle’, a definition which might
prompt further consultation of dictionaries. A
simpler definition is that a
letter is a communication on paper which is
conventionally sent through
a postal system.
Source: [Link]

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is

Discourse Analysis? London:
Bloomsbury Academic, p. 7

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 What is the meaning of a letter?

This probably explains the ‘meaning’ of a

letter sufficiently for someone to understand
what the word refers to, for instance, in
order to translate it from one language to
another. However, it does
not
encompass the kinds of meanings
which might be of interest to a
social researcher.
Source: [Link]

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is

Discourse Analysis? London:
Bloomsbury Academic, p. 7

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is the meaning of a letter?
In short, a letter can carry meanings
of formality and occasion (the
invitation), commitment and
lastingness (the love letter),
seriousness and legality (the dispute).
These meanings are
cultural, made familiar through the
many experiences of being part of a
society, including seeing the post
delivered, receiving letters and Source: [Link]

sending them, and reading or viewing

stories in which letters mark key
dramatic points. Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is
Discourse Analysis? London:
Bloomsbury Academic, p. 8

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is the meaning of a letter?
The relevant point for this discussion is
that a letter is not just a letter but
potential data for a social
researcher. It may provide evidence
relevant to the exploration of society
and social phenomena such as
celebrations, or changes in intimate
relationships, or the settlement of
disputes, or institutionalized
Source: [Link]
communication or the legal profession:
the exact focus will be given by the
topic which the researcher has chosen
to investigate. Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is
Discourse Analysis? London: Bloomsbury
Academic, p. 8

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Def. II: Foucault‘s notion of ‚discourse‘

Discourse is ..

cf. Hall, S. (1992), ‘The west and the rest’, in

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is Discourse Analysis?
S. Hall and B. Gieben (eds), Formations of Modernity, Cambridge:
London: Bloomsbury Academic, p. 16
Polity Press/
The Open University.

Stuart Hall
06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse analysis as exploration of
social knowledge
understanding a writer‘s intention (hermeneutics) vs.
explaining a linguistic form in context (discourse analysis)

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Discourse analysis as exploration of
social knowledge

‘A discursive formation’
is
a form of knowledge which is inextricably
linked to the workings of society.

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is cf. Foucault, M. (2001), Madness and

Discourse Analysis? London: Bloomsbury Civilization, London: Routledge.
Academic, p. 9

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Discourse analysis as exploration of
social knowledge
Example: the social construction of mentall illness (Foucault 2001)

[…], consider, first, the difference between the terms ‘mad’ and
‘mentally ill’, and second, how the categorization of people as
mentally ill inevitably involves a chain of connections. The authority of
the experts who can ascribe such categories is linked to a justification
for treating supposedly mentally ill people in certain ways, the
traditions and institutions which provide the ‘knowledge’
underpinning the justification and the power structures and
institutions through which the treatment is administered.

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is cf. Foucault, M. (2001), Madness and

Discourse Analysis? London: Bloomsbury Civilization, London: Routledge.
Academic, p. 9

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Discourse analysis as exploration of
social knowledge
Example: the social construction of mentall illness (Foucault 2001)

The words and terms used in various contexts, officially and

colloquially, are part of the chain; the language is inseparable
from the social phenomenon.

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is cf. Foucault, M. (2001), Madness and

Discourse Analysis? London: Bloomsbury Civilization, London: Routledge.
Academic, p. 9

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Discourse analysis as exploration of
social knowledge

[…] people do not necessarily learn by observing. Rather,

what they see is largely determined by already existing,
socially circulated knowledge. This point undermines the
concept of ‘truth’, changing its status from what ‘is’ (or
was) to what is generally believed and accepted.
There can be more than one truth!

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is

Discourse Analysis? London: Bloomsbury
Academic, p. 10

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Indexicality

An Index is a sign
which refers to the Object
that it denotes by virtue
of being really affected
by that Object.
C. Peirce (CP 2.247)

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller Charles S. Peirce
 Indexicality

meaning is ‘indexical’, that is, it depends

on and changes with context

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is

Discourse Analysis? London: Bloomsbury
Academic, p. 10

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Language as a trace of social interaction

(Gumperz 1983 / Fairclough 1992 / Feilke 1996 / Krämer u.a. 2007 / Müller 2012, 2015)

Wikimedia Commons
SA‐2.0 ([Link] / via
von liuhsiaofen (CSC_2883 Uploaded by Mr. Stradivarius) [CC‐BY‐
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg
Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn
Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu
Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

By The Official CTBTO Photostream (CTBTO Science and Technology

conference) [CC‐BY‐2.0
([Link] / via Wikimedia
Commons

von pantxorama [CC‐BY‐SA‐2.0 ([Link] /

via Wikimedia Commons

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller 15 | 20
Indexical orders

Silverstein, Michael (2003): Indexical order and the dialectics of

sociolinguistic life. Language and communication 23, 193–229.

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Contextualisation The onion model
of contextualisation

Müller, Marcus (2017): :

Digital Discourse
Analysis.
context
social domain – social roles LitLab Pamphlete #5. .

cotext: patterns of text

Müller, Marcus (2015):
Sprachliches
CC Rollenverhalten.
Korpuspragmatische
knowledge Studien zu divergenten
domain Kontextualisierungen in
Mündlichkeit und
‐ topic Schriftlichkeit. Berlin /
Boston: De Gruyter.
situation ‐
setting and constellation

= „indicates“
CC = contextualisation cue 17

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Def. III: Discourse and social practice

Taylor, Stephanie (2013): What is

Cf. Gee, J. (1992), The Social Mind: Language,
Discourse Analysis? London: Bloomsbury Ideology and Social Practice, New
Academic, p. 17 York: Bergin and Garvey.

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Reconstructing social meaning

“ … there are no meanings, no functions, no concepts in corpora –

corpora are (usually text) files and all you can get out of such files is
distributional (or quantitative ⁄ statistical) information.

Gries, S. Th. (2009), What is Corpus Linguistics?. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3: 1225–1241. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00149.x, p. 1226.

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Reconstructing social meaning

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Example

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Media coverage on climate change
(corpus data)

71449 articles
37.064.140 words

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Keywords

„In a quantitative perspective, keywords are those whose

frequency (or infrequency) in a text or corpus is statistically
significant, when compared to the standards set by a
reference corpus“ (Bondi 2010: 3)

Bondi, Marina (2010): Perspectives on keywords and keyness. An introduction. In Marina Bondi & Mike Scott (Hrsg.),
Keyness in texts, 1–18. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Stubbs, Michael (2010): Three concepts of keywords. In Marina Bondi & Mike Scott (Hrsg.), Keyness in texts, 21–42.
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Cars vs. power plants - nominations

energy transition in keywords

(LLR > 10,83 ; f > 100)
in Germany
f/100.000 words

manual
semantic annotation

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 CO2 emissions

Energy types - nominations

carbon energy
nuclear power
in keywords
(LLR > 10,83 ; f > 100) energy transition
in Germany IPCC Special Report (2012:122)

f/100.000 words

manual
semantic annotation

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Comparing climate change discourses

f / million

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Comparing climate change discourses
f / million

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Comparing climate change discourses
f / million

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
2 – What is Discourse Analysis?

06.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data and Discourse Studies
3 - Language as Data I

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is data?

your associations…

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 „Data“ in Google Images

[Link]
m=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1gJGXwr7lAhVIr6QKHX_yCioQ_AUIESgB&biw=930&bih=454
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 […] algorithms mean basic, formalized and precisely defined
calculation rules or rules for a sequence of calculation steps that
are supposed to master a given task. For a computable task,
such as sorting lists, there are often many different algorithms.

Algorithms must be implemented or programmed by a computer

in one of the numerous programming languages (Python, Java,
JavaScript, C++, etc.) in order to be executed. Afterwards they
are available as program parts that are combined with data
structures to form software or software systems.

Here, algorithms fulfil the task of generating an output, usually in

other data formats, from an input, usually in the form of data.

Translated with [Link]/Translator

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
„Data“ in public discourse

Concordance of data
in a randomly retrieved
UK-newspaper corpus:
(selection)

[Link]
/cqpweb/popul_ref_gb
_1/

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
„Data“ in public discourse

collocates of data in a
randomly retrieved
UK-newspaper corpus:
120,000 texts
70 million words
5L-5R
F > 50
LogRatio > 3

[Link]
cqpweb/popul_ref_gb_1/

[Link]

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
‚Data‘ as a term

Two paths of conceptualisation:

1
Data is something given that can be captured and further processed.

Cf. Michael Bender (2016): Forschungsumgebungen in

den Digital Humanities: Nutzerbedarf, Wissenstransfer,
Textualität. Reihe: Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin,
Boston: de Gruyter., p. 27.
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
‚Data‘ as a term

Two paths of conceptualisation:

1
Data is something given that can be captured and further processed.

Data... data is raw. It simply exists and has

no significance beyond its existence (in
and of itself). It can exist in any form,
usable or not. It does not have meaning of
itself.

Cf. Michael Bender (2016): Forschungsumgebungen in

den Digital Humanities: Nutzerbedarf, Wissenstransfer,
Textualität. Reihe: Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin,
Boston: de Gruyter., p. 27.
[Link]
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
‚Data‘ as a term

Two paths of conceptualisation:

1
Data is something given that can be
captured and further processed.
Critique:

Data gets always selected, perspectivated

and contextualised when collected

Michael Bender (2016): Forschungsumgebungen in den Digital

Humanities: Nutzerbedarf, Wissenstransfer, Textualität. Reihe:
Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter., p.
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft27.
| Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
‚Data‘ as a term

Two paths of conceptualisation:

2
Data is something that can be obtained by reduction,
selection or formalization from units with a higher
degree of complexity.

1
Data as something given that can be captured and
further processed.

Michael Bender (2016): Forschungsumgebungen in den Digital

Humanities: Nutzerbedarf, Wissenstransfer, Textualität. Reihe:
Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter., p.
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft27.
| Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
‚Data‘ as a term – information technology

ISO/IEC 2382-1

Cf. Michael Bender (2016): Forschungsumgebungen in den

Digital Humanities: Nutzerbedarf, Wissenstransfer, Textualität.
Reihe: Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin, Boston: de
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und LiteraturwissenschaftGruyter.,
| Prof. Dr. p. 27. Müller
Marcus
Data in Digital Discourse Analysis

A datum is a phenomenon interpreted as a sign, which in the

course of a research process is extracted from a given
complexion and recontextualized.
Marcus Müller (2017): Digital Discourse Analysis
In: Thomas Weitin (Hg.):
DH Cooperation Pamphletes [online publication]:
[Link]
.

Cf. Michael Bender: Forschungsumgebungen in den Digital Humanities: Nutzerbedarf,

Wissenstransfer, Textualität. Reihe: Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter 2016,

S. 27–37 .

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data in Society…

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Data and social impact

Russel Goldenberg (2018): Life After Death on Wikipedia

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
[Link]
Data Journalism

[Link]
mauerfall-so-unterscheidet-sich-die-gesundheit-in-west-
[Link]

Car travel times to the nearest heart

emergency ambulance

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data Journalism

ARD,
election coverage,
27/10/2019

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
Data Economy

gy/aibytes-new-data-economy/
[Link]

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data Economy

„personal data as counterperformance“

EDPS (2017): Opinion 4/2017 on the Proposal

for a Directive on certain aspects concerning
contracts for the supply of digital content;
Brussels: European Data Protection Supervisor
(EDPS).
[Link]
=xC-c7E5PK0Y

Cf. Carsten Orwat: Diskriminierungsrisiken durch Verwendung von Algorithmen.

Online Source:
[Link]
kriminierungsrisiken_durch_Verwendung_von_Algorithmen.pdf;jsessionid=F4F05FD7D8BCA8630001D88
B2E2523F9.2_cid340?__blob=publicationFile&v=4

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data in Politics

‘evidence-based policy making’

Gernot Rieder and Judith Simon (2016): Datatrust: Or, the political quest
for numerical evidence and the epistemologies of Big Data. In: Big Data &
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Society, January–June, pp. 1-6, p. 1
Critical Data Studies

“Data are a form of power.

Andrew Iliadis and Federica Russo
(2016): Critical data studies: An
introduction. In: Big Data & Society,
July–December, pp. 1–7, p. 1.

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Data Studies

Databite No. 112: Jeanna Matthews* (1.35-7.12) *Department of Computer Science

Division of Mathematics and Computer Science
Clarkson University

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Data Studies

Databite No. 112: Jeanna Matthews* (1.35-7.12) *Department of Computer Science

Division of Mathematics and Computer Science
Clarkson University

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Science 25
Oct 2019:
Vol. 366,
Issue 6464,
pp. 447-453
DOI:
10.1126/scie
nce.aax2342

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
The Data Discourse

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Data Studies

“Organizations own vast quantities of user information and

hold lucrative data capital […], wield algorithms and data
processing tools with the ability to influence emotions and
culture […], and researchers invoke data in the name of
ignoring that data
scientific objectivity while often
are never raw but always ‘‘cooked’’ […]).

Andrew Iliadis and Federica Russo (2016): Critical

data studies: An introduction. In: Big Data & Society,
July–December, pp. 1–7, p. 1.

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Data Studies

“ In their presence and absence, data are always-

already active and never neutral, part of an
information geography […] that is always in flux.

Andrew Iliadis and Federica Russo (2016): Critical

data studies: An introduction. In: Big Data & Society,
July–December, pp. 1–7, p. 1.

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Data Studies

“ Current research trends in the social and natural

sciences indicate a general prioritization of dataintensive
and positivistic approaches over long-held postpositivist
and critical approaches (Kitchin, 2015).

Andrew Iliadis and Federica Russo (2016): Critical

data studies: An introduction. In: Big Data & Society,
July–December, pp. 1–7, p. 1.

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
The Data Discourse

“ Big Data belong to a web of subjects, institutions, texts,

and authors that tend to remain invisible to researchers who
prefer to treat Big Data science as a new form of positivism
— but the ‘‘data’’ of ‘‘Big Data’’ are not always the whole
story. (2002: 143).

Andrew Iliadis and Federica Russo (2016): Critical data studies: An introduction. In: Big Data
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
& Society, July–December, pp. 1-7, p. 2
The Data Discourse

“As Foucault famously put it in The Archaeology of

Knowledge, the figures that populate a field do not
communicate only by the logical successions of propositions
but also by the ‘‘positivity of their discourse’’ which defines
a field where ‘‘formal identities, thematic continuities,
translations of concepts, and polemical interchanges may be
deployed’’ (2002: 143).

Andrew Iliadis and Federica Russo (2016): Critical data studies: An introduction. In: Big Data
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
& Society, July–December, pp. 1-7, p. 2
Data is…

… more than raw material ready to be manufactured!

[Link]
04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data and Discourse Studies
3 - Language as Data I

04.11.2020 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
4 – Data II

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Rerun: data in public discourse

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Rerun: ‚data‘ as a term – information
technology

ISO/IEC 2382-1

Cf. Michael Bender (2016): Forschungsumgebungen in den

Digital Humanities: Nutzerbedarf, Wissenstransfer, Textualität.
Reihe: Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin, Boston: de
06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und LiteraturwissenschaftGruyter.,
| Prof. Dr. p. 27. Müller
Marcus
Rerun: data in Digital Discourse
Analysis
A datum is a phenomenon interpreted as a sign, which in the
course of a research process is extracted from a given
complexion and recontextualized.
Marcus Müller (2017): Digital Discourse Analysis
In: Thomas Weitin (Hg.):
DH Cooperation Pamphletes [online publication]:
[Link]
.

Cf. Michael Bender: Forschungsumgebungen in den Digital Humanities: Nutzerbedarf,

Wissenstransfer, Textualität. Reihe: Sprache und Wissen (SuW) 22. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter 2016,

S. 27–37 .

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Language as data in discourse
analysis

When we treat language as data

-
what is changing?

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
The linguistic sign

[Link]
ssure_by_Jullien.png
Ferdinand de Saussure
1857-1913

(1916) Cours de linguistique générale, eds. Charles Bally & Alert Sechehaye,
with the assistance of Albert Riedlinger. Lausanne – Paris: Payot.

Roy Harris, trans. Course in General Linguistics. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1983.

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Saussure: langue vs. parole
Identity through opposition

The linguistic sign obtains its identity by being in opposition to all other signs in the
system.

Language as a system is a self-contained whole, in which all parts have a

relation to each other and to the entirety, are linked to a structure and
thereby fulfil certain functions.
eg.: chess

− important are the rules and the relationships of

the figures to each other
− unimportant is the material from which the figures
are made and their form
− chess game = langue (regular) chess move =
parole (arbitrary)
© Jorge Royan / [Link] CC BY-SA 3.0
06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
s_Sanders_Peirce
Charles S. Peirce (1839-1914): semiotics

• An icon (also called likeness and semblance) is a

sign that denotes its object by virtue of a quality
which is shared by them but which the icon has


irrespectively of the object. The icon (for instance, a
portrait or a diagram) resembles or imitates its
object.

• A symbol is a sign that denotes its object solely by

virtue of the fact that it will be interpreted to do so.
The symbol consists in a natural or conventional or
logical rule, norm, or habit.

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
How does this apply to language?

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is a word?

thing

sign

window

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is a word?

the data approach

thing

sign

window

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Data types in discourse analysis

Raw data / primary data

[Link]
− optical data: text, images, layout, ..
− haptic data: text carrier material
− acoustical data : oral discourse,
paraverbal signs

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Collecting raw data…

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Data Preparation

“It‘s not that easy.

Beatrix Busse, Heidelberg 25/05/2017

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Data Preparation

• Cleaning
• Markup

Aus: „Digitale Zugriffe auf fachwissenschaftliche Heuristiken“ (Projektdateien).

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Data types in discourse analysis
[Link]

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Data Preparation

• Cleaning
• Markup

• Segmentation ( eg. Token, Sentence)

• Annotation Aus: Brants, Sabine, Stefanie Dipper, Peter Eisenberg, Silvia Hansen, Esther
König, Wolfgang Lezius, Christian Rohrer, George Smith, and Hans Uszkoreit.
2004. TIGER: Linguistic Interpretation of a German Corpus. Journal of Language
and Computation, 2004 (2), 597-620.

Aus: Constanze Hahn.

Zielformulierungen im
Bürgerbeteiligungsdiskurs – Eine
korpuslinguistische Untersuchung.
(Studienarbeit) , S. 15.

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Segmentation in linguistics

Decomposition of complex units into their elements in

order to classify them.

WS- FM WS- FM WS-N WS-N FM WS-V FM WS-ADV WBM

ART ADJ

{[(D|ie) (rot|en) (Zucker|rübe|n) ][(reif|en)] [(end|lich]).}

(ART) (ADJ) (N) (V) (ADV)

[NP] [VP] [ADVP]
{S}

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Segmentation in linguistics

Unit Category
Phon | Graph Phoneme | Grapheme
Morph Morpheme
Word/Token Part of speech
Phrase Phrase type
Sentence Sentence type
Text Text type

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Segmentation and annotation in
corpora (examples)

phenomenon category Typical annotation model

mode

Character span Word automatic general

Token POS automatic general
Phrase Phrase type automatic general
n Tokens Coreference chain automatic/manual general
Sentence Speech act semi-automatic general
Sentence Presupposition manual general
Text passage Relevance marking manual individual

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Dimensions of sensemaking in
segmentation

category access level –

- interpretation
subsumption

segment - zoning

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Dimensions of sensemaking in
segmentation
directed discourse referencing undirected discourse referencing
Structural investigations by Wilkinson et In over forty years of international

al. and Fischer et al. have led to the idea of research on the change of tester, far

a complex bound iron atom between two more than 100 studies on the reasons

carbon rings, the so-called sandwich for and effects of changes of tester

complex. (Didzoleit, 2016: 5) have been recorded. (Braun, 2016: 3)

category access level –

- interpretation
subsumption

segment - zoning

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Data types in discourse analysis

metadata Structural attributes positional attributes

− publication type − heading − sentence

− place − paragraph − word / token
− time − footnote … − linguistic annotation:
− information about the lemmatisation
author/speaker part-of-speech tagging
− project context …
− processing status − elliptical construction
− …. in oral discourse …

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Data types in discourse analysis

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller [Link]
Annotation

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
How many words do you count?

I was struggling to come up with up-beat major

sounding riffs and it wasn't feeling natural either.

The Independent, 26/05/2017

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Treetagger (Penn Standford NLP
Treebank) Tagger (Penn
Treebank)

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Treetagger (BNC
Tagset

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
4 – Data II

06.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
5 – Michel Foucault

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Why read Foucault?

Theory
Ideology

Knowlegde
Institutions
Desire
Society
Power Discourse
Rules Statement
Language
System of formation

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Introduction to Foucault

[Link]

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
Year Original French English Translation

Histoire de la folie à l'âge Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in

1961
classique – Folie et déraison the Age of Reason

Les mots et les choses –

The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the
1966 une archéologie des
Human Sciences
sciences humaines

1969 L'archéologie du savoir Archaeology of Knowledge

1971 L'ordre du discours The Discourse on Language

1975 Surveiller et punir Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
1976-
Histoire de la sexualité (1-4) The history of sexuality (1-4)
84

[Link]
14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Michel Foucault (1926-1984)

Starting Point:
Madness und Rationality - [Link]
14/04/the-lonely-photo-of-
michel-foucault-with-a-full-head-
[Link]

Society, Knowledge, Power

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Methodology

The archeology metaphor …

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Methodology

“ the new history is confronted by a number of

methodological problems [...]. These include: the building-
up of coherent and homogeneous corpora of
documents (open or closed, exhausted or inexhaustible
corpora), the establishment of a principle of choice
(according to whether one wishes to treat the
documentation exhaustively, or adopt a sampling method
as in statistics, or try to determine in advance which are the
most representative elements);

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 9-10)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Methodology

“the definition of the level of analysis and of the relevant

elements (in the material studied, one may extract
numerical indications; references - explicit or not - to
events, institutions, practices; the words used, with their
grammatical rules and the semantic fields that they indicate,
or again the formal structure of the propositions and the
types of connexion that unite them);

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 9-10)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Methodology

“the specification of a method of analysis (the

quantitative treatment of data, the breaking-down of the
material according to a number of assignable features
whose correlations are then studied, interpretative
decipherment, analysis of frequency and distribution); the
delimitation of groups and sub-groups that articulate the
material (regions, periods, unitary processes);

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 9-10)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Methodology

“the determination of relations that make it possible to

characterize a group (these may be numerical or logical
relations; functional, causal, or analogical relations;
or it may be the relation of the 'signifier' (signifiant) to the
'signified‘ (signifie,).

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 9-10)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Methodology

“To describe a statement is not a matter of isolating and

characterizing a horizontal segment; but of defining the
conditions in which the function that gave a series of
signs (a series that is not necessarily grammatical or
logically structured) an existence, and a specific existence,
can operate.

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 108)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse

“Thus conceived, discourse is not the majestically

unfolding manifestation of a thinking, knowing, speaking
subject, but, on the contrary, a totality, in which the
dispersion of the subject and his discontinuity with
himself may be determined. It is a space of exteriority in
which a network of distinct sites is deployed.

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 74)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse

“Of course, discourses are composed of signs; but what

they do is more than use these signs to designate things.
It is this more that renders them irreducible to the
language (langue) and to speech. It is this 'more' that we
must reveal and describe.

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 49)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse

“A task that consists of not - of no longer - treating

discourses as groups of signs (signifying elements
referring to contents or representations) but as
practices that systematically form the objects of
which they speak.

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 49)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Digression: stylistics

John Searle on Foucault‘s style

[Link]

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse

Foucault‘s notion of ‚discourse‘

[Link]

0-2.11

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
System of formation

“ By system of formation, then, I mean a complex

group of relations that function as a rule: it lays down
what must be related, in a particular discursive
practice, for such and such an enunciation to be made,
for such and such a concept to be used, for such and
such a strategy to be organized. To define a system of
formation in its specific individuality is therefore to
characterize a discourse or a group of statements by
the regularity of a practice.

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 74)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Foucault and linguistics

Noam Chomsky &

Michel Foucault
- On human nature

[Link]

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Foucault and linguistics

In particular, then, the analysis of statements does not claim to be a

total, exhaustive description of 'language' (langage), or of 'what was
said'. [...] In particular, it does not replace a logical analysis of
propositions, a grammatical analysis of sentences, a psychological or
contextual analysis of formulations: it is another way of attacking verbal
performances, of dissociating their complexity, of isolating the terms
that are entangled in its web, and of locating the various regularities
that they obey. By confronting the statement with the sentence or the
proposition, I am not trying to rediscover a lost totality, or to resuscitate,
as many would nostalgically like to do, the plenitude of living speech,
the richness of the Word, the profound unity of the Logos. The analysis
of statements corresponds to a specific level of description.

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 74)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Foucault and linguistics

In particular, then, the analysis of statements does not

claim to be a total, exhaustive description of 'language'
(langage), or of 'what was said'. [...] In particular, it does
not replace a logical analysis of propositions, a
grammatical analysis of sentences, a psychological or
contextual analysis of formulations: it is another way of
attacking verbal performances, of dissociating their
complexity, of isolating the terms that are entangled in its
web, and of locating the various regularities that they obey.

(Michel Foucault, The archeology of knowledge, p. 74)

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Foucault and linguistics

We will still see that due to the completely different background

of intellectual history a literal transfer of Foucault's theories into
an action-oriented language model is excluded. The following
description is therefore more concerned with separating the
useful from the useless, taking up suggestions and
reformulating them for our purposes.
Dietrich Busse, Historische Semantik, S. 20

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Fundamental Foucauldian ideas in
linguistic discourse analysis
The functional idea: linguistic signs are to be analysed as a relationship of
expressions in use to patterns of their situations of use;
The idea of seriality: linguistic signs can be described as functional because
their use takes place in series of similar processes;
The social idea: linguistic signs have their place and unfold their meaning in
social groups;
The idea of materiality: Sign formation processes can be described as a
relation between material configurations.
The idea of pre-consciousness: linguistic sign formation processes cannot
(only) be described as intentional actions, intentional directionality is rather
based on pre-reflexive routines in dealing with linguistic signs.
The idea of power: linguistic expression form up as a function of power
relations

14.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
6 - Language as Social Practice

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is social practice?

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
The sociological view:

Social practices are public. They are bound to certain circumstances,

places, contexts and material framings. They take place
predominantly in the mode of the habitual and the self-evident. They
are collective in nature, i.e. they involve participants and
communities of practitioners: Passengers, concert visitors, experts,
employees, customers, practitioners, connoisseurs, experts, specialists.

Schmidt, Robert (2012): Soziologie der

Praktiken. Konzeptionelle Studien und
empirische Analysen. Frankfurt a. M.:
Suhrkamp.
20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Schmidt (2012: 10), Translated with [Link]/Translator
The sociological view:

Physical performances and routines, shared practical

knowledge and the artefacts involved play an important role in social
practices. And finally: Social practices are characterized by a regularity
that is constantly evolving.

Schmidt, Robert (2012): Soziologie der

Praktiken. Konzeptionelle Studien und
empirische Analysen. Frankfurt a. M.:
Suhrkamp.
20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Schmidt (2012: 10), Translated with [Link]/Translator
Are these social practices?

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
The philosophical view: ‚rule‘

Ludwig Wittgenstein1889-1951

Is what we call "obeying a rule" something that it would be

possible for only one man to do, and to do only once in his life?— […]
It is not possible that there should have been only one occasion on
which someone obeyed a rule. It is not possible that there should have
been only one occasion on which a report was made, an order given or
understood; and so on.—To obey a rule, to make a report, to give an

order, to play a game of chess, are customs (uses, institutions).

Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations I (§ 199)

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
John Searle: ‚Rule‘

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Language as social practice

[Link]
[Link]

[Link]

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
[Link]
 Speech act theory

John L. Austin  How to do things with words

(Lecture 1955; Publication 1962)

John R. Searle Speechs acts. (1969)

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Speech act theory

Constatives: „The sun is shining“

Performatives: „I now pronounce you husband and wife”

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Speech act theory

Three kinds of acts an utterance simultaneously performs

Locutionary act:
The utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.
(e.g.,I will come back.)
Illocutionary act:
the making of a statement, offer, promise etc. in uttering asentence, by
virtue of the conventional force associated with it.(e.g., a promise, or a
threat etc.)
Perlocutionary act:
bringing about effects on the audience by means of uttering the
sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of
utterances.(e.g., making hearer happy, angry, or scared etc.)

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Speech act typology

− Representatives: commit the speaker to the truth of the

expressed propositions (e.g. asserting, concluding)
− Directives: attempt by the speaker to get the hearer to do
something ([Link], question)
− Commissives: commit the speaker to some future course of
action ([Link], offer, threat)
− Expressives: express a psychological state (e.g. thanks,
apologies, welcome,congratulation)
− Declarations: effect changes in the institutional state of affairs
(e.g., declaring war, christening)

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein1889-1

„[…] to imagine a language means to imagine a form of

life.“

Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations I (§ 19)

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Language as Act and behaviour

Behavior is
− the result of an evolutionary development process, it
therefore represents a specific form of adaptation and
can thus be described under ultimate functions.

− both genetically and socially conditioned (nature-

culture entanglement), both exogenously and
endogenously influenced.

− is ultimately controlled by motivational, emotional and

cognitive processes.
Sager, Sven F. (1995): Verbales Verhalten. Eine semiotische
Studie|zur
20.11.2019 linguistischen
Fachbereich Ethologie.
2 | Institut Tübingen:
für Sprach- Sager
und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. (1995:
Dr. Marcus 101),
Müller translation by deepL (revised)
Stauffenburg.
Communities of practice

Étienne Wenger

1) We are social beings. Far from being trivially true, this fact is a central aspect of
learning.
2) Knowledge is a matter of competence with respect to valued enterprises – such
as singing in tune, discovering scientific facts, fixing machines, writing poetry, being
convivial, growing up as a boy or a girl, and so forth.
3) Knowing is a matter of participating in the pursuit of such enterprises, that is, of
active engagement in the world.
4) Meaning – our ability to experience the world and our engagement with it as
meaningful – is ultimately what learning is to produce.

Wenger, Etienne (1998): Communities of practice. Learning, meaning,

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
and identity. Cambridge: University Press.
Communities of practice

Such a concept of practice includes both the explicit and the tacit. It
includes what is said and what is left unsaid; what is represented and what
is assumed. It includes the language, tools, documents, images, symbols,
well-defined roles, specified criteria, codified procedures, regulations, and
contracts that various practices make explicit for a variety of purposes. But
it also includes all the implicit relations, tacit conventions, subtle cues,
untold, rules of thumb, recognizable intuitions, specific perceptions, well-
tuned sensitivities, embodied understanding, underlying assumptions, and
shared world views.

Wenger, Etienne (1998): Communities of practice. Learning, meaning,

and identity. Cambridge: University Press. Wenger (1998: 47)

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Communities of practice

[Link]
2/22/football-participation-grows-
Participation

to-record-levels/
20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Communities of practice

Reification

[Link]
20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Wenger (1998: 58 f.)
Communities of practice

In social groups, a „shared repertoire of

common resources of language, styles and
routines“ forms up.

Barton, D. & Tusting, K. (2005): Beyond

communities of practice. Language, power
and social context. Cambridge: University
Press. Barton & Tusting 2005: 2

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Dietrich Busse

As a social practice, discourse is the place where

individuality and intersubjectivity are conveyed. Its analysis
historically expresses the social existence of language and
linguistically mediated knowledge.

Dietrich Busse (1987): Historische Semantik. Analyse eines Programms. Stuttgart.

(translated by deepL)

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Norman Fairclough

Norman Fairclough, The Dialectics of Discourse

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Norman Fairclough

”Discourse figures in broadly three ways in

social practices. First, it figures as a part
of the social activity within a practice.
For instance, part of doing a job (for instance,
being a shop assistant) is using language in a
particular way; so too is part of governing a
country.

Norman Fairclough, The Dialectics of Discourse

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Norman Fairclough

” Second, discourse figures in representations. Social

actors within any practice produce representations of other
reflexive’
practices, as well as (‘ ) representations of their own
practice, in the course of their activity within the practice.
They ‘recontextualize’other practices (Bernstein 1990,
Chouliaraki & Fairclough 1999) –that is, they incorporate
them into their own practice, and different social actors will
represent them differently according to how they are
positioned within the practice.

Norman Fairclough, The Dialectics of Discourse

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Norman Fairclough

” Third, discourse figures in ways of being, in the

constitution of identities –for instance the identity of a
political leader such as Tony Blair in the UK is partly a
semiotically constituted way of being.

Norman Fairclough, The Dialectics of Discourse

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Norman Fairclough

Genres

” Discourse as part of social activity constitutes genres. Genres are diverse

ways of acting, of producing social life, in the semiotic mode. Examples are:
everyday conversation, meetings in various types of organisation, political and
other forms of interview, and book reviews. Discourse in the representation and
self-representation of social practices constitutes discourses (note the
difference between ‚discourse‘ as an abstract noun, and ‘discourse(s)’ as a
count noun). Discourses are diverse representations of social life which are
inherently positioned - differently positioned social actors ‘see’ and represent
social life in different ways, different discourses.

Norman Fairclough, The Dialectics of Discourse

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Norman Fairclough

Social order

” Social practices networked in a particular way constitute a social order –

for instance, the emergent neo-liberal global order referred to above, or at more
local level, the social order of education in a particular society at a particular
time. The discourse/semiotic aspect of a social order is what we can call an
order of discourse.

It is the way in which diverse genres and discourses and styles are networked
together. An order of discourse is a social structuring of semiotic
difference –a particular social ordering of relationships amongst different ways
of making meaning, ie different discourse and genres and styles.

Norman Fairclough, The Dialectics of Discourse

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Discourse & social practice: Norman Fairclough

” I said above that the relationship between

discourse and other elements of social practices is
a dialectical relationship –discourse internalises
and is internalised by other elements without the
different elements being reducible to each other.
They are different, but not discrete.

Norman Fairclough, The Dialectics of Discourse

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
6 - Language as Social Practice

20.11.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
7 – Conceptual history

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is a concept?

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 What is a concept? Semiotics

[Link]
Model_fig1_255996592
The Saussurean sign model (above, center; Saussure 1969 [1916]: 66), Ogden/
Richards triangle (bottom left; 1923: 11), and the Peircean tripod model (right) of
the sign| (S)
04.12.2021 in its2 | triadic
Fachbereich relation
Institut für Sprach- with the object
und Literaturwissenschaft (O)
| Prof. Dr. and
Marcus interpretant (I)
Müller
What is a concept? Semiotics

Concept

Meaning

Semiotic
form

Reference
Referent

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is history?

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is history?

1. The set of all meaningfully interconnected events in which humans are

involved as agents.

2. An individual or supraindividual idea of the course and connection of

these events.

3. The text in which the meaningfully linked events are represented.

4. The academic discipline in which the historical texts are produced.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Conceptual history

Begriffsgeschichte aims to identify the social scope of

concepts, makes an issue of the binding, influencing power
that concepts exert on political and social groups, and deals
with epochal changes in social and political structures to the
extent they can be grasped in linguistic terms as a shifting in
experience, expectations, and theory.'

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Reinhart Koselleck 1923-2006

Otto Brunner / Werner Conze / Reinhart Koselleck (Hgg.): Geschichtliche

Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in
Deutschland. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 1972–1997.

Basic Concepts in History: A Historical Dictionary of Political and

Social Language in Germany
„Model of social historical semantics.“ Busse 2013: 31

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Basic historical concepts

Aristocracy - Anarchy, Anarchism, Anarchist - Employee -

Anti-Semitism - Work .... Caesarism, Napoleonism,
Bonapartism - Leader, Boss, Imperialism ... Christianity ...
Democracy - Dictatorship ... Honour, Reputation - Property
- Unity - Emancipation ... System, Structure - Terror,
Terrorism ... Constitution - Welfare, Charity, Charity,
Caritas - Dignity - Civilisation, Culture

Otto Brunner / Werner Conze / Reinhart Koselleck (Hgg.): Geschichtliche

Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in
Deutschland. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 1972–1997.
04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Basic historical concepts
Concepts are “factor and indicator of historical processes“

Otto Brunner / Werner Conze / Reinhart Koselleck (Hgg.): Geschichtliche

Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in
Deutschland. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 1972–1997.

zitiert nach Dietrich Busse, (1987): Historische Semantik. S. 60

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Basic historical concepts

Begriffsgeschichte - the history of concepts - deals with the synchronic

and diachronic interpretation of words viewed as 'concentrations of
multiple meanings" and 'lead concepts of historical movement".'
Their analysis generates structures and greater contexts of events.
These 'basic concepts' are viewed simultaneously as indicators of extra-
linguistic objects such as changing social structures - and as Factors or
promoters of historical development such that in society they carry out
actions.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Basic historical concepts

The method of the GG is meant to combine the study of the

language used to discuss state, society, and economy with
identifications of the groups, strata, orders, and classes
that used or contested this language.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
History and language

anguage-and-history/
04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
History and language

anguage-and-history/
This lexicon treats the distinction between word and
concept pragmatically. Thus, for the purpose of our own
investigations, we avoided using the linguistic triangle of word
(designation)–signification (concept)–and object (thing) in all
its variations.

Reinhart Koselleck, Introduction and Prefaces to the Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe.

Translated by Michaela Richter.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 >enlightenment<

Otto Brunner / Werner Conze /

Reinhart Koselleck (Hgg.):
Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe.
Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-
sozialen Sprache in Deutschland.
Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 1972–1997.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Basic historical concepts

What is the GG's project? It is to test the hypothesis that the

basic concepts used in the political and social language of
German-speaking "old Europe" (Alt Europa) were transformed
during the period Koselleck calls the Sattelzeit, between 1750
and 1850. Begriffsgeschichte is used to track the advent,
perception, and effects of modernity in German-speaking
Europe, where it took on a distinctive form.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critique

At the core of the criticism, again and again, was […] the issue of the
selection of sources in the articles, namely that these 'basic concepts' lead
to 'lofty notions on the history of ideas' that prefer the great 'canonized'
theorists from Aristotle to KarI Marx, without proving that they were
representative of society and without their making their way into the
everyday language of politics." With that, critics felt the level of a traditional
history of ideas was not surpassed and, by not having socially
representative sources, socio-historical standards were not met.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 ations/language-and-history/
[Link]
Critique

From a linguistic perspective, the partly intuitive

methodological foundations that fluctuated between
linguistic and historical premises, such as the
conceptualization of the relationship between history of the
word and that of the concept, were criticized.

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Conceptual history after Koselleck

'Social history is the history of concepts,[…] not so much

because concepts mirror the material reality of the past in a
more or less broken fashion, but above all insofar as they are
based on the social character of the language.'
Rolf Reichardt

cited from

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Conceptual history after Koselleck

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
The „Düsseldorf school“ of discourse
analysis

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 The lexical approach

Keywords

Flagwords

Stigmawords

Source: M. Wengeler, Terminologische Hilfsmittel, Deutschunterricht 5/2002, S. 28

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 The lexical approach

Keyword (qualitative term)

Compressing and memorable word that describes a goal or

program of a group in contrast to others. It is intended to advertise
for one's own position or to fight and defame one's opponent. It
has a strong appellative function and primarily draws its effect
from the emotional values attached to it.

Aus: M. Wengeler, Terminologische Hilfsmittel, Deutschunterricht 5/2002, S. 28, translated by deepL

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 The lexical approach

Flagword
Party-language word with which a speaker expresses his or her
own attitude in an effective manner and shows his or her colours.
Freedom, Security, Justice

Aus: M. Wengeler, Terminologische Hilfsmittel, Deutschunterricht 5/2002, S. 28, translated by deepL

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 The lexical approach

Stigmawords

An expression that makes the political opponent, an opposing

position or a situation appear in a negative light and thereby
identifies the speaker's party position.

„foreign infiltration“, „Gutmensch – „do-gooder“,

Aus: M. Wengeler, Terminologische Hilfsmittel, Deutschunterricht 5/2002, S. 28, translated by deepL

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 The lexical approach

[Link]
Keyword (quantitative term)

urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
„In a quantitative perspective, keywords are those whose
frequency (or infrequency) in a text or corpus is statistically
significant, when compared to the standards set by a
reference corpus“ (Bondi 2010: 3)

Bondi, Marina (2010): Perspectives on keywords and keyness. An introduction. In Marina Bondi & Mike Scott (Hrsg.),
Keyness in texts, 1–18. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Stubbs, Michael (2010): Three concepts of keywords. In Marina Bondi & Mike Scott (Hrsg.), Keyness in texts, 21–42.
04.12.2021 | Fachbereich
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
John Benjamins.
 [Link]
urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
The lexical approach

Keyword (quantitative term)

„In a quantitative perspective, keywords are those whose

frequency (or infrequency) in a text or corpus is statistically
significant, when compared to the standards set by a
reference corpus“ (Bondi 2010: 3)

Bondi, Marina (2010): Perspectives on keywords and keyness. An introduction. In Marina Bondi & Mike Scott (Hrsg.),
Keyness in texts, 1–18. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Stubbs, Michael (2010): Three concepts of keywords. In Marina Bondi & Mike Scott (Hrsg.), Keyness in texts, 21–42.
04.12.2021 | Fachbereich
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
John Benjamins.
 [Link]
urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
The lexical approach

Keyword (quantative term)

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
The lexical approach

Keyword (quantative term)

TOP 100| keywords

04.12.2021 Fachbereich 2 | in UKfürpress
Institut coverage
Sprach- und on climate
Literaturwissenschaft change
| Prof. Dr. 2003-20013 (sorted by Log Ratio)
Marcus Müller
 [Link]
urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
The lexical approach

Keyword (quantative term)

concordance of "biofuels" in UK press coverage of climate change

2003-2013 (section)

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
The lexical approach

Keyword (quantative term)

collocations of "biofuels" in UK press coverage of climate change

04.12.2021 |
2003-2013 (5-5, lemmata, ranked by Log Ratio)
Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
The lexical approach

Keyword (quantative term)

collocations of "biofuels" and „ethanol“ in UK

press coverage of climate change 2003-
2013 (lexical verbs, lemmata, ranked by Log
Ratio)

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
urses/ling/corpus/blue/l03_2.htm
The lexical approach
"Where Sapphire departs from other algae companies is that its aim is
not to produce standard biofuels such as ethanol or
Keyword (quantative term)
biodiesel. Instead, it takes its inspiration from the way crude oil was
created millions of years ago. "Way back when, when the algae were
responsible for creating the long-chain hydrocarbons like diesels and
heavy oils, the biomass just got buried and compressed and formed
crude oil, "said Steven Skill, a researcher in how algae can be used to
make organic chemicals at Plymouth Marine Laboratory and who is
familiar with Sapphire's work.

The Guardian, 08/2008

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
7 – Conceptual history

04.12.2021 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
8 – Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse
Analysis

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
[Link]/data-in-
discourse-analysis-2020

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Linguistics as critique

&
Criticists
Descriptivists
Müller, Marcus (2013): Kritische Diskursgrammatik? Die Analyse grammatischer Kontextualisierungshinweise als
Graswurzelanalyse der Macht. In: Ingo F. Warnke, Martin Reisigl, Ulrike H. Meinhof (Hgg.): Diskurslinguistik im Spannungsfeld von
05.12.2019und
Deskription | Fachbereich 2 | Institut
Kritik. Berlin, für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
S. 121–146.
 Critical Linguistics:
Language and Control

Roger Fowler/Bob Hodge/Gunther Kress/Tony Trew (Hg.) (1979): Language and control. London.
05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Linguistics:

[Link]

immigration-policies/#.XeYFZ9VCc2w
Language and Social Control

gency-deleting-records-trumps-
“Deleting Agency”

“By examining a series of examples, Fowler et al. (1979)

demonstrated that choosing noun phrase over verbs and the
passive voice over the active voice was often ideologically
charged.”

Billig, Michael (2008): The language of critical discourse analysis: the case of
nominalization. In: Discourse & Society 19, 783–799.
05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
Critical Linguistics:

381/Polizeigewalt-Wenn-Helfer-zu-Taetern-
Language and Social Control

[Link]
eg Attack on Protestors (newspaper headline)

The East Anglian group pointed out that such headlines

systematically omitted the agents of the action, […] Fowler
and his colleagues persuasively argued that in these
contexts the choice of passive over active, or noun over
verb, was not ideologically random.

Billig, Michael (2008): The language of critical discourse analysis: the case of
nominalization.
05.12.2019 | FachbereichIn: Discourse
2 | Institut & Literaturwissenschaft
für Sprach- und Society 19, |[Link].785.
Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
Critical Linguistics:

381/Polizeigewalt-Wenn-Helfer-zu-Taetern-
Language and Social Control

[Link]
Nominalisation; eg Attack on Protestors


Circumstances brought about by human beings are
presented linguistically as objective and
unchangeable conditions and thus withdrawn from
criticism.
05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Critical Linguistics:
Language and Social Control

[Link]
Reification
and reconstructing
agency
eg market-forces

Billig, Michael (2008): The language of critical discourse analysis: the case of
nominalization.
05.12.2019 | FachbereichIn: Discourse
2 | Institut & Literaturwissenschaft
für Sprach- und Society 19, |[Link].786.
Dr. Marcus Müller
 Critical Linguistics:
Language and Social Control

Instead of talking about people buying and selling

commodities for various prices, economists, administrators,
journalists etc. might talk about ‘market-forces’. The
nominal term ‘market-forces’ can then be used as the
subject for verbs that denote agency: ‘market-forces
dictate/demand/forbid …’ etc. [...] This completes the
transformation of processes into entities: these nominalized entities
then become posited as the agents of processes.

Billig, Michael (2008): The language of critical discourse analysis: the case of
nominalization.
05.12.2019 | FachbereichIn: Discourse
2 | Institut & Literaturwissenschaft
für Sprach- und Society 19, |[Link].786.
Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Linguistics:
Language and Social Control

However, the term nominalisation itself is a nominalisation (Billig

2008, 791f.). The questions, for example, of who nominates for what
motives, do not arise in this way.

„If critical analysts use the same forms of language whose ideological
biases they are exposing in others, then they might be uncritically and
unselfconsciously instantiating those very biases.“ (Billig 2008, 784).

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Critical linguistics: academic discourse

New lexical terms can be created through nominalizing verbs.

Technical and scientific writers often use nominalization in this way. The
effect of creating new terms often is ‘control trough the one-way flow of
knowledge’ […]. Scientist use technical language which is filled with
nominalizations rendering processes as entities. Those who create and
use this specialized language act as gatekeepers for the scientific
community, ensuring that young researchers write in the appropriate
way. As such, formal discourse belongs to, and helps reproduce, a
social context of inequality.

Billig, Michael (2008): The language of critical discourse analysis: the case of
nominalization.
05.12.2019 | FachbereichIn: Discourse
2 | Institut & Literaturwissenschaft
für Sprach- und Society 19, |[Link].786.
Dr. Marcus Müller
 Critical Discourse Analysis

Norman Fairclough

Teun van Dijk

Ruth Wodak

Gunter Kress
Theo van Leeuwen

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 “[…] one of the most
refreshing things about
critical discourse analysis
as an approach, particularly
for scholars of language
within the United States, is
its willingness to voice an
overt political commitment.”

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

Ruth Wodak, interviewed by Full Circe Brussels

[Link]

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Critical Discourse Analysis

Crucial for critical discourse analysis is the explicit awareness

of their role in society. Continuing a tradition that rejects the
possibility of a „value-free“ science, they argue that science, and
especially scholarly discourse, are inherently part of and
influenced by social structure.

van Dijk, Teun A. (2005): „Critical Discourse Analysis“. In: Deborah Schiffrin/Deborah
Tannen/Heidi E. Hamilton (Hgg.): The handbook of discourse analysis. Malden et al.:
Blackwell, S. 353.2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
05.12.2019 | Fachbereich
Critical Discourse Analysis

− Every linguist is a social actor whose

scientific work always also means a socio-
political positioning.
− Anyone who does not at least disclose
those pre-determinations that are relevant in
the context of the respective analysis
conceals the active role of his work in social
discourse.

(Fairclough 1985: 739f.; Fairclough/Wodak 1997: 281; van Dijk 1993: 252;
Mautner 2012: 88)
05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Critical Discourse Analysis

Counterposition
− In discourse analysis, we need to
thematize and reveal those premises of
the discourse researcher that refer to the
presupposed ideology of language and
science, but not those that concern
political, cultural or aesthetic ideologies.
− Rather, the analysis should be made such
that it is unaffected by these categories.

(Warnke/Spitzmüller 2008: 19ff., Blommaert 2005: 33, Wengeler 2011: 44, Felder
05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
2012: 121f.).
Critical Discourse Analysis

But: „enlightenment manner“ of so-called „descriptive discourse

linguistics““:

The analysis should reveal something, uncover something, point out

foundations, unfold meaning, explicate underlying, hidden knowledge,
make hidden structures visible, analyse latently negotiated topics,
find out dominant thought patterns, etc.

Gardt, Andreas (2007): „Diskursanalyse. Aktueller theoretischer Ort und methodologische

Möglichkeiten“. In: Ingo H. Warnke (Hg.): Diskurslinguistik nach Foucault. Theorie und
Gegenstände. Berlin/New
05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut fürYork: de Literaturwissenschaft
Sprach- und Gruyter, p. 33| Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

Science is politics!

vs.

Science is different from politics!

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

Critique

subject-related vs. object-related

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

Critique

− Object-related criticism presupposes an epistemologically realistic

idea of the identifiability of the facts.

− On the other hand, in most common variants of discourse analysis

within linguistics at least one so-called "naive realism" is rejected.

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

Critique

The concept of critique retreats to the epistemologically

more harmless Kant understanding of 'critique' as a 'constant
self-assurance of one's own actions accompanying the
research process' (subject-related).

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

Critique

Problem: The core of the works that are considered 'critical’,

lies obviously in the revelation variant of 'critique’,
This is not captured by the subject-oriented concept of
critique.

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

New developments in CDA: Corpus linguistics

Baker, Paul (2007): Using corpora in discourse analysis. (= Continuum discourse) 2., London [u.a.]:
Continuum, 1. Auflage 2006.
Baker, Paul/Gabrielatos, Costas/Khosravinik, Majid/Krzyzanowski, Michal/Mcenery, Toni/Wodak, Ruth
(2008): „A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to
examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press.“ In: Discourse & Society 19, S.
273–306.
Baker, Paul; McEnery, Tony (Hrsg.) (2015): Corpora and discourse studies: integrating discourse and
corpora. (= Palgrave Advances in Language and Linguistics) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mautner G. (2015): Checks and Balances: How Corpus Linguistics can Contribute to CDA, in R. Wodak
and M. Meyer (eds): Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 3rd edition, Los Angeles, London, New
Delhi, Singapore & Washington DC, SAGE, 154−179.
Mautner G. (2016): Discourse and Management. Critical Perspectives through the Language Lens,
Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
Taylor, Charlotte & Anna Marchi (Eds.) (2018): Corpus Approaches to Discourse (A Critical Review).
New York: Routledge.

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Critical Discourse Analysis

Tony McEnery, Muslims in UK press:

[Link]

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
8 – Critical Linguistics and Critical Discourse
Analysis

05.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
9 – Data and Knowledge I: Perspectivity and
Contextualisation

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 14/07/29/die-kunst-des-kleinen-sonnenstrahls/
[Link]
“ Consciouness is reflected in the word like the sun is
reflected in a droplet of water.
Lech Vyotsky

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
What is Knowledge?

 Meaning of the word knowledge: ‘the sum of all assumptions

about the world that are shared in a group or society and are
considered true’
 "I know that fruit trees bloom in spring." vs. *"I know that
apples taste better than pears."
 shared undisputed assumption vs. subjective judgement.
 implicit vs. declarative knowledge

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Teun van Dijk, Discourse and Knowledge

Dijk, T. (2014). Discourse and Knowledge: A Sociocognitive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
doi:10.1017/CBO9781107775404
10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 By Ken Banks from Los Altos, USA - Click
Here. No, Here: 23/09/06, CC BY 2.0,
[Link]
curid=3576689

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Shared attention (M. Tomasello)

By Sgt. Maj. Terry Anderson, 8th Theater

Sustainment Command Public Affairs - United
States Army, Public Domain,
[Link]
260704
Frames of knowledge

” There are certain schemata or frameworks of concepts or

terms which link together as a system, which impose structure
or coherence on some aspects of human experience, and
which may contain elements which are simultaneously parts
of other such frameworks. (Fillmore 1975: 123)

cf.
10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Frames of knowledge

[Link]/de/restaurants-und-
Example: restaurant:

[Link]

bars/restaurant-port/
[Link]
Von Sharon Hahn Darlin - A modest neighborhood
restaurant, CC BY 2.0,

34141946
[Link]
[Link]

Experiential knowledge not only helps us to orient ourselves in

the world, but also regulates the way we talk about objects

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Frames of knowledge

Example: restaurant

 The basic structures of frames are often identical across many contexts,
but their concrete realizations differ
 If we expect tables, waiters and menus in a restaurant at least throughout
Europe, this means for frame semantics: the cognitive restaurant
representations ("restaurant frames") in Europe have positions for "table",
"waiter" and "menu“ (= frame slots).

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Frames of knowledge

Example: restaurant

We call these positions spaces or slots of the frame. The

concrete realizations of these slots are called fill values or

fillers. In the restaurant frame, these may differ according to
region and category (e.g. professional waitresses vs.
temporary waiters; bound menu vs. chalkboard, etc.).

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Frames of knowledge

− We can reconstruct frames and scripts by analyzing how people talk

about certain facts or processes.
The generously spaced 140 cover restaurant is offering more than just the regular pastas and pizzas.
Boasting of freshest ingredients and artisanal craft quality of food and beverages, […]! The place has
got a very casual and friendly vibe with chic decor and also stands out to be perfect to chill with family
and friends over some bite-sized nibbles and eclectic drinks.
[Link]

Love it! The waiter was so prompt, so kind, so helpful. The food was more than excellent =D
[Link]

Food was nice but the service was very poor

[Link]
Brisbane_Brisbane_Region_Queensland.html

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Frames of knowledge

− We can SPACE: reconstruct frames and scripts by analyzing how people talk
FOOD:
generous OCCASION:
about certain facts or processes. fresh, artisanal
private
The generously spaced 140 ATMOSPHERE:
cover restaurant is offering more than just the regular pastas and pizzas.
casual,
Boasting of freshest ingredients friendlycraft quality of food and beverages, […]! The place has
and artisanal
got a very casual and friendly vibe with chic decor and also stands out to be perfect to chill with family
and friends over some bite-sized nibbles and eclectic drinks.
[Link]

Love it! The waiter was so prompt, so kind, so helpful. The food was more than excellent =D
[Link]

SERVICE:
Food was nice but the service was very poor FOOD:
prompt, kind,
[Link]
excellent
Brisbane_Brisbane_Region_Queensland.html
helpful SERVICE:
poor
10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Contextualisation

Crosstalk: a cross-cultural communication.

London: BBC, 1979. Scientific Consultancy: John Gumperz

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
Contextualisation

Peter Auer (1986: 27):

gespraech
Contextualisation as constant working on key questions:
 1) Are we talking to each other?
 2) Who is (just) talking to whom?
 3) What are we (just) doing?
 4) What are we (just) talking about?
 5) How do we (just) stand to each other?"

AUER, PETER (1986): KONTEXTUALISIERUNG. IN: STUDIUM LINGUISTIK 19, S. 22–47.

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Contextualisation

Concluding

− typical situations,
− partner hypotheses
− social constellations John J. Gumperz 1922-2013

− social domains (social roles)

− discourse topics

from a phenomenon perceived as part of communication.

GUMPERZ, JOHN J. (1992): Contextualisation and understanding. In: DURANTI, ALESSANDRO / GOODWIN, CHARLES (Hgg.) (1992),
Rethinking context. Language as an interactive phenomenon. pp. 229-252.

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Models of contextualisation

Gumperz, John J.
(1982): Discourse
interactional
strategies.
Cambridge:
• Contextualisation means: establishing an indexical sign relation
University Press. between a phenomenon perceivable as part of communication
Auer, Peter (1986):
Kontextualisierung.
and a mental schema. (Gumperz 1982, Auer 1986)
Studium Linguistik 19,
22–47.
Van Dijk, Teun Adrianus (2008a):
Discourse and Context: a epistemological
sociocognitive approach.
Cambridge: University Press. • Contextualisation is the embedding of an utterance in
Busse, Dietrich (2007):
Diskurslinguistik als
understanding-relevant discourse universes from which context
Kontextualisierung –
Sprachwissenschaftliche
models result. (van Dijk 2008 u.ö., Busse 2007)
Überlegungen zur Analyse
gesellschaftlichen Wissens. In

structural
Ingo Warnke (Hrsg.),
Diskurslinguistik nach Foucault.
Theorien und Gegenstände, 81–
105. Berlin/New York: De • Contextualisation is the non-referential reference of expressions
to socially emergent patterns, i.e. domain-typical syntagms,
Gruyter.
Feilke, Helmuth (1994): Common-
Sense-Kompetenz. Zu einer
Theorie des „sympathischen“ und idiomatic imprints and text types (Feilke 1994)
„natürlichen“ Meinens und
Verstehens. Frankfurt a. M.:
Suhrkamp.
10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Contextualisation The onion modell
of contextualisation

Müller, Marcus (2012):

Vom Wort zur Gesellschaft:

context
Kontexte in Korpora. Ein
Beitrag zur Methodologie
social domain – social roles der Korpuspragmatik. In:
Ekkehard Felder, Marcus
Müller & Friedemann Vogel
(Hrsg.), Korpuspragmatik.
Thematische Korpora als
Basis diskurslinguistischer
Analysen, 33–82.
Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
cotext: patterns of text
Müller, Marcus (2015):
Sprachliches
CC Rollenverhalten.
Korpuspragmatische
knowledge Studien zu divergenten
domain Kontextualisierungen in
Mündlichkeit und
- topic Schriftlichkeit. Berlin /
situation - Boston: De Gruyter.

setting and constellation

= „indicates“
CC = contextualisation cue 16

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 [Link]
Perspectivity

digitalisierung-1-markt-perspektive/
 The semantisation of linguistic expressions, i.e. the
assignment of meanings, goes hand in hand with the
conceptualisation of objects and facts.
 And since we can only conceptualise our environment from a
certain social, life-worldly or ideological point of view,
knowledge is always shaped by perspective.

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Perspectivity

The perspective is a relation between the perceiver and the

perceived object - dependent on the respective
viewpoints.

[Link]
Von Albrecht Dürer - Eigenes Werk, Gemeinfrei,
10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Perspectivity


There is no perceptual
situation that is
aperspectival,
i.e. in which there is no
perspective.

David, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Source: wikimedia commons (CC-BY)

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Perspectivity

eg. cow

nowt
beast
livestock
shorthorn
stray
bovine mammal
moo cow
moo

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Perspectivity and images

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Perspecitivity in discourse: semantic
battles

[Link]
competitions for the implementation

marklein/42340833
of a linguistic perspective

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Semantic battles: terminological
competition

terminological competition

vs.

semantic fixation

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Semantic battles: terminological
competition

[Link]
ernaehrung/klonen-geht-nicht-gibt-s-nicht-
Example:

[Link]
therapeutic cloning vs. research cloning

Zimmer (2006): debate between theologians and medical scientists

in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) 2000-2001.

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Semantic battles: terminological
competition

[Link]
ernaehrung/klonen-geht-nicht-gibt-s-nicht-
Medical scientists: therapeutic cloning
“The advocates of therapeutic cloning explicitly
situate the technique in the context of healing and

[Link]
therapy. The potential for the development of new
treatments is seen as so great, that moral doubts
can be put aside. In their eyes, the end justifies the
means.”
Theologians: research cloning
The adversaries see therapeutic cloning first and foremost as a technique, whose
therapeutic potential is still a long way away, but whose ethical consequences are grave.
[…] Therapeutic cloning creates human life only to then destroy it again for the extraction
of stem cells. For the adversaries, therefore, therapeutic cloning belongs to the paradigm
of consumptive embryo research

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Semantic battles: terminological
competition in climate change discourse
UK press: 2018-2019

German press: 2018-2019

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
 Global Warming

Climate Change

Climate Crisis

Climate Emergency

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Semantic battles: semantic fixation

The IPCC report is also the first time that/IN measuring and
integrating carbon and feedback emissions has been acknowledged ,
and this is the most serious warning yet that global warming is
accelerating out of control .
The Guardian, 30/10/2018

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
Semantic battles: semantic fixation

[Link]
unked-gw-not-man-made/

Former director at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Dr James Hansen, […] adds:
“It would 've been easy to solve the problem if we started to make fossil fuels more expensive
and develop technologies to replace them. But we didn't do that. And now there are
consequences. 'It is an uphill battle even today, “with US president Donald Trump dismissing
global warming as “a hoax”. Daily Mirror, 18/04/2019

“Is global warming rhetoric leading to environmental terrorism? Is it pushing some people over
the edge.”
[Link]
UNDERSTANDING-GLOBAL-
WARMING/dp/193276299X

[Link]
.php?extend.136

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies
9 – Data and Knowledge I: Perspectivity and
Contextualisation

10.12.2019 | Fachbereich 2 | Institut für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft | Prof. Dr. Marcus Müller
L Data and Discourse Studies Prof. Müller

Examples for Exam Questions

1.
a) What constitutes the identity of the linguistic sign according to Ferdinand de Saussure?

The materiality of words (ink, graphite etc.) 

The existence of dictionaries. 
The relations between linguistic signs. 
Linguistic rules. 

(Two correct answers.)

b) What is segmentation in linguistics?

The collection of linguistic data for corpus compilation 

The decomposition of complex units into their elements to classify them. 
The evaluation of keyness tests. 
The recomposition of form and meaning. 

(One correct answer.)

2.

Which term does John Searle use to describe the implicit rules of language use on which the
existence of language itself logically depends?

Constitutive Rules. 
Generative Rules. 
Regulative Rules. 
Discursive Rules. 

(One correct answer.)

3.
a) Which characteristics does Reinhart Kosselleck ascribe to basic historical concepts?

They develop independently from history. 

They are designed according to the linguistic triangle of word, concept and object. 
They are indicators of extra-linguistic objects. 
They can only be analysed by statistics. 

1
They are promoters of historical development. 

(Two correct answers.)

b. In linguistic discourse analysis, Koselleck’s approach has been critically reflected and further
developed by

the so-called “Frankfurt school“ of discourse analysis. 

the so-called “Düsseldorf school“ of discourse analysis. 
the so-called “Oxford school“ of discourse analysis. 
the so-called “Berkeley school“ of discourse analysis. 

(One correct answer.)

4. Immanuel Kant’s notion of critique is …

subject-related. 
object-related. 
sign-related. 
system-related. 

(One correct answer.)

5. Please classify the following utterances according to John Searle’s speech act theory:

a) “I will never let the Greek people go down, never!”

(Jean Claude Junker, President of the European Commission, in: The Daily Telegraph 30.06.2015)

Representative 
Please explain your decision here:
Directive 
Commissive  ______________________________________________
Expressive  ______________________________________________
Declarative 
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
(One correct answer.)

b) “I want you to open the gates.”

(George Soros, cited in The Guardian, 22.06.2017)

2
Representative  Please explain your decision here:
Directive 
______________________________________________
Commissive 
Expressive  ______________________________________________
Declarative 
______________________________________________
(One correct answer.) ______________________________________________

6. A word with which a speaker expresses his or her attitude is called…

attitude term. 
flag word. 
stigma word. 
stance lexeme. 

(One correct answer.)